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van der Rohe",[697],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":698,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/111-east-wacker","\u003Cp>One of Mies van der Rohe’s final designs rises above a former rail yard that many years earlier was the site of Fort Dearborn.\u003C/p>",[701],"Commercial Office","One Illinois Center","111 East Wacker (One Illinois Center)","111 East Wacker",1970,"111 E Wacker Dr",[708],"Modernism",{"deviceSize":577,"location":710},{"path":668,"query":711},{},"Loop",[714,717,719,721,724,726],{"src":715,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0b00d0b3f1944f8097b12a7a9e675b80","Photo by Eric Allix 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Photo retrieved from the Library of Congress.",{"src":725,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb534a6c7e665481d83064b1cd7acdf0d",{"src":727,"caption":728},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa4dd2408be564b9a952ed35ee49fe931","Apple Store under construction. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers",[730,930],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":731,"id":732,"meta":733,"children":735,"responsiveStyles":928},"Box","builder-da315b6f6b8f4862b5c37ccc53eab1f4",{"previousId":734},"builder-cccb45f331584dbfa7116e6f81ea147d",[736,746,755,762,784,802,820,843,901,910,919],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":737,"meta":738,"component":740,"responsiveStyles":744},"builder-d956bee77acf47539aa63c5d5cb70d0f",{"previousId":739},"builder-a96e9c27c3f3407fb39c8cbd33264f21",{"name":741,"options":742},"Text",{"text":743,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>A Changing Chicago\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1803, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/fort-dearborn/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Dearborn\u003C/a> was built on the south bank of the Chicago River, becoming the U.S. Army’s westernmost post in the early 19th century. The landmark fur trading post established Chicago’s core and early pattern of growth. By 1856, the site was home to freight terminals and the Illinois Central Railroad’s enormous complex of tracks–symbols of Chicago’s industrial might. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Towering grain elevators along the river gave rise to one of Chicago’s nicknames, “Stacker of Wheat.” They were the first “skyscrapers” to punctuate our landscape. By the time the last 19th century grain elevator was demolished in 1943, it coexisted with true skyscrapers, like the Art Deco-inspired 333 N. Michigan at the corner of Wacker and Michigan.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The 1960s meant more change. In 1966, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that the Illinois Central Railroad not only owned the land, but also held the right to build on the space above the site. After the ruling, the railroad promptly sold the air rights to developers. Planning began for the Illinois Center, which Mayor Richard J. Daley proclaimed as the “greatest real estate deal in history.” Newspaper articles from the early 1970s overflowed with optimistic and forward-thinking numbers: 83 acres, 19 to 25 buildings, a daytime population of 80,000 people, 15,250 apartments, 4,500 hotel rooms, $37 million in revenue per acre. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The infrastructure plans were overwhelming, including the rerouting of Lake Shore Drive, an extension of Wacker Drive and addition of many layers of walkways, retail, parking and underground roads, while still accommodating the railroad tracks. The Office of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mies van der Rohe\u003C/a> was selected to design the master plan for the office and hotel space on the westernmost 15 acres of the parcel, which would include 111 East Wacker.\u003C/p>",{"large":745},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":747,"meta":748,"component":750,"responsiveStyles":753},"builder-014d4b060375483ba7583f43b94e4c54",{"previousId":749},"builder-cd416fb087d842f19088b8e4984307d9",{"name":741,"options":751},{"text":752,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>Rational and sleek\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1967, ground was broken for 111 East Wacker, also known as One Illinois Center. It was the first building constructed on the site. The \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/international-style/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">International Style\u003C/a> building included elements common to Mies’ earlier work and the ideas he brought with him from Germany before World War II. The three radical–at the time–principles of International Style architecture can be seen in his \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/mid-century-modernism/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mid-Century Modern\u003C/a> design for 111 East Wacker:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>An emphasis on volume – spaces enclosed by thin planes of glass – as opposed to a solid mass of brick or stone.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Instead of a typical symmetrical exterior with a large central opening, the building has a series of columns that form a more regular façade.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Instead of applied ornament, the beauty of the building comes in the elegance of the materials, the technical perfection in which they are assembled, and the fine proportions of the space.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>111 East Wacker celebrates the beauty of industrial materials on a site that was once dedicated to industry. Mies’ work and careful details transformed basic structure into high art.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building shares the hallmarks with his other 1960s Chicago structures, including \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/federal-center/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Federal Center\u003C/a> and the AMA Plaza: exposed base columns, exterior curtain walls made of steel beams and glass and a bronze anodized aluminum exterior with tinted windows.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Mies died in 1969, just a year before the building opened. Joseph Fujikawa, one of the partners in The Office of Mies van der Rohe, oversaw its completion. Its sibling building, Two Illinois Center, came in 1973.\u003C/p>",{"large":754},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":756,"component":757,"responsiveStyles":760},"builder-d2779125a671491086382733abbae915",{"name":741,"options":758},{"text":759,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>What's next?\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The eastern portion of the air rights land split off from Illinois Center in 2002 to become Lakeshore East, which is home to many residential towers, including 340 On The Park, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/aqua/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Aqua\u003C/a> and the currently under construction Vista Tower. Today, one can hardly imagine this location as a 19th century U.S. Army fort, a grain terminal or a railyard. More than 20 residential and commercial towers—tens of thousands of apartments and hotel rooms—share the neighborhood around 111 East Wacker. A nearby elementary school, park and retail spaces also indicate the ever-changing nature of the river and downtown.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Thanks to Susan Frost, CAC Docent, Class of 2015, for researching and writing this story.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>",{"large":761},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":763,"meta":764,"component":766,"responsiveStyles":782},"builder-104ec07ca4944bfdb57f9577f883c67a",{"previousId":765},"builder-8769b010baa546f5a531ffb0ec94013d",{"name":767,"options":768},"Fact Carousel",{"factList":769},[770,776,779],{"body":771,"title":772,"icon":773},"\u003Cp>Clark Kent once worked at 111 East Wacker. The building’s lobby was turned into “The Daily Planet” to film 2016’s Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice.\u003C/p>","Did you know?",{"src":774,"alt":775},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F6eb8f64ac9e149c9869e201bde237839","Icon of two buildings. One in red and one is taller.",{"body":777,"title":772,"icon":778},"\u003Cp>There are three levels of Wacker Drive: upper Wacker, lower Wacker, and lower lower Wacker Drive—Site of one of the city’s impound lots, where towed cars are stored.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":780,"title":772,"icon":781},"\u003Cp>The trains that came through the Illinois Central Yards in 1856 traveled on a trestle located 100 yards offshore, over the waves of Lake Michigan.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":783},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":785,"meta":786,"component":788,"responsiveStyles":800},"builder-1c301e16a3f148edb0b5f2e18c74b422",{"previousId":787},"builder-31bcabef0f7042bdadc5ddc3cacff79b",{"name":789,"options":790},"Testimonials Carousel",{"headline":791,"testimonials":792},"Docent perspective",[793],{"quote":794,"attribution":795,"title":796,"image":797},"Mies said, ‘Not yesterday, not tomorrow, only today can be given form.’ Here at the DuSable Bridge, several ‘todays’ share space. The 1920s Beaux Arts vision of our city at this intersection has a thread of Modernist structures running through it on both sides of the river, with Illinois Center accenting the south bank. Our 1920s and our 1960s buildings are wonderful counterpoints to one another, and show how architecture, and our vision of our city, continue to change.\"","SUSAN FROST","CAC Docent, class of 2015",{"alt":798,"src":799},"Headshot of a smiling caucasian woman with green sweater and framed glasses","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F2c4ff288d533466f9fbcc43f2abb3b16",{"large":801},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":803,"id":804,"meta":805,"component":807,"responsiveStyles":818},"More about this building / 50/50","builder-68d532fddfc34c3eb223e3fb43c84f76",{"previousId":806},"builder-383c48151ac241468c6f8c7b8362d940",{"name":620,"options":808},{"imageAlignment":51,"headline":809,"body":810,"button":811,"image":815},"CAC MAKES A HOME","\u003Cp>The Chicago Architecture Center moved from 224 S. Michigan to the newly renovated 111 E. 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S. Wacker Dr.",[972],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":963},[974,977,979,981],{"src":975,"caption":976},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ffde2a56ed9004774950b32d319adeb6f","Front entrance, 111 S. Wacker",{"src":978},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4a51aee6e8874bd6a4b9e07030836d58",{"src":980},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fef67986aec684373af7f4e67014b43b6",{"src":982},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9b6dcca6f76e4a428e983c2503cc213c",[984],"Contemporary","2024-08-08T22:13:13.597Z",[701],[988],"Goettsch Partners",{"seo":990},{"description":991},"A creative solution to site challenges, this 51-story blue glass building features a spiraling parking garage, award-winning lighting and a sustainable design with Gold LEED certification.",[993,1113],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":994,"meta":995,"children":997,"responsiveStyles":1111},"builder-9733d3b949ba466fa74de43f88570b55",{"previousId":996},"builder-151fa9aec3f9461794b5afa1e86a6304",[998,1008,1017,1025,1043,1059,1067,1087,1095,1103],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":999,"meta":1000,"component":1002,"responsiveStyles":1006},"builder-fbd0598f4ccc4317ac9bd2bccbf4ebda",{"previousId":1001},"builder-fe8e7cf58213465480ca5683a6390130",{"name":741,"options":1003},{"text":1004,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>The 51-story, blue glass structure is a striking example of creative problem solving.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When faced with complicated site and structural challenges, architect Jim Goettsch and his team developed a smart and creative solution. The result at 111 South Wacker is an award-winning\u003Ca href=\"/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/leed-leadership-in-energy-and-environmental-design/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Gold LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design)\u003C/a> certified building.\u003C/p>","half",{"large":1007},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1009,"meta":1010,"component":1012,"responsiveStyles":1015},"builder-902ca6b2ac894582985b89ced341ba40",{"previousId":1011},"builder-a46a5c0b029948ed9a22b058445a2044",{"name":741,"options":1013},{"text":1014,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>\u003Cspan style=\"color: rgb(204, 0, 0);\">A 45-Degree Hurdle to Overcome\u003C/span>\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The original site of 111 South Wacker once hosted the magnificent US Gypsum (USG) building. The structure was turned at a 45-degree angle toward the corner of Wacker and Monroe. When it was demolished in 2003 to make way for the John Buck Building at 111 South Wacker Drive, it left behind a problem to be solved. The original caissons were angled irregularly and therefore could not have supported the proposed structure. However, engineers at Magnusson Klemencic Associates devised a plan that enabled the reuse of many of the originals and only added minimal extras. The plan made the cost of the foundation a fraction of what it might have been otherwise.