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Frame Construction",{"seo":578},{"description":579},"A method of construction done by creating a frame of thin pieces of wood, steel, or concrete and hanging an exterior material - such as glass, brick, steel, or stone panels - on the outside.",[581],{"src":582,"caption":583},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7af432dc11284ce78a057cc27e1b67cd","John Hancock Tower, construction",[585,674],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":587,"meta":588,"children":590,"responsiveStyles":672},"@builder.io/sdk:Element","builder-e37ba2825c3f4cda85814d2021e3ce8a",{"previousId":589},"builder-932b41064ae946a496a943fa25e38c2e",[591,608,623,637,649,661],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":592,"meta":593,"component":595,"responsiveStyles":601},"builder-53f4990682084e33862994749077b3e5",{"previousId":594},"builder-910d8ca86bae47969b455984d3f46018",{"name":596,"options":597},"Text",{"text":598,"padding":599,"backgroundColor":600},"\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>Skeleton frame construction\u003C/strong>, also known as steel frame or steel skeleton construction, is a method of building in which a framework of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams forms the \"skeleton\" of a structure. This framework supports the entire load of the building, allowing the walls to be thin, non-load-bearing \"curtains.\" This construction method revolutionized architecture by enabling the creation of taller, more flexible buildings with large, open interior spaces. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The origins of skeleton frame construction can be traced back to the late 19th century during the Industrial Revolution, when advances in steel production made it possible to create strong, lightweight structures. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, completed in 1885 and designed by William Le Baron Jenney, is often cited as the first skyscraper to use skeleton frame construction, though it still incorporated some masonry load-bearing walls. The steel frame method allowed for the construction of much taller buildings than traditional masonry methods, which relied on thick, heavy walls to support the structure's weight. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The innovation of skeleton frame construction was a pivotal moment in architectural history, particularly in the development of skyscrapers. It facilitated the growth of cities by allowing buildings to rise vertically rather than expand horizontally, making better use of limited urban space.  \u003C/p>\u003Ch5>\u003Cstrong>EXAMPLES IN CHICAGO: \u003C/strong> \u003C/h5>\u003Col>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/home-insurance-building\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Home Insurance Building\u003C/a>: The Home Insurance Building, completed in 1885, is widely regarded as the first skyscraper to utilize a skeleton frame construction, marking a significant departure from traditional load-bearing masonry construction. Although it was only ten stories tall, the use of a steel frame allowed it to be built with much thinner walls, a groundbreaking innovation that paved the way for the modern skyscraper. While the building was demolished in 1931, its legacy endures as the forerunner of high-rise construction. \u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"/city-tours/reliance-building\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Reliance Building\u003C/a>: The Reliance Building, completed in 1895 and designed by Charles B. Atwood of Burnham and Root, is another early example of skeleton frame construction in Chicago. Standing at 14 stories, it is one of the first buildings to fully realize the potential of steel frame construction. The building features large, plate-glass windows set in a steel frame, giving it a light, airy appearance and maximizing natural light in the interior. The Reliance Building is considered a precursor to modern glass-and-steel skyscrapers. \u003C/li>\u003C/ol>","half","bg-gray-100",{"large":602},{"display":603,"flexDirection":604,"position":605,"flexShrink":606,"boxSizing":607},"flex","column","relative","0","border-box",{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":609,"id":610,"meta":611,"component":613,"responsiveStyles":621},"See your favorite buildings in person / Container 50 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Plan of Chicago",{"title":706,"imageList":708,"category":721,"isPopular":14,"url":722},[709,712,715,718],{"src":710,"caption":711},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F70678a65b3ac4282ac05ac6666eb6add","1909 Plan of Chicago, title pages.",{"src":713,"caption":714},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F27279b11792946c4829fd2bb0f2fa1e3","1909 Plan of Chicago, Civic Center Plaza",{"src":716,"caption":717},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd8accb59c32741b08589a9ff5a13334d","1909 Plan of Chicago, view looking