\u003C/p>",{"large":1016},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1018,"meta":1019,"component":1020,"responsiveStyles":1023},"builder-a5d36e872d204183bfc396e147170284",{"previousId":1011},{"name":741,"options":1021},{"text":1022,"padding":1005},"\u003Ch4>Seeing Past Blocked Views\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The site of 111 South Wacker gave \u003Ca href=\"https://openhousechicago.org/sites/site/goettsch-partners/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Goettsch\u003C/a> another hurdle. Next door, a 15-story building blocked precious views, which meant the occupiable structure needed to be 120 feet from the ground. To solve the problem, Goettsch put a parking garage on the first seven floors, but this is no ordinary parking garage. Its dramatically-lit, spiraling ramp reflects down into the 44-foot lobby space beneath it.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The lobby’s stepped ceiling and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/marble/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">marble\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/granite/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">granite\u003C/a> floors, laid in radial patterns, extend the spiral motif and it doesn’t end there. The spiral pattern continues onto the pavement outside the building, and non-reflective glass creates an almost invisible barrier between its interior and exterior space. As you walk through the lobby, it feels as though the building is radiating both upward and outward.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Another striking feature in this magnificent lobby is its award-winning lighting. 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Radial slots were cut into the ceilings to integrate lighting equipment used to stimulate plant growth.\"\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Night or day, inside or outside the building, 111 South Wacker is a feast for the eyes and easy on the planet’s resources.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\"> \u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"large":1024},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1026,"meta":1027,"component":1029,"responsiveStyles":1041},"builder-430d8d2ee6df48e6b5e1990a4ed6cfb1",{"previousId":1028},"builder-553f0f4888f7423ab9258394e767fefa",{"name":767,"options":1030},{"factList":1031},[1032,1035,1038],{"body":1033,"title":772,"icon":1034},"\u003Cp>The building has a green roof; however, designers were concerned about plants surviving 65 floors up. The solution: their green roof houses alpine species.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":1036,"title":772,"icon":1037},"\u003Cp>When 111 South Wacker was certified in October of 2005, it became Chicago's first-ever new construction Gold LEED certified project.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":1039,"title":772,"icon":1040},"\u003Cp>At the time of demolition, the USG building (the previous building at 111 South Wacker) was the tallest building to be demolished in Chicago.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":1042},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1044,"meta":1045,"component":1047,"responsiveStyles":1057},"builder-c9f1074d840b4be6bba45089ca3b8c85",{"previousId":1046},"builder-a870fe1e60ea4ba1a4f0d13316d3fadf",{"name":789,"options":1048},{"headline":791,"testimonials":1049},[1050],{"quote":1051,"attribution":1052,"title":1053,"image":1054},"Some skyscrapers inspire you to look up to their 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Riverside",[988],[1148,1151,1153],{"caption":1149,"src":1150},"Photo by Angie McMonigal","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F639f0a999f9e4394a4690474a034d4dd",{"src":1152,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F50b3cb527d154fc1b08f3b6214020666",{"alt":1154,"caption":1155,"src":1156},"Digital art display inside the lobby.","150 Media Stream displays media art at a grand scale. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F930aa91115a04ae887c13c4c19bd019b","2017",[701],[1160,1168,1176,1184,1197,1211,1228,1257,1265,1273,1282],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1161,"component":1162,"responsiveStyles":1166},"builder-a48a1d69ddce44468c6457aa481a1576",{"name":741,"options":1163,"isRSC":561},{"text":1164,"padding":674,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>For almost 80 years, the 2-acre site where 150 North Riverside now stands was considered too troublesome for construction. Active railroad tracks run through the narrow property and the lot is bordered by a condo building and the Chicago River. The tracks, combined with city easement and Riverwalk requirements, absorbed more than 75 percent of the property, leaving a buildable site that measured only 39 feet wide. In 2012, Riverside Investment and Development purchased the land and pledged to create a unique building along the river. Architects from Goettsch Partners and engineers from Magnusson Klemencic Associates (MKA) took on the challenge to squeeze what would become a nearly 1.5 million square foot building onto the compact site.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>ENGINEERING FEAT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>With such a small footprint of buildable space at street level, the architects and engineers needed to develop an innovative solution that still allowed for large rentable office floors to generate income. The result is a 54-story skyscraper that defies typical structural logic. It’s common for tall buildings to have a wide base that gives stability to the foundation and then narrows at the top—think of the John Hancock Tower, for example. But it’s quite unusual for a tall building to be narrower at the bottom and widen at the upper floors. Yet, that is exactly the type of structural gymnastics Goettsch and MKA pulled off.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building rises on a very small base, which slopes outward at an angle for the first eight stories, then widens to nearly the full width of the site. To accomplish this feat, the designers chose a core supported structure, a massive central concrete “spine” that holds the elevator core and also transfers the load of the upper floors down to the foundations. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/caisson/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Caissons\u003C/a> were drilled more than 110 feet below grade level and sunk 5 feet into Chicago’s bedrock to provide a stable foundation in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/happening-caf/building-skyscrapers-on-chicagos-swampy-soil/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Chicago’s swampy soil\u003C/a>. During construction, the building’s location along the river was considered an asset, rather than a liability, when 81 floating barges were tied together to hold a 2 million pound crane that lifted the giant steel trusses. In addition, the largest and longest hot-rolled steel beams ever used in the U.S. allowed the building’s width to splay out from 39 feet to 120 feet.\u003C/p>","bg-gray-100",{"large":1167},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":1169,"id":1170,"component":1171,"responsiveStyles":1174},"SPECIAL FEATURESOn the buildin...","builder-6611ffd9ce0642cabed6af7ff27a46cc",{"name":741,"options":1172,"isRSC":561},{"text":1173,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>SPECIAL FEATURES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>On the building’s exterior, vertical metal fins—inspired by the rippling of wind-swept water—help to cool the building by providing shading. The building’s many environmentally-friendly features have allowed it to be pre-certified LEED-Gold, a designation given to resource efficient buildings.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>All tall buildings face the challenge of wind loads pushing on the structure, because the façade acts like a giant sail. But with such a slender building resting on a smaller-than-normal base, the designers of 150 North Riverside had to use an innovative solution to help mitigate the motion of the building and provide a comfortable working environment for tenants on the upper floors.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>One method of reducing the sway in a tall building is to place a very heavy object – which also has the ability to move somewhat freely – at the top of the structure. When the wind pushes on the building one direction, the heavy object naturally moves in the opposite direction, helping to counteract the oscillation. Hidden in the upper floors of 150 North Riverside, several giant tanks—called “tuned liquid sloshing dampers”—hold 160,000 gallons of water. These special tanks of liquid help to dramatically dampen and reduce the building’s sway.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Back at ground level, a cable net-wall of glass encloses a 110-foot tall lobby, which rests on the platform over the railroad tracks, blurring the boundaries between interior and exterior. Inside, a massive LED display, known as 150 Media Stream, captures visitors’ imaginations with ever-changing art installations. Placing the building at the northeast corner of the lot and providing a transparent lobby softened the view for the neighboring building to the west and created a comfortable distance between the buildings. Outside, a landscaped park and riverfront promenade hides parking and provides green space for tenants and passersby.\u003C/p>",{"large":1175},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1177,"component":1178,"responsiveStyles":1182},"builder-16007a1d9ad240daac2812dd6439bdb5",{"name":741,"options":1179,"isRSC":561},{"padding":1180,"text":1181},"no-top","\u003Ch4>A LASTING LEGACY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>As 150 North Riverside takes its place among Chicago’s great architecture and engineering marvels, it also illustrates how new technologies and creative solutions can be used to solve decades-old problems, including building skyscrapers on tiny lots previously considered “unbuildable.” Completed in 2017, the building joins River Point and Wolf Point West at the confluence of the north and south branches and main stem of the river. 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Superior Street","https://maps.app.goo.gl/Phsm9onVyfKG6LHE8",{"location":1337,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":1338},{},[1340,1401],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1341,"meta":1342,"children":1343,"responsiveStyles":1399},"builder-03531d27738f4f028b82f36a9af230e9",{"previousId":996},[1344,1352,1360,1375,1383,1391],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1345,"meta":1346,"component":1347,"responsiveStyles":1350},"builder-91e49c78883a425ba31edfdb9cab19fd",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":1348},{"text":1349,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>Once a part of a series of row houses that were completed soon after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, today 154 W. Superior is the lone survivor, surrounded by towering high-rise buildings.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>154 W. 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"190 South LaSalle","4d9a60ae46e845b8fcfab0fa7a3804893b11155967937d8a9342acb84c22c389",[1427],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":1428,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/190-South-LaSalle",{"googleMapLink":1430,"architect":1431,"visibleCompletionDate":668,"description":1434,"themeId":51,"title":1424,"officialName":1424,"useType":1435,"buildingName":1424,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":1436,"streetAddress":1437,"style":1438,"state":1440,"neighborhood":712,"seo":1443,"imageList":1444,"query":1458,"url":1428,"forceUpdatedURLOn":1460,"blocks":1461},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/59Y68Xi2oQ3akPmT7",[1432,1433],"John Burgee Architects with Phillip Johnson","Shaw Associates","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 16px;\">A Postmodern gem in Chicago’s Loop, blending historical references with eye-catching aesthetics.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",[701],1987,"190 S. LaSalle St.",[1439],"Postmodern",{"deviceSize":577,"location":1441},{"path":668,"query":1442},{},{},[1445,1448,1450,1452,1454,1456],{"src":1446,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9fb2d9219bea47b6b3787ef036e22eb3","Courtesy Eric Allix Rogers",{"src":1449,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ffd8bbdd710964ccbac244e7161f7b141",{"src":1451,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fda9c501cd2834e3f91f15dd3f5d396a3",{"src":1453,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F8204788defc9473db2d4333552a9d3a2",{"src":1455,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F03848ac206214a81ba6787f8408ce3ad",{"src":1457,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F04ce51ab85004c2fa1587defc06415e9",[1459],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":1428,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:29.637Z",[1462,1557],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1463,"meta":1464,"children":1465,"responsiveStyles":1555},"builder-b4e48a90cff44695b2e6cd48d63ed652",{"previousId":996},[1466,1474,1483,1500,1514,1523,1531,1539,1547],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1467,"meta":1468,"component":1469,"responsiveStyles":1472},"builder-32e65d52117c4193a37e8a4d0512c0b4",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":1470},{"text":1471,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>When walking down LaSalle Street—in the financial heart of Chicago—you might not take notice of 190 South LaSalle.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building’s austere masonry \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> blends in well with its similarly clad neighbors. The coordinated exteriors make the street both grand and a little intimidating to behold. But while 190 South LaSalle intentionally blends in at street level, it makes quite a statement along the skyline. Its green gabled roof is distinctive. This building does a brilliant job of optimizing both ways it is viewed: as an unassuming structure from the street and as an eye-catching tower in the distance.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":1473},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1475,"meta":1476,"component":1478,"responsiveStyles":1481},"builder-fb6cae8e6f3c41038d59439656857fc7",{"previousId":1477},"builder-d13bdd39eaab40f1a0bd2e0ebcff3449",{"name":741,"options":1479},{"text":1480,"padding":674,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>REJECTING MODERNITY AND REINTERPRETING TRADITION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Designed by architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee, a Chicagoan, 190 South LaSalle adopts the visual language of earlier Chicago buildings but supersizes its decorative elements to add a touch of drama and fun. This is a common characteristic of Postmodern buildings—oversized scale combined with over-the-top symbolism and in-your-face colors—and depicts the architectural freedom that flourished in the 1980s and ‘90s. This style was an explicit response to the strict precepts of the  \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/International-Style/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">International Style\u003C/a>, epitomized in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mies van der Rohe's\u003C/a> steel and glass structures. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE POSTMODERN POSTER CHILD\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Philip Johnson himself had been a champion of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/international-style/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">International Style\u003C/a> but famously \"changed his mind.” In the 1980s he began designing buildings that used traditional materials and made explicit contextual references both to the past and to neighboring buildings. For 190 South LaSalle, Johnson chose to reinterpret the gabled roof of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Burnham & Root’s\u003C/a> 1892 Masonic Temple. The Masonic Temple originally sat a few blocks away at the corner of Randolph and State but was demolished in 1939.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Johnson also referenced another famous neighbor in the color he chose for the building’s base. The reddish-brown masonry is similar to the color of Burnham & Root’s \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/the-rookery/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Rookery\u003C/a>, which stands kitty-corner to 190 South LaSalle, at the southeast corner of LaSalle and Adams.\u003C/p>",{"large":1482},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1484,"meta":1485,"component":1486,"responsiveStyles":1498},"builder-7801f34ec80242ea849249cba5ed6b69",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":1487},{"factList":1488},[1489,1492,1495],{"body":1490,"title":772,"icon":1491},"\u003Cp>On a wall at the south entrance, there is a tapestry by Helene Hernmarck that depicts one of Jacques Guerin's illustrations of Burnham's 1909 Plan of Chicago.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":1493,"title":772,"icon":1494},"\u003Cp>A law library for building tenants to use on the 40th floor offers superb views of Ceres, who sits atop the Board of Trade building and of the whole of downtown.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":1496,"title":772,"icon":1497},"\u003Cp>The opulent lobby has a 55-foot-high gold leaf ceiling, a 28-foot-tall bronze sculpture and a checkerboard floor made of black and white marble.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":1499},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1501,"meta":1502,"component":1503,"responsiveStyles":1512},"builder-15c152accef3463a883fce3b638183f1",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":1504},{"headline":791,"testimonials":1505},[1506],{"quote":1507,"attribution":1508,"title":1509,"image":1510},"Philip Johnson’s 190 South LaSalle brought Postmodernism to the heart of Chicago’s Loop. The historical references of its shape, color, design and ‘fit’ into its LaSalle Street environment make this an exclusively Chicago building.\"","Richard Keal","CAC Docent, class of 2013",{"alt":1055,"src":1511},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fec2c808dcd6f4d25a0e16932de78f879",{"large":1513},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":1515,"meta":1516,"component":1517,"responsiveStyles":1521},"builder-365039166544432982ecd310e1f42382",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":1518},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":1519,"headline":1083,"button":1520,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":1522},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1524,"component":1525,"responsiveStyles":1529},"builder-ca7ad9d484dd4ca295cc4810eb95d44e",{"name":846,"options":1526},{"symbol":1527},{"data":1528,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1530},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1532,"component":1533,"responsiveStyles":1537},"builder-db7b498220e343dcb16ce8f1bdd757fb",{"name":846,"options":1534},{"symbol":1535},{"data":1536,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1538},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1540,"component":1541,"responsiveStyles":1545},"builder-908eb92c60a64a6790eeaf4ee43db1e0",{"name":846,"options":1542},{"symbol":1543},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":1544},{},{"large":1546},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1548,"component":1549,"responsiveStyles":1553},"builder-0420fecaf75346eeb5f9bd37a2369bdb",{"name":846,"options":1550},{"symbol":1551},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":1552},{},{"large":1554},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":1556},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":1558,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":1559,"responsiveStyles":1560},"builder-pixel-d7up25pmhwm",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":1561},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"folders":1563,"createdDate":1564,"id":1565,"name":1566,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":1567,"query":1572,"data":1575,"variations":1699,"lastUpdated":1700,"firstPublished":1701,"previewUrl":1702,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":1703,"createdBy":681,"lastUpdatedBy":681,"@originModelId":948,"rev":950},[],1716221151714,"f8fa76e8a6c64e2a6724cd5b4cc7d1752304972032fb8b96281981645e88b26d","330 North Wabash / AMA Plaza (IBM Plaza)",{"breakpoints":1568,"componentsUsed":1569,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":1570,"symbolsUsed":1571},{"medium":565,"small":564},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/330-north-wabash-ama-plaza-ibm-plaza?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=f8fa76e8a6c64e2a6724cd5b4cc7d1752304972032fb8b96281981645e88b26d&builder.overrides.f8fa76e8a6c64e2a6724cd5b4cc7d1752304972032fb8b96281981645e88b26d=f8fa76e8a6c64e2a6724cd5b4cc7d1752304972032fb8b96281981645e88b26d&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},[1573],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":1574},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/330-north-wabash-ama-plaza-ibm-plaza",{"architect":1576,"buildingName":1566,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":1577,"googleMapLink":1578,"imageList":1579,"neighborhood":1333,"officialName":1566,"originalCompletionDate":1594,"query":1595,"seo":1597,"state":1601,"streetAddress":1604,"style":1605,"themeId":51,"title":1566,"url":1574,"useType":1607,"blocks":1609},[695],"2024-08-08T22:13:06.303Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/P45TXCWQaXytEkrf9",[1580,1583,1586,1589,1591],{"caption":1581,"src":1582},"Exterior photo by Peter J. Sieger","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0473cb72d64e4352a6afa85558875a12",{"caption":1584,"src":1585},"Langham Hotel interior photo by John Hill","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fc21851686ca94e76a4ed45d01dc8ef5c",{"caption":1587,"src":1588},"Building construction","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F033a213746df4ea6b44df25782525689",{"src":1590},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7acfb56e78dd4c609453d587d0652813",{"caption":1592,"src":1593},"Exterior photo by Eric Allix Rogers","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd181aedd539b4034a7bf385231f258a3",1972,[1596],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":1574},{"seo":1598,"title":1600},{"description":1599,"title":1600},"Designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, this 52-story modernist building along the Chicago River features a black anodized aluminum exterior and a unique interior design that contrasts its minimalist exterior.","330 N. Wabash AMA Plaza (IBM Plaza) Mies van der Rohe",{"deviceSize":577,"location":1602},{"path":668,"query":1603},{},"330 N. Wabash Ave.",[1606],"International Style",[1608],"Mixed Use",[1610,1694],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1611,"meta":1612,"children":1613,"responsiveStyles":1692},"builder-5e8743f08de94d3f852b561a632d73a4",{"previousId":996},[1614,1622,1630,1647,1660,1668,1676,1684],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1615,"meta":1616,"component":1617,"responsiveStyles":1620},"builder-c116094e9ac64fbab4b4d13f39ccdf72",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":1618},{"text":1619,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>One of the last American projects designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, this powerful Modernist structure occupies a prominent place on the Chicago River.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>At 52 stories and 695 feet, it is his second tallest building (after the Toronto Dominion Center). Its black anodized aluminum exterior provides vigorous expression of the structure, despite its limited range of materials and color.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Like the Chicago Federal Center further south, 330 North Wabash remains, from the outside, a monument to the architect’s maxim, “Less is more.” Simplified, modern and efficient, the exterior of this \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">steel\u003C/a> and glass building embodies the Miesian vocabulary.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The interior, particularly the lower 13 stories, conveys a very different sense of style.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":1621},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1623,"meta":1624,"component":1625,"responsiveStyles":1628},"builder-b0387adc7fe2428685110a670d82b6da",{"previousId":1477},{"name":741,"options":1626},{"text":1627,"padding":1180,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>ATTENTION TO ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>IBM commissioned Mies in 1966 to design the building for their Chicago offices. The first floor lobby is nearly 26 feet high, scaled in proportion to the rest of the building. The building is positioned toward the north end of its site, allowing for the inclusion of a plaza on the other half of the site that extends to the Chicago River. When the building was completed in 1972, it provided clear views of Lake Michigan and the newly-constructed Marina City.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>To meet the needs of IBM—the original client and tenant—the building was outfitted with extensive technological innovations, including:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Structural and electrical systems capable of supporting computer facilities and mechanical equipment\u003C/li>\u003Cli>A computer-operated electric heating and cooling system signaled by a rooftop weather station\u003C/li>\u003Cli>A heat reclamation system that moves heat from warmer areas of the building to areas needing it\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Double-glazed windows and a plastic thermal barrier between layers of the exterior curtain wall\u003C/li>\u003Cli>A pressure-equalization system to keep water outside the building envelope\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CHANGE AND ADAPTATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>IBM sold the building 1996 and moved out in 2005. Most views of the lake from the building were blocked when the Trump International Hotel and Tower was completed in 2009.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Langham Hotel began a redesign of the lower 13 stories overseen by prominent architect and designer Dirk Lohan (who is also Mies van der Rohe’s grandson). The hotel, which opened in 2013, now contains the rich colors and materials one might expect in one of the world’s leading luxury hotels.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In 2013, the American Medical Association moved in to a portion of the building’s more than one million square feet of rentable office space, and the site became known as AMA Plaza.\u003C/p>",{"large":1629},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1631,"meta":1632,"component":1633,"responsiveStyles":1645},"builder-28ebffb6cd5e4e7da16efd1fc5c419eb",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":1634},{"factList":1635},[1636,1639,1642],{"body":1637,"title":772,"icon":1638},"\u003Cp>As the IBM Building, 330 North Wabash was named a Chicago landmark in 2008 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":1640,"title":772,"icon":1641},"\u003Cp>The building resembles the towers of Federal Center, a few blocks away, which were designed earlier, but not completed until 1974.