west over city",{"src":719,"caption":720},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F5b8f72b685a04d9c9b854b4ca3318ff0","1909 Plan of Chicago, plan of street and boulevard 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Courtesy Chicago Park District Archives.",{"src":732,"caption":730},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F065cb3f976364897b5c84f47ea9c9bcf",{"src":734,"caption":730},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fad0a7c6df9044c4bad721edc16d31a10",{"src":736,"caption":730},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe81cc531ff26495fb98aec039b3fd7c1",{"src":738,"caption":730},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F85013c3f636543bea6022adb857f87c8",{"src":740,"caption":730},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9bcddf0b443242f0a0f14d99471cd49b","/online-resources/architecture-encyclopedia/1933-1934-century-of-progress-exposition",{"id":743,"name":744,"data":745},"251f0df1d353cb0b0900f9c60b97d9e0372e51c88e2cd428d267d26d534025fb","19th-Century Commercial",{"title":744,"imageList":746,"category":756,"url":757},[747,750,753],{"src":748,"caption":749},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7e59d358eeae4064954c1521b74258f5","Marquette Building",{"src":751,"caption":752},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F3b0f48475ada4d61b7a909bd543f4c31","Monadnock Building",{"src":754,"caption":755},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F74f0516fbca14f29b687d5f3e74f98a2","Railway Exchange Building","Style","/online-resources/architecture-encyclopedia/19th-century-commercial",[759,785,810,844,864,892,917,942],{"id":760,"name":761,"data":762},"9a04a5a6a80649708ac89c584673c36d","Revolution Workshop",{"buildingName":761,"officialName":761,"description":763,"imageList":764,"neighborhood":775,"style":776,"architect":778,"originalCompletionDate":781,"useType":782,"url":784},"\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Revolution Workshop occupies two striking industrial warehouses transformed by Future Firm into a dynamic hub that blends hands-on construction training, collaborative spaces, and community impact.\u003C/p>",[765,768,770,773],{"caption":766,"src":767},"Courtesy of Future Firm. Photo by Daniel Kelleghan.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd316604320c7432aa0f15173e6b0df20",{"caption":766,"src":769},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F17109fce101b4a37812704100e61d384",{"caption":771,"src":772},"Photographer: Craig Shimala","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe476ab60b33349b5a6dc6b57283648f0",{"caption":766,"src":774},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8403b350923b45cea92d6d6e6157f7f5","East Garfield Park",[777],"Industrial",[779,780],"unknown","Future Firm",1920,[783],"Community Center","/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/revolution-workshop",{"id":786,"name":787,"data":788},"d94bdac540e24878ab32fba0cf0bff28","Green Mill Jazz Club",{"buildingName":787,"officialName":787,"description":789,"imageList":790,"neighborhood":803,"style":804,"originalCompletionDate":806,"useType":807,"url":809},"\u003Cp>The longtime jazz club, located in Chicago’s Uptown neighborhood, has been open since the early 20th century.\u003C/p>",[791,794,797,800],{"src":792,"caption":793},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fcd8e2169eedb4749b8c8c12854835193","Green Mill Jazz Club.",{"src":795,"caption":796},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb82ace34ffce4c42a9ee9473c53b633e","Green Mill Sunken Gardens 1914. Chicago Examiner. Public domain.",{"src":798,"caption":799},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4a8221cfe67447eb8b3156b740724c09","Original signage. Photographer: Robert Loerzel.",{"caption":801,"src":802},"Photographer: Deb Frels","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F5efc7aae71004369a20b1bf84e2f6793","Uptown",[805],"19th Century Commercial",1914,[808],"Commerical","/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/green-mill-jazz-club",{"id":811,"name":812,"data":813},"1bff0571016944f38821feef0cc474b8","North Avenue Beach House",{"buildingName":812,"officialName":812,"description":814,"imageList":815,"neighborhood":835,"style":836,"architect":838,"originalCompletionDate":840,"useType":841,"url":843},"\u003Cp>Originally built in 1940 and redesigned in 1999, the North Avenue Beach House blends historic design with modern amenities, serving millions of Chicago lakefront visitors annually.\u003C/p>",[816,820,823,826,829,832],{"alt":817,"src":818,"caption":819}," An aerial shot shows a crowded beach along a large body of water, likely Lake Michigan, with numerous sailboats dotting the horizon under a pale sky. In the foreground, a sandy beach is packed with people. Adjacent to the beach is a modern, boat-shaped building with red accents on its roof. To the right of the building, a large area with multiple white tents is set up on what appears to be muddy ground, possibly indicating recent rain or a specific event setup. A paved road with parked cars and a few buses curves around a grassy area in the lower left. A long pier extends into the water from the right, ending at a small lighthouse. In the distance, a large ship is visible on the water.