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":1643,"title":772,"icon":1644},"\u003Cp>In 2017, the Langham Hotel in Chicago was named the best hotel in the U.S. in 2017 by U.S. News and World Report and among the world’s best by Travel+Leisure.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":1646},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":1648,"meta":1649,"component":1650,"responsiveStyles":1658},"builder-92aa6376ff1a4313a2392513f44fb92e",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":1651},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":1652,"headline":1224,"button":1657,"copy":623},[1653,1655],{"encyclopediaArticle":1654},{"@type":19,"id":1368,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":1656},{"@type":19,"id":1371,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":1659},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1661,"component":1662,"responsiveStyles":1666},"builder-66953117f37242a8af3feecf2b287fbb",{"name":846,"options":1663},{"symbol":1664},{"data":1665,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1667},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1669,"component":1670,"responsiveStyles":1674},"builder-ab87067e664241ab89462e8845a0cee9",{"name":846,"options":1671},{"symbol":1672},{"data":1673,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1675},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1677,"component":1678,"responsiveStyles":1682},"builder-5f0aa780d36e45adbc5b6b2e1a5e4914",{"name":846,"options":1679},{"symbol":1680},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":1681},{},{"large":1683},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1685,"component":1686,"responsiveStyles":1690},"builder-29c878f5b1f3437186f341388051861e",{"name":846,"options":1687},{"symbol":1688},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":1689},{},{"large":1691},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":1693},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":1695,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":1696,"responsiveStyles":1697},"builder-pixel-gsc8z0zjo6",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":1698},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1744218225819,1716223105700,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/330-north-wabash-ama-plaza-ibm-plaza","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9019da8e3de74cb7b2fceb4e64f57f10",{"folders":1705,"createdDate":1706,"id":1707,"name":1708,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":1709,"query":1713,"data":1716,"variations":1818,"lastUpdated":1819,"firstPublished":1706,"previewUrl":1820,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":1821,"createdBy":1291,"lastUpdatedBy":1822,"@originModelId":948,"rev":950},[],1716000313122,"68855087363580c4e43603c936d10d4c7d63a0d00b8765493f13df1bb9a50844","333 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Carousel":427},{"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/333-west-wacker?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=68855087363580c4e43603c936d10d4c7d63a0d00b8765493f13df1bb9a50844&builder.overrides.68855087363580c4e43603c936d10d4c7d63a0d00b8765493f13df1bb9a50844=68855087363580c4e43603c936d10d4c7d63a0d00b8765493f13df1bb9a50844&builder.options.locale=Default",[1714],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":1715},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/333-west-wacker",{"query":1717,"state":1719,"url":1715,"architect":1722,"officialName":1724,"environment":27,"title":1708,"neighborhood":712,"useType":1725,"description":1726,"style":1727,"originalCompletionDate":1728,"streetAddress":1729,"forceUpdatedURLOn":1730,"imageList":1731,"seo":1740,"googleMapLink":1742,"buildingName":1708,"blocks":1743},[1718],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":1715},{"deviceSize":577,"location":1720},{"path":668,"query":1721},{},[1723],"Kohn Pedersen Fox","333 West Wacker Drive",[701],"\u003Cp>Consistently ranked as one of Chicagoans’ favorite buildings, 333 West Wacker references Chicago in what architect William Pedersen called a \"collage of contextual references.\"\u003C/p>",[1439],"1983","333 W. Wacker Dr.","2024-08-08T22:13:20.464Z",[1732,1734,1736,1738],{"caption":716,"src":1733},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F2264f2bebae84959a0ef29a4b489770c",{"src":1735,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa48cea591b0a4ec9a31e046d00fd0496",{"src":1737,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F6728e436739747309d7afa7515c85468",{"src":1739},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F12ac279cca224f34ade213c0eb107191",{"seo":1741},{"title":1708},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/udmBaicBSW6W3nfc9",[1744,1751,1764,1781,1789,1797,1805,1813],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1745,"component":1746,"responsiveStyles":1749},"builder-93bed0dac43744bdab2a21124189f717",{"name":741,"options":1747},{"text":1748,"padding":674,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>Location, Location, Location\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Sited at the point of the Chicago River where the main branch meets its south branch, this 36-floor office building designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF) stands out among its neighbors. Its 489-foot curved, blue-green glass \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> mimics the color of the river. Like a chameleon, it seems to transform as the sun moves across it throughout the day. Similar to another Chicago favorite, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/millennium-park/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Millennium Park\u003C/a>’s Cloud Gate sculpture, 333 West Wacker’s reflective facade compresses and stretches the skyline to the delight of onlookers.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Classifying 333 W. Wacker\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>When work began on 333 West Wacker in 1979, much of the surrounding property was bleak and dilapidated. This inspired Pedersen to create a splendid entrance on the Franklin-Lake Street side that echos the city's street grid. Meanwhile, its curved riverside entrance contains richly sheathed octagonal support columns.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The design of 333 West Wacker echos traditional Chicago commercial buildings of the late 19th century. Its \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/tripartite-division/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">tripartite\u003C/a> structure includes a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/base/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">base\u003C/a>, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/shaft/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">shaft\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/capital/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">capital\u003C/a>. The base serves as the entrance, is composed of stone, and allows the glass facade to appear to “float” above the river. The shaft is a combination of transparent thermal glass windows and double thick, darker, opaque \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/spandrel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">spandrel\u003C/a> glass. Brushed \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/stainless-steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">stainless steel\u003C/a> horizontal banding gives the shaft textural contrast. Its capital is a glass curvature with squared sides that intersect in a notched fold, creating a sharp, six-floor arc.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Architect William Pedersen never used the term \"\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/postmodern/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Postmodern\u003C/a>.\" He preferred “contextualist.” But that contextualism is one reason why some consider this to be Chicago's first Postmodern skyscraper. Whether you argue that 333 West Wacker is “contextualist” or “Postmodern,” there is no arguing it is a beautiful building.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":1750},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1752,"component":1753,"responsiveStyles":1762},"builder-b6a8bf1458b245f2a253adebec96bddc",{"name":789,"options":1754},{"headline":1755,"testimonials":1756},"Docent Perspective",[1757],{"quote":1758,"attribution":1052,"title":1759,"image":1760},"333 W. Wacker is all about its context. Designed for its specific site, it curves with the curve of the river bank. The shades of green in the glass reflect the green of the water below. Its glassy wall acts as a mirror for the buildings on the opposite bank. Simple and elegant, 333 W. Wacker is always the same building but its surface changes as the sun and clouds shift and morph throughout the day."," CAC Docent, Class Of 2007",{"src":1761},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe0d01b8e6a204d1ca25590a757cb909b",{"large":1763},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1765,"component":1766,"responsiveStyles":1779},"builder-e1111c2587a444e888b4a2c94c1358a7",{"name":821,"options":1767},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":1768,"headline":1083,"button":1778},[1769,1772,1775],{"encyclopediaArticle":1770},{"@type":19,"id":1771,"model":831},"9902c3b92ad8e88d30fa275fae3ada13eab1a9a22555e631ff234cdbfa044a03",{"encyclopediaArticle":1773},{"@type":19,"id":1774,"model":831},"6e58bb08c2f45c06fa4974d01bd3bb20c2162f2f45ba4314b3d26573c09c8b24",{"encyclopediaArticle":1776},{"@type":19,"id":1777,"model":831},"0f19d2e441264a60623b6e6c00173f81940c73445bd5366ad69b810e3642eb79",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":252},{"large":1780},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1782,"component":1783,"responsiveStyles":1787},"builder-52e90fd582a04610bf4c4d8596ae88b2",{"name":846,"options":1784},{"symbol":1785},{"data":1786,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1788},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1790,"component":1791,"responsiveStyles":1795},"builder-0e67a51b06384979adc3ff3edad61f8d",{"name":846,"options":1792},{"symbol":1793},{"data":1794,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1796},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1798,"component":1799,"responsiveStyles":1803},"builder-eaf6d6ffcb91402ab53a317cad479ad9",{"name":846,"options":1800},{"symbol":1801},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":1802},{},{"large":1804},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1806,"component":1807,"responsiveStyles":1811},"builder-d8c7f9b9501b449c8ddb94528a00f332",{"name":846,"options":1808},{"symbol":1809},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":1810},{},{"large":1812},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":1814,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":1815,"responsiveStyles":1816},"builder-pixel-z735i1cw86q",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":1817},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1731099714727,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/333-west-wacker","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa806585786a44c7ca7aa31681738d73f","79aFGoeKm8PKLlqycgVokyU0OsI3",{"folders":1824,"createdDate":1825,"id":1826,"name":1827,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":1828,"query":1833,"data":1836,"variations":1962,"lastUpdated":1963,"firstPublished":1964,"previewUrl":1965,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":1966,"createdBy":681,"lastUpdatedBy":681,"@originModelId":948,"rev":950},[],1716223137210,"1af64367212e7e0321aa96dfa175baf42685df3773ea5f58b064b7f4665e8b9b","860–880 North Lake Shore Drive",{"lastPreviewUrl":1829,"componentsUsed":1830,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":1831,"kind":552,"breakpoints":1832},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/860-880-north-lake-shore-drive?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=1af64367212e7e0321aa96dfa175baf42685df3773ea5f58b064b7f4665e8b9b&builder.overrides.1af64367212e7e0321aa96dfa175baf42685df3773ea5f58b064b7f4665e8b9b=1af64367212e7e0321aa96dfa175baf42685df3773ea5f58b064b7f4665e8b9b&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{"small":564,"medium":565},[1834],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":1835},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/860-880-north-lake-shore-drive",{"themeId":51,"url":1835,"title":1827,"officialName":1827,"seo":1837,"forceUpdatedURLOn":1842,"streetAddress":1843,"originalCompletionDate":1844,"state":1845,"style":1848,"neighborhood":1849,"environment":27,"useType":1850,"query":1851,"buildingName":1827,"imageList":1853,"architect":1864,"googleMapLink":1865,"blocks":1866},{"seo":1838,"title":1841},{"title":1839,"description":1840},"860–880 N. Lake Shore Dr. International Style Mies van der Rohe building in River North","Designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, these two towers exemplify Mid-Century Modern design with their minimalist glass and steel construction.","860–880 N. Lake Shore Dr. International Style Mies van der Rohe building in River North ","2024-08-08T22:13:28.625Z","860–880 N. Lake Shore Dr.",1951,{"location":1846,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":1847},{},[1606],"Near North Side",[1310],[1852],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":1835},[1854,1856,1858,1860,1862],{"src":1855},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F081887f972d44a819fb0efc3f418c839",{"caption":716,"src":1857},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F5b0a6315bc954158917b4138709e01cb",{"src":1859},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fbba49a1e4c1c48c7b71e5e02663975a4",{"src":1861},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe8e11bfcef774291b6c732adfb9fa08e",{"src":1863,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F3b20e82b2d6f44b98da45b93c9b222ec",[695],"https://maps.app.goo.gl/pJL1MET9n3PK5MRKA",[1867,1957],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1868,"meta":1869,"children":1870,"responsiveStyles":1955},"builder-c06636ffe4c246f69454bf5a4dd89a23",{"previousId":996},[1871,1879,1893,1907,1915,1931,1939,1947],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1872,"meta":1873,"component":1874,"responsiveStyles":1877},"builder-5300e7189fa042c592225132cd0118d3",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":1875},{"text":1876,"padding":1180},"\u003Ch4>On today’s Chicago skyline the tallest buildings tend to stand out from the rest.\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>But when you drive north on Lake Shore Drive, just before the first westward curve, you’ll encounter two towers that helped define Chicago as a leader in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/mid-century-modernism/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mid-Century Modern architecture\u003C/a>: 860-880 Lake Shore Drive.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Glass Houses\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe\u003C/a> capitalized on the post-World War II availability of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">steel\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">concrete\u003C/a> in 1949 to create two 26-story apartment towers. He called their design aesthetic \"skin and bones.” The two towers are set at right angles on a trapezoidal site to maximize views of Lake Michigan. They almost seem to hover above their travertine plaza and are connected by a single canopy. Mies’ “less is more” maxim is displayed in the structures’ austere, steel exterior—painted Detroit Graphite black—and rhythmic window bays.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The pair incorporates several common features of Mies’ \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/mid-century-modernism/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mid-Century Modern \u003C/a>design. His use of glass and steel enable transparency and allow the buildings to demonstrate a volume of space rather than the traditional structural mass. Their versatile design makes it nearly impossible for onlookers to discern what’s inside. Are they office buildings or residential structures? Mies doesn’t include ornamentation to serve as clues. Indicative of his architectural vocabulary, these towers have clean lines and superb proportions.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":1878},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1880,"meta":1881,"component":1882,"responsiveStyles":1891},"builder-ef87cc679e8e4fd39a668cbb439ab055",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":1883},{"factList":1884},[1885,1888],{"body":1886,"title":772,"icon":1887},"\u003Cp>In 1996, the towers became the first buildings designed by Mies van der Rohe to receive Chicago Landmark status.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":1889,"title":772,"icon":1890},"\u003Cp>In 1957, the buildings were called “masterpieces” when they were featured in LIFE magazine.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":1892},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1894,"meta":1895,"component":1896,"responsiveStyles":1905},"builder-662d38ad7a084df3a4e9eebc09fd4954",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":1897},{"headline":791,"testimonials":1898},[1899],{"quote":1900,"attribution":1901,"title":1902,"image":1903},"These buildings possess a warmth one would not expect from glass and steel. The backlit opaque glass of the first two floors turns the buildings into inviting beacons at night. The canopies float out from the entrances and across the plaza to shelter residents even before they are indoors. The lobbies keep out the heat and the cold, but admit the blue of the lake and the green of the lawn. It’s why I call 860-880 home.\n","MARC J. BOXERMAN","CAC Docent, class of 1998",{"alt":1901,"src":1904},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1385910fdc134c19b93f8e0a1e715f5d",{"large":1906},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1908,"component":1909,"responsiveStyles":1913},"builder-5053ef3521954edc9b677377b18ea742",{"name":846,"options":1910},{"symbol":1911},{"data":1912,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1914},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":1916,"meta":1917,"component":1918,"responsiveStyles":1929},"builder-417b5512e77f45f19a27b420704d4836",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":1919},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":1920,"headline":1224,"button":1928,"copy":623},[1921,1923,1926],{"encyclopediaArticle":1922},{"@type":19,"id":834,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":1924},{"@type":19,"id":1925,"model":831},"8c39fa3508d9d21086fb306c0bf9bcb59d5834ab999a320b03de8920d6a5e7f9",{"encyclopediaArticle":1927},{"@type":19,"id":830,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":1930},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1932,"component":1933,"responsiveStyles":1937},"builder-f813e31f252c4f17ba8dd3b9a89a5db3",{"name":846,"options":1934},{"symbol":1935},{"data":1936,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":1938},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1940,"component":1941,"responsiveStyles":1945},"builder-c91714b9ebb440c1845c4c0bba44a3e7",{"name":846,"options":1942},{"symbol":1943},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":1944},{},{"large":1946},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":1948,"component":1949,"responsiveStyles":1953},"builder-ceca0dbcba284dbdbe67b28bba922f74",{"name":846,"options":1950},{"symbol":1951},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":1952},{},{"large":1954},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":1956},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":1958,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":1959,"responsiveStyles":1960},"builder-pixel-poniu6xuyci",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":1961},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1744217959822,1716224504837,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/860-880-north-lake-shore-drive","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2dc23f15e5df4465ac9a1ec9eb026323",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":1968,"previewUrl":1969,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":1970,"firstPublished":1971,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":1972,"createdDate":1973,"createdBy":681,"meta":1974,"variations":1978,"name":1979,"@originModelId":948,"id":1980,"query":1981,"data":1984,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/875-n-michigan-ave","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3d54469aee044c1c8f33f7a8be79fd12",1716497958912,1723152790597,1716224530365,{"componentsUsed":1975,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":1976,"symbolsUsed":1977},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/875-n-michigan-ave?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=69b8dea91f1f8c8213ba54226f2b06f288d561322367d7908b79ad6c1d3622b3&builder.overrides.69b8dea91f1f8c8213ba54226f2b06f288d561322367d7908b79ad6c1d3622b3=69b8dea91f1f8c8213ba54226f2b06f288d561322367d7908b79ad6c1d3622b3&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"875 N. Michigan Ave","69b8dea91f1f8c8213ba54226f2b06f288d561322367d7908b79ad6c1d3622b3",[1982],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":1983},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/875-n-michigan-ave",{"architect":1985,"buildingName":1979,"description":1987,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":1988,"googleMapLink":1989,"imageList":1990,"neighborhood":1849,"officialName":2004,"originalCompletionDate":2005,"query":2006,"seo":2008,"state":2009,"streetAddress":2012,"style":2013,"themeId":51,"title":1979,"url":1983,"useType":2014,"blocks":2015},[1986],"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill","\u003Cp>If you're looking for an example of Chicago's role in innovative skyscraper design, look no further than 875 N. Michigan Ave (John Hancock Center).\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:01.957Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/GCWnN23ANbRnHzg69",[1991,1994,1998,2001],{"alt":1992,"caption":1979,"src":1993},"A skyline image of 875. North Michigan Avenue at the center surrounded by other Chicago buildings","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F8238de3fe4fb4568bff998deb30741fe",{"alt":1995,"caption":1996,"src":1997},"Aerial shot of 875. North Michigan Avenue, a black mid-century modern building with two tall white antennas, surrounded by other builings ","Photo by James Willamor, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. ","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F3d7c1d6a56c0406db07242e54886c0e9",{"alt":1999,"caption":1979,"src":2000},"An image of 875 North Michigan avenue taken from below looking up the side of the building","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ffbe04e841bc04746978ff0041e081061",{"alt":2002,"caption":1979,"src":2003},"An image of 875 North Michigan Avenue","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff1e34c97e6d2430981c8f68e5fa5bcda","875 N. Michigan Ave (John Hancock Center)",1969,[2007],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":1983},{"title":668},{"deviceSize":577,"location":2010},{"path":668,"query":2011},{},"875 N. Michigan Ave.",[708],[1608],[2016,2108],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2017,"meta":2018,"children":2019,"responsiveStyles":2106},"builder-11da5113f0ee443b8386b4a08ec45d03",{"previousId":996},[2020,2028,2045,2059,2074,2082,2090,2098],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2021,"meta":2022,"component":2023,"responsiveStyles":2026},"builder-85df07455f33449f8ccd2c6d65b4e5d3",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":2024},{"text":2025},"\u003Cp>This 1,499-foot (456.9-meter) skyscraper’s groundbreaking engineering helped to make buildings taller than 100 stories—a new possibility—and freed skyscrapers to come from their traditional rectilinear shapes.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>BRACING FOR CHANGE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skidmore-owings-merrill/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\u003C/a> chose a bold form for the 875 N. Michigan Ave. The tapered rectangular tube—with giant \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/truss/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">trusses\u003C/a> on each of the four sides—doesn’t hide how the building stands up. The X-bracing on the building's exterior enables it to resist \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/wind-load/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">wind loads\u003C/a>. The lateral load-resisting system also reduces the need for internal \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/column/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">columns\u003C/a>, opening up the building’s interior and increasing available floor space.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Engineer Fazlur Khan's idea of the \"trussed tube system\" was an important stage in the development of the skyscraper. This design made it possible to build to unprecedented heights.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>The Show Must Go On\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The original plan called for two buildings to be built on the site. But the private Casino Club just east of the site refused to sell its lot to the developers. A smaller site meant a tight squeeze, and architect Bruce Graham recognized that it wasn’t going to be big enough for the two planned towers. Upon further economic analysis, the team determined that a trussed, single tower was more cost effective. Plans were changed.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Despite a financial crunch that prompted the building to change ownership from Jerry Wolman to John Hancock in the midst of construction, it was completed in 1968.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Today, the building’s tenants include a mix of residential apartments, retail and office spaces, and a 94th-floor café and observatory where visitors enjoy a 360-degree view of the city. On hot summer days, the building's street-level plaza serves as an oasis in the middle of the city, complete with a lush garden and a waterfall.\u003C/p>",{"large":2027},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2029,"meta":2030,"component":2031,"responsiveStyles":2043},"builder-11c04d560e87476aab56b8c857aac92f",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":2032},{"factList":2033},[2034,2037,2040],{"body":2035,"title":772,"icon":2036},"\u003Cp>There are 1,632 steps from the main lobby to the observatory on the 94th floor. Once per year, there is a race up these stairs for charity.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2038,"title":772,"icon":2039},"\u003Cp>With some of the nation's fastest elevators, you'll arrive at the Observatory in 39 seconds.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2041,"title":772,"icon":2042},"\u003Cp>Each side of the building has five X-shaped braces that stretch from floors 2-20, 21-37, 38-55, 56-74 and 75-91. An additional half a brace  extends from floors 92-97.