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9a1bd4df9cdf4361a6eaf09ec8abb49f","Photo Credit: William Kildow; Lawrence Okrent, Tom Rossiter",{"src":821,"alt":822,"caption":819},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F012e8def527e4bf78526ecb47323803b","A ground-level shot frames the John Hancock Center (now 875 North Michigan Avenue) in the background, towering over a foreground building with a nautical design. The foreground building is white with blue trim and features circular windows resembling portholes, and a large red cylindrical structure on its roof. The word \"RESTROOMS\" is visible above an entrance. Several people are walking around the foreground building's patio area. The sky is partly cloudy.",{"alt":824,"src":825,"caption":819}," A vibrant, low-angle shot of the North Avenue Beach boathouse in Chicago under a deep blue sky. The building, designed to resemble a ship, features white walls, blue railings, and two prominent, red-banded cylindrical structures on its roof, mimicking smokestacks. A striped awning covers a central outdoor area between the two \"smokestacks.\" The lower level of the building is open, revealing glimpses of Lake Michigan through its arched supports. Two people and a bicycle are visible on the left side of the lower level. The intense blue of the sky contrasts sharply with the white and red of the building.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F67dd9dba38b04affb7e1dc6a427afdd3",{"src":827,"alt":828,"caption":819},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F386ecef9973346649f0ecc7074542f31"," An interior view of the North Avenue Beach boathouse, showcasing its multi-level, ship-inspired architecture. The ground floor features numerous round, dark tables arranged in rows. White pillars support the upper levels. In the center, a large, dark opening is labeled \"UPPER DECK\" in red text, leading to stairs or a ramp. The walls are white with blue trim and a decorative blue wave pattern. On the upper level, a red wall with a large black opening is visible, resembling the \"smokestack\" exterior. Red and white striped awnings or coverings are visible on either side of the upper level, extending towards the viewer.",{"caption":819,"src":830,"alt":831},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc13b84a9c5e845769e4ad902b1563323"," A wide-angle, twilight shot of North Avenue Beach in Chicago, bathed in a purple hue. The North Avenue Beach boathouse, with its distinctive red-topped \"smokestacks\" and white structure, is centrally located on the left, illuminated by scattered lights. The beach in the foreground appears damp, reflecting some of the sky's light. In the background, the Chicago skyline rises, with several tall buildings glowing with orange and white lights. Streetlights line the beach path, and trees are visible between the boathouse and the city buildings. Two blurred figures are visible on the right side of the frame, possibly walking.",{"src":833,"alt":834,"caption":819},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff106609754ba4de2955258cbee304c7a","A sunny, mid-day shot of North Avenue Beach in Chicago, featuring the distinctive boathouse building in the background. The sandy beach in the foreground is populated with sunbathers lying on towels and chairs. A yellow beach umbrella stands out in the middle ground. The boathouse, designed like a ship, has white walls, blue trim, and two prominent red cylindrical structures on its roof. People are visible on the boathouse's upper deck and on the ground level. In the far background, the top of the John Hancock Center (now 875 North Michigan Avenue) is visible, along with other city buildings, under a clear blue sky.","Lincoln Park",[837],"Art Deco",[839],"Wheeler Kearns Architects",1940,[842],"Multipurpose: Office/Recreational/Community","/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/north-avenue-beach-house",{"id":845,"name":846,"data":847},"22028f5c9f8a4f31ae3327e15cb4aa1c","Chicago Pedway",{"buildingName":848,"officialName":848,"description":849,"imageList":850,"neighborhood":859,"originalCompletionDate":860,"useType":861,"url":863},"The Chicago Pedway","\u003Cp>Beneath the Loop’s hustle, a hidden network quietly connects the city.