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":2044},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2046,"meta":2047,"component":2048,"responsiveStyles":2057},"builder-6e100f000e014d5a8f4f064de8a6f8bd",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":2049},{"headline":791,"testimonials":2050},[2051],{"quote":2052,"attribution":2053,"title":2054,"image":2055},"The tapering, obelisk shape of the Hancock Center gives it a unique, beautiful silhouette on the Chicago skyline. The shape was not driven by a desire for beauty, but rather is the result of the needs of those using the building. The retail space and parking garage require larger floors, but few windows, while residents of the condominiums want windows to allow them to gaze over Chicago, requiring the floors to be smaller. In Chicago tradition, the form of the building follows its function.","BILL LIPSMAN","CAC Docent, class of 2009",{"alt":1055,"src":2056},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0de629098c1c4ccfaf354e51a851b377",{"large":2058},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":2060,"meta":2061,"component":2062,"responsiveStyles":2072},"builder-c19d8541abab4253844d864d0fae2c46",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":2063},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":2064,"headline":1224,"button":2071,"copy":623},[2065,2068],{"encyclopediaArticle":2066},{"@type":19,"id":2067,"model":831},"e84800260b096a39f208a3a3ce3462a038d4ba8898cda3304a27e517af405397",{"encyclopediaArticle":2069},{"@type":19,"id":2070,"model":831},"a0cb6cabc211c8f5afda095a825dd7e513a1f6de2af685c5056d2c2d05606fb3",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":2073},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2075,"component":2076,"responsiveStyles":2080},"builder-5161cb81ca594d09be298e66c6148d9b",{"name":846,"options":2077},{"symbol":2078},{"data":2079,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2081},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2083,"component":2084,"responsiveStyles":2088},"builder-1134c23c96e3419d97213d037ac4c322",{"name":846,"options":2085},{"symbol":2086},{"data":2087,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2089},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2091,"component":2092,"responsiveStyles":2096},"builder-ef7cc33e4f2b4e41920e1929fcbb7e72",{"name":846,"options":2093},{"symbol":2094},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":2095},{},{"large":2097},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2099,"component":2100,"responsiveStyles":2104},"builder-5e092651eeec4e0aa7333dab38af2c38",{"name":846,"options":2101},{"symbol":2102},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":2103},{},{"large":2105},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":2107},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":2109,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":2110,"responsiveStyles":2111},"builder-pixel-48r0jldqbxf",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":2112},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":2114,"previewUrl":2115,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":2116,"firstPublished":2117,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":2118,"createdDate":2119,"createdBy":687,"meta":2120,"variations":2124,"name":2125,"@originModelId":948,"id":2126,"query":2127,"data":2130,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/access-living-headquarters","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe68db70eebaa42f5a58c886aee0b6308",1716433136502,1723152902389,1716366725011,{"lastPreviewUrl":2121,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":2122,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":2123},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/access-living-headquarters?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=c275872ddd90c54d1920fefa65126050b3960e3aebc20f2ae4770cb395ac9808&builder.overrides.c275872ddd90c54d1920fefa65126050b3960e3aebc20f2ae4770cb395ac9808=c275872ddd90c54d1920fefa65126050b3960e3aebc20f2ae4770cb395ac9808&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Encyclopedia Callout":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Access Living Headquarters","c275872ddd90c54d1920fefa65126050b3960e3aebc20f2ae4770cb395ac9808",[2128],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":2129,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/access-living-headquarters",{"googleMapLink":2131,"architect":2132,"themeId":51,"description":2134,"useType":2135,"title":2125,"officialName":2125,"buildingName":2125,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":2137,"streetAddress":2138,"style":2139,"neighborhood":1849,"state":2140,"seo":2143,"imageList":2144,"query":2157,"url":2129,"forceUpdatedURLOn":2159,"blocks":2160},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/zdykqCWoHNXxrgHx9",[2133],"LCM Architects","\u003Cp>This four-story, 44,000-square-foot urban building seamlessly combines unique accessibility accommodations with universal, commercial, and green design. It’s LEED® Silver certified and a model for sustainable architecture.\u003C/p>",[2136],"Cultural/Institutional",2007,"115 W. Chicago Avenue",[984],{"deviceSize":577,"location":2141},{"path":668,"query":2142},{},{},[2145,2149,2153],{"src":2146,"alt":2147,"caption":2148},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F30433a17d8614eee85dfe919c1dc79db","Building with glass windows and Access Living sign on brick part of building","Access Living Headquarters, exterior",{"src":2150,"alt":2151,"caption":2152},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F403ec9659a8845c997c71181b7c0a364","Inside the lobby of the building with two camel colored couches","Access Living Headquarters, lobby",{"src":2154,"alt":2155,"caption":2156},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4131ab4a97d947d8a2eabd8b21131ecc","A group of people standing outside a brick building with Access Living name on the building","Access Living Headquarters open house event",[2158],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":2129,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:14.564Z",[2161,2216],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2162,"meta":2163,"children":2164,"responsiveStyles":2214},"builder-14bb314ab88e4a549cea1a75f2e6d928",{"previousId":996},[2165,2173,2181,2189,2198,2206],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2166,"meta":2167,"component":2168,"responsiveStyles":2171},"builder-d65792e3550442a582bb205447284ff4",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":2169},{"text":2170,"padding":1180},"\u003Ch4>a testament to architectural innovation\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Access Living’s Headquarters is both a beacon of support for individuals with disabilities as well as a testament to architectural innovation that promotes inclusion and accessibility. With its thoughtfully designed features, Access Living’s Headquarters creates an environment where all individuals can thrive.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Access Living, established in 1980, is a nonprofit organization committed to ensuring equal access and opportunities for people with disabilities. Through a variety of programs and services, Access Living supports individuals with disabilities, addresses their unique needs and empowers them to lead independent lives.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>fully accessible architecture\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Opened in 2007, Access Living’s Headquarters is one of the first examples of fully accessible architecture to be built in the United States. The building itself serves as a model of inclusive and accessible design. The project was spearheaded by Jack Catlin of LCM Architects, an award-winning design innovator who uses a wheelchair himself and is widely recognized as a pioneer in creating inclusive and sustainable environments that go well beyond ADA requirements.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The architecture of Access Living’s Headquarters embraces the concept of universal design, which aims to create spaces that are accessible and user-friendly for people of all abilities. The interior spaces are carefully planned to allow easy navigation, with clear signage, wide doorways, and unobstructed pathways. Additionally, features like grab bars, adjustable-height counters, and visual aids ensure that everyone can engage with the environment comfortably and confidently.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The architectural design of Access Living’s Headquarters extends beyond physical accessibility to provide inclusive facilities and amenities. The building houses adaptive technologies and assistive devices, enabling individuals with disabilities to utilize resources and participate in various activities. Additionally, sensory considerations, such as proper lighting and acoustics, are incorporated to accommodate individuals with sensory sensitivities.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Access Living’s Headquarters exemplify how architecture can be a powerful tool in fostering inclusion and accessibility. The building’s architecture not only removes physical barriers but promotes engagement, independence, and a sense of community.\u003C/p>",{"large":2172},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2174,"component":2175,"responsiveStyles":2179},"builder-f35f7184d18c4c9e8a530f01f47ac35b",{"name":846,"options":2176},{"symbol":2177},{"data":2178,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2180},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2182,"component":2183,"responsiveStyles":2187},"builder-8d085d4c61c348d5965995132d5e458a",{"name":846,"options":2184},{"symbol":2185},{"data":2186,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2188},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":2190,"meta":2191,"component":2192,"responsiveStyles":2196},"builder-9d93be197a0d48d7bcccd25773437064",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":2193},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":2194,"headline":1083,"button":2195,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":2197},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2199,"component":2200,"responsiveStyles":2204},"builder-c3975b6a994f4a67bf4dd95b60d0be1b",{"name":846,"options":2201},{"symbol":2202},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":2203},{},{"large":2205},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2207,"component":2208,"responsiveStyles":2212},"builder-fcdb037cbf77432995c038e7ae35ec83",{"name":846,"options":2209},{"symbol":2210},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":2211},{},{"large":2213},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":2215},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":2217,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":2218,"responsiveStyles":2219},"builder-pixel-ai1rs5eik69",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":2220},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"folders":2222,"createdDate":2223,"id":2224,"name":2225,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":2226,"query":2231,"data":2234,"variations":2370,"lastUpdated":2371,"firstPublished":2372,"previewUrl":2373,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":2374,"createdBy":687,"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"rev":950},[],1716522663775,"94f60aed673241f596cf7ea49f773ed9","Aon Center",{"hasLinks":51,"componentsUsed":2227,"symbolsUsed":2228,"lastPreviewUrl":2229,"kind":552,"breakpoints":2230},{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/aon-center?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=94f60aed673241f596cf7ea49f773ed9&builder.overrides.94f60aed673241f596cf7ea49f773ed9=94f60aed673241f596cf7ea49f773ed9&builder.options.locale=Default",{"small":564,"medium":565},[2232],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":2233},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/aon-center",{"environment":27,"imageList":2235,"style":2251,"url":2233,"officialName":2225,"forceUpdatedURLOn":2252,"architect":2253,"themeId":51,"title":2225,"description":2256,"seo":2257,"query":2258,"state":2260,"useType":2263,"buildingName":2225,"streetAddress":2264,"neighborhood":712,"originalCompletionDate":2265,"blocks":2266},[2236,2239,2242,2245,2248],{"caption":716,"alt":2237,"src":2238},"A line of tall skyscrapers amidst a blue sky","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F58c4dc9018614562af58a6b9cd308cff",{"src":2240,"alt":2241,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F78b478f8953c4a9f9966504317833c6d","Tall stell skyscraper",{"src":2243,"alt":2244,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8a619f6a60d74806b5dc19728c7706aa","Aerial view of downtown Chicago",{"caption":716,"alt":2246,"src":2247},"Skyscrapers next to a large park","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F990759472f034057accc0dc30d07021f",{"alt":2249,"src":2250},"The inside of a building  before it is finished","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa8b07103e1bc474e9650f3bde2c24f6c",[708],"2024-08-08T22:12:49.885Z",[2254,2255],"Edward Durell Stone & Associates","Perkins + Will","\u003Cp>Chicago’s fourth-tallest building stands out in Chicago’s skyline, distinctively different from its steel-and-glass peers. Its history is rather more colorful than the stark white stone in which it is clad.\u003C/p>",{},[2259],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":2233},{"location":2261,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":2262},{},[701],"200 E. Randolph St.",1973,[2267,2365],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2268,"meta":2269,"children":2271,"responsiveStyles":2363},"builder-aa1dc86de817433eb20452610194b0f3",{"previousId":2270},"builder-576faa4ff883425fa190bc645c1afa1d",[2272,2281,2302,2317,2325,2339,2347,2355],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2273,"meta":2274,"component":2276,"responsiveStyles":2279},"builder-48986f859b3f4ead8c380fd4612b97f3",{"previousId":2275},"builder-dcd0504d1e7347c097d43507933b5676",{"name":741,"options":2277},{"text":2278,"padding":1180},"\u003Ch4>\"BIG STAN\"\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In the late 1960s, the Standard Oil Company of Indiana wanted a consolidated downtown Chicago headquarters. With a prominent site at the head of Grant Park (vacated by industry), their building needed to be monumental. The company hired Edward Durell Stone, whose unique brand of Modernism was then in vogue; his Kennedy Center would open in Washington, DC, in 1971. When the tower opened in 1973, it was the second-tallest building in Chicago and one of the tallest in the world.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>TUBE-IN-A-TUBE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Architects of record \u003Ca href=\"https://perkinswill.com/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Perkins + Will\u003C/a> used a relatively new structural form for the tower. Elevators and other services are bundled together in the core, while the perimeter columns define an outer tube. The inner and outer tubes are linked by trusses that support the large open floor plates, and the entire arrangement provides the structure that keeps the building standing. A related \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/bundled-tube-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">tube-based structure\u003C/a> was used in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/willis-tower/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Willis (Sears) Tower\u003C/a>, under construction at the same time.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>WHAT'S IN A NAME?\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Standard Oil became Amoco in 1985, and the building rebranded too. Another name-change arrived in 1998, when the building was sold and renamed Aon Center after one of its major tenants. Perhaps its several names have helped prevent the building from gaining quite the same iconic status as Chicago’s other tall buildings. Nonetheless, even as newer structures have sprouted nearby, Aon Center remains a timeless and elegant piece of Modernist architecture that graces Chicago’s skyline.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>BEAUTY IS MORE THAN SKIN-DEEP\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The architect originally clad the building’s numerous columns in white Carrara \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/marble/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">marble\u003C/a>, the same stone used by famous sculptors for centuries. The material was beautiful, but stood up poorly to the wild temperature swings of Chicago weather. Cracks eventually formed, and in the early 1990s the entire building was re-faced with much more durable \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/granite/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">granite\u003C/a>—at tremendous cost.\u003C/p>",{"large":2280},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2282,"meta":2283,"component":2285,"responsiveStyles":2300},"builder-f43426b5d4eb48a0a15f5821ef932292",{"previousId":2284},"builder-f2387e9c733e445c9e83ad2d72a88a94",{"name":767,"options":2286},{"factList":2287},[2288,2291,2294,2297],{"body":2289,"title":772,"icon":2290},"\u003Cp>Aon Center occupies only a quarter of its lot, with the rest taken up by a two-level landscaped plaza including fountains and trees.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2292,"title":772,"icon":2293},"\u003Cp>First Canadian place in Toronto is a nearly identical building by Edward Durell Stone, the only visible difference being that the windows are grouped in horizontal bands rather than vertically between visible columns.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2295,"title":772,"icon":2296},"\u003Cp>Replacing the Carrara marble with granite may have cost as much as half of the original construction cost for the entire building.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2298,"title":772,"icon":2299},"\u003Cp>The Carrara marble originally used on the building was recycled in a number of ways—as trophies for staff awards and as landscaping for an Amoco refinery in Whiting, Indiana.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":2301},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2303,"meta":2304,"component":2306,"responsiveStyles":2315},"builder-80c6550333a84584a29d08b32cb97941",{"previousId":2305},"builder-a91f752e1d8544dd866321180243b0ca",{"name":789,"options":2307},{"headline":791,"testimonials":2308},[2309],{"quote":2310,"attribution":2311,"title":2312,"image":2313},"Aon Center, Chicago's fourth-tallest building, is a vertically pinstriped, soaring white rectangle that reflects its own origins as a corporate headquarters. It is both strong and elegant in its simplicity.\"","Pris Mims","CAC Docent, class of 2000",{"alt":1055,"src":2314},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F62426bdd5ef147bc91545dc12231cc86",{"large":2316},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2318,"component":2319,"responsiveStyles":2323},"builder-ddd1b568bfa84ca182f9ddfa1758cc5b",{"name":846,"options":2320},{"symbol":2321},{"data":2322,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2324},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":2326,"meta":2327,"component":2329,"responsiveStyles":2337},"builder-1c944fe010a44d3cb563fba678cf2a70",{"previousId":2328},"builder-0f04644ddc68412da025b1f0c93dc03a",{"name":821,"options":2330},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":2331,"headline":1224,"button":2336,"copy":623},[2332,2334],{"encyclopediaArticle":2333},{"@type":19,"id":834,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":2335},{"@type":19,"id":1082,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":2338},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2340,"component":2341,"responsiveStyles":2345},"builder-7a2b93db577e42febcbb0fb807a53a63",{"name":846,"options":2342},{"symbol":2343},{"data":2344,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2346},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2348,"component":2349,"responsiveStyles":2353},"builder-c1be6625b6fb4dc498b1afe45d235b12",{"name":846,"options":2350},{"symbol":2351},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":2352},{},{"large":2354},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2356,"component":2357,"responsiveStyles":2361},"builder-54135b00d8dc4bde9e4136b6ca28ef7c",{"name":846,"options":2358},{"symbol":2359},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":2360},{},{"large":2362},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":2364},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":2366,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":2367,"responsiveStyles":2368},"builder-pixel-ysgq3a1q0tj",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":2369},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1743604138564,1716814230512,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/aon-center","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fea80d42617524b74a1efd1355b771b4e",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":2376,"previewUrl":2377,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":2378,"firstPublished":2379,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":2380,"createdDate":2381,"createdBy":680,"meta":2382,"variations":2386,"name":2387,"id":2388,"query":2389,"data":2392,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/apple-michigan-avenue","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb6506af27d204e6b9fddbd0f5ee113d2",1716926837406,1723153283102,1716549485757,{"lastPreviewUrl":2383,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":2384,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":2385},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/apple-michigan-avenue?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=648a0b4b89a64b54919fed3cabebcc10&builder.overrides.648a0b4b89a64b54919fed3cabebcc10=648a0b4b89a64b54919fed3cabebcc10&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Apple Michigan Avenue","648a0b4b89a64b54919fed3cabebcc10",[2390],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":2391,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/apple-michigan-avenue",{"googleMapLink":2393,"architect":2394,"themeId":51,"description":2396,"title":2387,"officialName":2387,"useType":2397,"buildingName":2387,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":2399,"streetAddress":2400,"style":2401,"state":2402,"neighborhood":2405,"seo":2406,"imageList":2410,"query":2430,"url":2391,"forceUpdatedURLOn":2432,"blocks":2433},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/5XzjZNf7ZDbS4Xop8",[2395],"Foster + Partners","\u003Cp>Foster + Partners’ Apple Michigan Avenue store is an impressive, airy glass box with a curved-edge roof. It draws people toward the glistening riverfront and of course, flashy, high-tech products inside the store.\u003C/p>",[2398],"Commerical",2017,"401 N. Michigan Ave.",[984],{"deviceSize":577,"location":2403},{"path":668,"query":2404},{},"Streeterville",{"description":668,"seo":2407,"title":2409},{"title":2408},"Apple Store on Michigan Avenue","Apple Store on Michigan Avenue ",[2411,2415,2418,2422,2425,2428],{"src":2412,"alt":2413,"caption":2414},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F5c63361a911440db8f435c24b7097349","Exterior shot of the side of the Apple store, a building with all glass walls and stairs going up the side of the building","Apple Michigan Ave Photo by Eric Allix Rogers",{"src":2416,"caption":2417},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2c791da1ca5a4fe0b5aa1c2e4d36ea92","Interior shot of the Apple Store by Eric Allix Rogers",{"src":2419,"alt":2420,"caption":2421},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd6a7d92b08e943a38f424bcdc9bd4300","Exterior shot of the Appl Store building with all glass walls and a flat rooffrom the top entrance","Apple Store photo by Eric Allix Rogers",{"src":2423,"caption":2424},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa89d1ad97576498888d57fa0d2865fbc","Interior of Apple Michigan Avenue. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers",{"src":2426,"alt":668,"caption":2427},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fcd6f8af3af034ebc8a99f0c6426558b6","Exterior of Apple Michigan Avenue. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers",{"src":2429,"caption":2424},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F86736ed436054560b7b9b30daaf265a4",[2431],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":2391,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:12:50.850Z",[2434,2529],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2435,"meta":2436,"children":2438,"responsiveStyles":2527},"builder-619c25683898455db75b92c2d1f93831",{"previousId":2437},"builder-9c8be052114241839e8d51ba22336302",[2439,2448,2466,2481,2495,2503,2511,2519],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2440,"meta":2441,"component":2443,"responsiveStyles":2446},"builder-bd12b23d097c42d1ae997ab879b07f09",{"previousId":2442},"builder-5c5e4955f4dd4748b6a23343d97625da",{"name":741,"options":2444},{"text":2445,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>Apple Michigan Avenue is the first of a new generation of store designs that the company plans to replicate at its most significant retail locations. The plot of land the Chicago store stands on is unique because of its historic significance. It was here that Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the city’s first permanent non-native settler, lived. Across the Chicago River, the U.S. Army set up Fort Dearborn in 1803. Today, the intersection is one of the most visited, with iconic views in every direction.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In choosing the site, Apple knew it had some work to do. Pioneer Court was barren and blocked the view of the river. A restaurant on the riverbank sat below, but without direct access to the plaza, it suffered. Foster + Partners’ design gives the corner a new life, with easy access between the river and the plaza. The store takes up less than 50 percent of the site, and the retail space takes up less than 50 percent of the interior. Every design feature minimizes the boundaries between the interior and exterior, including the ultra-thin roof and 32-foot glass walls. The transparency is heightened with radius corners of glass that visually disappear, allowing viewers to more easily notice the river below. The architects also tapered the metallic-colored roof’s edges so it visually rests more lightly on top of the glass walls.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>COMMUNITY GATHERING PLACE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Inside, Foster + Partners responded to Apple’s wish to have the store be a community gathering place as much as it offers a retail presence. The firm designed multiple cascading staircases with landings inside and outside the multi-story space. These staircases function as a “town hall,” where people can linger and exchange ideas. Apple hopes the cross pollination of ideas will occur more easily with this new open design, than it did with the closed-off dual levels in older store designs. Additionally, the architects accommodated Apple’s goal for the store be a learning hub by placing an experiential and educational area called The Forum at the foot of the interior staircases. The space offers a clear view of the river and the retail section of the store, along with plenty of seating.