\u003C/p>",[851,853,855,857],{"src":852},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2c5f164b2b854bfdaacdbb4dc0830765",{"src":854},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F201cce8b472845ec8cb2374178bd433a",{"src":856},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6cab6cfb483a44ed8c490d93c28dd793",{"src":858},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F761e6932657044df819c4959e692e033","Loop",null,[862],"Mixed Use","/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-pedway",{"id":865,"name":866,"data":867},"9acf725bb30c40bf8c290d24bf33dd8a","Macy's on State Street (Formerly Marshall Field's)",{"buildingName":868,"officialName":868,"imageList":869,"neighborhood":859,"style":886,"architect":887,"originalCompletionDate":889,"useType":890,"url":891},"Macy’s On State Street (formerly Marshall Field’s) ",[870,874,878,882],{"caption":871,"src":872,"alt":873},"Marshall Field and Company Building","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fefc20421055b4d749404ae72b726cb4e","image from across the street of a large tall tan building with a green exterior clock hanging from its corner",{"caption":875,"alt":876,"src":877},"Marshall Field","Black and white image of a man with white hair and a mustache wearing a suit and looking to his right","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F17bbf93a997d4b45b5580259b912cf71",{"alt":879,"src":880,"caption":881},"Bronze sign that reads \"Marshall Field and Company\" ","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc261af06198449e0a0a49b0deacd2d83","Marshall Field and Company Sign ",{"src":883,"alt":884,"caption":885},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F58c163252e2d4a21a8f6df80f667ee55","Image looking up at a mosaic ceiling with blue and tan tiles that is brightly lit.","Ceiling of the Marshall Field's Building ",[805],[888],"D.H. Burnham & Co.",1892,[808],"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/macys-on-state-street-formerly-marshall-fields",{"id":893,"name":894,"data":895},"3ea530f0cb044cf486e2640cd6f3ca69","En Masse Studio",{"buildingName":894,"officialName":894,"description":896,"imageList":897,"neighborhood":909,"style":910,"architect":912,"originalCompletionDate":914,"useType":915,"url":916},"\u003Cp>Discover how En Masse Studio's modern, multi-use building in Logan Square honors architectural legends while revitalizing a historic Chicago neighborhood.\u003C/p>",[898,902,906],{"caption":899,"src":900,"alt":901},"Building exterior of En Masse Studio offices","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fce3e7ae9bb6a440db675ecd2d3fbcb9b","Concrete building with diagonal angles",{"alt":903,"src":904,"caption":905},"Office workers sitting at wide desks with large monitors with a corkboard wall in the background","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F30457c0b7af8441e97b42589d9b128ca","Interior offices of En Masse Studio",{"src":907,"alt":908},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8c65962f346b4bb0a7a165ecdab8e062","Bicycle leaning against a concrete wall of a building","Logan Square",[911],"Contemporary",[913],"En Masse Architecture and Design",2022,[862],"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/en-masse-studio",{"id":918,"name":919,"data":920},"a64c2fe8f8404d38b2e5803a26dba3b5","Wrigley Field",{"buildingName":919,"officialName":919,"description":921,"imageList":922,"neighborhood":936,"style":937,"architect":938,"originalCompletionDate":806,"useType":940,"url":941},"\u003Cp>One of the most iconic and beloved baseball stadiums in the country, Wrigley Field is the second-oldest Major League Baseball stadium in the U.S. and has been home of the Chicago Cubs since 1916. \u003C/p>",[923,926,930,933],{"alt":924,"src":925},"Image of the exterior of Wrigley Field with a large red sign that reads \"Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs\"","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F25e74296ebbb4387ad113ce3e17c01a6",{"src":927,"caption":928,"alt":929},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F09a0c4957cc748bf8d90756258922d72","Weeghman Park left field, May 1914","Black and white image of a baseball field and players standing on it with stands full of people on the left and in the background",{"src":931,"alt":932},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F771a6592180042d8bfecbba96d391e86","Black and white image of the exterior of Wrigley Field with a large sign that reads \"Wrigley Field Home of the Chicago Cubs\" as the focal point, and people walking towards the stadium in the foreground.",{"src":934,"alt":935},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F35636caec8234ab595e30df5ebb54ed9","Aerial image of Wrigley Field from the back showing the field and the stands.","Lakeview",[396],[939],"Zachary Taylor Davis",[808],"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/wrigley-field",{"id":943,"name":944,"data":945},"80843967f2ee4492a34f5169af1bd8a2","University of Chicago’s Keller Center",{"buildingName":944,"officialName":944,"imageList":946,"neighborhood":951,"style":952,"architect":954,"originalCompletionDate":957,"useType":958,"url":960},[947],{"caption":948,"alt":949,"src":950},"University of Chicago's Keller Center","exterior of academic building with several columns ","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3ebf4314a64041f3a2b8a6df8f7c70d0","Hyde Park",[953,911],"Modernism",[955,956],"Farr Associates","APMonarch",1962,[959],"School","/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/university-of-chicagos-keller-center"]