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>MODERN DESIGN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The architects used a wealth of subtle materials and details that quietly stay out of the limelight, leaving the spectacular staircases and river view to draw people down to The Forum. For example, the architects chose Castagna limestone from Bari, Italy for the walls and other vertical surfaces because it deceptively hides gentle veins of color within its calm, creamy look. To up the tempo a bit, the architects designed the floors with Chinese granite tiles, which have a uniform, slightly speckled look. An array of wooden tables, chairs and stools warmly augments the slatted ceilings of stained American white oak, which contain nearly invisible perforations to absorb sound. The flat panels of glass so important to the multistory river views were made by Sedak, a German glass manufacturer. These large areas of transparency break down the barrier of the building, focusing attention inside while also letting the interior bleed into the urban environment outside.\u003C/p>",{"large":2447},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2449,"meta":2450,"component":2452,"responsiveStyles":2464},"builder-6e1a59eba87d4d3cb20762efdbb2ce98",{"previousId":2451},"builder-29cf3edd0cbf45ababd883e1c8e341cb",{"name":767,"options":2453},{"factList":2454},[2455,2458,2461],{"body":2456,"title":772,"icon":2457},"\u003Cp>While some believe the pavilion’s roof is a subtle rendition of a MacBook’s lid, the architect says it’s a coincidental result of using Apple’s product design principles to remove boundaries on the building so we focus on the Chicago River and the products.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2459,"title":772,"icon":2460},"\u003Cp>In an effort to be a gathering place, Apple Michigan Avenue is hosting year-round “Today at Apple” sessions that invite customers into the store to learn new skills run by local professionals.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2462,"title":772,"icon":2463},"\u003Cp>Apple’s first flagship store was located in Chicago. It opened in 2003 a few blocks north of the current location.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":2465},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2467,"meta":2468,"component":2470,"responsiveStyles":2479},"builder-eeeff9b012a546dcae447e1cc7ba358b",{"previousId":2469},"builder-ae148f10364d4a2d84c5ad189bc04def",{"name":789,"options":2471},{"headline":791,"testimonials":2472},[2473],{"quote":2474,"attribution":2475,"title":2476,"image":2477},"Apple Michigan Avenue is a very elegant and transparent, yet fun, portal at North Michigan Avenue and the Chicago River. By design, its plan flows down to the Chicago River’s north bank, so we can access and enjoy that natural beauty while communing on the amphitheater of the stairs, or experiencing new activities in the Forum, or finding Apple products in the store. The materials inside are very rich yet understated, allowing us to focus on the river and the store’s products. And the glass walls provide both spectacle and advertisement to DuSable bridge or Riverwalk pedestrians, as well as those on rivercraft.","Peg Conway","CAC Docent, Class of 1991",{"alt":2475,"src":2478},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F90d5b3af45a24334a8df42da3618bd08",{"large":2480},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":2482,"meta":2483,"component":2485,"responsiveStyles":2493},"builder-0187d6e67e364ca1b842f3400545444e",{"previousId":2484},"builder-88ac461263e04568ab0d409b5bd2879d",{"name":821,"options":2486},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":2487,"headline":1224,"button":2492,"copy":623},[2488,2490],{"encyclopediaArticle":2489},{"@type":19,"id":1925,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":2491},{"@type":19,"id":1771,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":2494},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2496,"component":2497,"responsiveStyles":2501},"builder-5b6ca0fecf304385aa17677297900cf8",{"name":846,"options":2498},{"symbol":2499},{"data":2500,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2502},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2504,"component":2505,"responsiveStyles":2509},"builder-3161ce571dd84dc1b23c2e6329f998ae",{"name":846,"options":2506},{"symbol":2507},{"data":2508,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2510},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2512,"component":2513,"responsiveStyles":2517},"builder-878bfc287db7483a9af32d8bf370733f",{"name":846,"options":2514},{"symbol":2515},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":2516},{},{"large":2518},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2520,"component":2521,"responsiveStyles":2525},"builder-5376d72d60ee4fcbaedc786c0698dd42",{"name":846,"options":2522},{"symbol":2523},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":2524},{},{"large":2526},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":2528},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":2530,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":2531,"responsiveStyles":2532},"builder-pixel-dlwg9x4ec65",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":2533},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"lastUpdatedBy":687,"folders":2535,"previewUrl":2536,"data":2537,"modelId":935,"query":2677,"published":559,"screenshot":2679,"firstPublished":2680,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":2681,"createdDate":2682,"createdBy":680,"meta":2683,"variations":2688,"name":2689,"@originModelId":948,"id":2690,"rev":950},[],"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/aqua",{"address":2538,"architect":2539,"buildingName":2542,"description":2543,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":2544,"googleMapLink":2545,"imageList":2546,"neighborhood":712,"officialName":2558,"originalCompletionDate":2559,"query":2560,"seo":2563,"state":2565,"streetAddress":2568,"style":2569,"themeId":51,"title":2542,"url":2562,"useType":2570,"blocks":2571},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/Qirq2U3tszLZmeNk8",[2540,2541],"Loewenberg Architects, Architect of Record","Studio Gang","Aqua","\u003Cp>From the moment it appeared on the Chicago skyline, the Aqua Tower has earned numerous awards for design excellence. However, it hasn’t kept all the glory for itself.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:08.139Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/kMR5Q9QWJP8fne7r5",[2547,2550,2552,2554,2556],{"caption":2548,"src":2549},"Aqua, designed by Studio Gang.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ffa8c5a74b12f41ecb92ace3d5a4058dc",{"caption":716,"src":2551},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F542ecf6ee2f44031a5dc3f469e4cf57c",{"src":2553},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa32283ec20a74e05bca464404fa20b03",{"src":2555},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd0747b11236d4699aecc5163f2b83196",{"src":2557},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4bb4dc924f71421ab95a37e7f4658817","Aqua Tower",2009,[2561],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":2562},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/aqua",{"seo":2564},{"title":2542},{"deviceSize":577,"location":2566},{"path":668,"query":2567},{},"225 N Columbus Dr",[984],[1608],[2572,2672],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2573,"children":2574,"responsiveStyles":2670},"builder-0e4753f9e5264e85b0830e4072f8629e",[2575],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2576,"meta":2577,"children":2579,"responsiveStyles":2668},"builder-84c1ec52b38944878e0e084c05910109",{"previousId":2578},"builder-932b41064ae946a496a943fa25e38c2e",[2580,2589,2607,2620,2636,2644,2652,2660],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2581,"meta":2582,"component":2584,"responsiveStyles":2587},"builder-5badc91ba99a46db90139c505f70a966",{"previousId":2583},"builder-028cc39b79dc48f9b778608c42591631",{"name":741,"options":2585},{"text":2586,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>It’s fair to say Aqua is a star-maker, with its 2009 completion putting the city’s newest neighborhood, Lakeshore East, on the tip of everyone’s tongue. And though Aqua certainly wasn’t architect Jeanne Gang’s first project, it is the one that put her on Chicagoans' architectural radar.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Inspired by and friendly to its natural environment\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Aqua Tower’s design is a brilliant new approach to the problem long ago identified by Louis Sullivan—how to create an aesthetic for a functional tall building. The basic structure is a standard, modern box. But Jeanne Gang and her firm, Studio Gang, surrounded this box with slow-rippling, white \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">concrete\u003C/a> balconies, giving the skyscraper a sculptural quality.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Each individual balcony is unique in size, shape and protrusion, allowing residents to chat with neighbors above or below. The balconies also help to break up wind vortices, minimize wind shear, shade neighboring apartments and prevent birds from colliding with windows. Each balcony is part of a greater floor slab. Contractors used GPS coordinates to precisely pour each of the 82 designs. Building Aqua was a feat of engineering.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Those not staying in Aqua’s Radisson Hotel (floors 1 through 18) or living in the residential units (floors 18 through 81) can experience the building’s majesty, even from afar. The curving white concrete balconies and colored glass create the impression of water cascading down the building's sides.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Situated next to Lake Michigan in Lakeshore East, the building’s water motif connects residents and visitors to the city’s most remarkable natural landform. Also paying homage to the Midwest’s natural beauty is Gang’s decision to make the Aqua Tower planet-friendly, through rainwater collection systems, heat resistant and fritted glass, and energy-efficient lighting.\u003C/p>",{"large":2588},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2590,"meta":2591,"component":2593,"responsiveStyles":2605},"builder-038780319d3c4f878834bd07daff2e83",{"previousId":2592},"builder-4e89b9d5b6fd4e3c8f13022abbfe70eb",{"name":767,"options":2594},{"factList":2595},[2596,2599,2602],{"body":2597,"title":772,"icon":2598},"\u003Cp>Aqua’s neighborhood, Lakeshore East, is Chicago's largest urban infill development. It covers a major segment of land southeast of Columbus and Wacker Drives and was developed by Magellan Development Group Llc (Loewenberg & Carlins).\u003C/p>\u003Cp> \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2600,"title":772,"icon":2601},"\u003Cp>Gang notes that her inspiration for the white concrete comes from limestone, which makes up prominent natural formations in the Midwest United States.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2603,"title":772,"icon":2604},"\u003Cp>The wave-shaped balconies are arranged so each unit has a view of at least one of these six sites: Oak Street Beach, Navy Pier, Cloud Gate in Millennium Park, the Lake Street \"L\" tracks, The Park in Lakeshore East or Buckingham Fountain in Grant Park.\u003C/p>",{"alt":775,"src":774},{"large":2606},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2608,"meta":2609,"component":2611,"responsiveStyles":2618},"builder-22ebfeee011c4d2c83c862f56abf4d42",{"previousId":2610},"builder-eba348d1984440228d0f9da6e01f2517",{"name":789,"options":2612},{"headline":791,"testimonials":2613},[2614],{"quote":2615,"attribution":2311,"title":2312,"image":2616},"From a distance you notice the texture of the undulating balconies (or waves) and the ‘pools’ of reflective glass that do look like water. But Aqua is unique among skyscrapers because the best view is close-up, just across the street, looking up at those concrete balconies that appear soft, like marshmallow outcroppings. Studio Gang broke the mold with this design, without breaking the bank with its construction costs.\"",{"src":2617,"alt":1055},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F116933121f12470b95d691e18d916248",{"large":2619},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":2621,"meta":2622,"component":2624,"responsiveStyles":2634},"builder-af17ddf84a7b4b0cb0fbe1458a0d9e9e",{"previousId":2623},"builder-1bf8dc956d2e4f748693b7a4ea11f565",{"name":821,"options":2625},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":2626,"headline":1224,"button":2633,"copy":623},[2627,2630],{"encyclopediaArticle":2628},{"@type":19,"id":2629,"model":831},"88cc8e1d897836e8dbe8e74d631c328ada19b0b63e27f58042fdbbfbeffdc3a3",{"encyclopediaArticle":2631},{"@type":19,"id":2632,"model":831},"4c5e637af6b97ab598d7fb09e43a39d9d49e6a30322491f08d7999cc28123350",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":2635},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2637,"component":2638,"responsiveStyles":2642},"builder-2ef7c1fb707b4f6f8615d87a8b8e69da",{"name":846,"options":2639},{"symbol":2640},{"data":2641,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2643},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2645,"component":2646,"responsiveStyles":2650},"builder-38235c0711594626aa25a46e8cead3e3",{"name":846,"options":2647},{"symbol":2648},{"data":2649,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":2651},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2653,"component":2654,"responsiveStyles":2658},"builder-004397ce870c426a939f058c8b5e28ab",{"name":846,"options":2655},{"symbol":2656},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":2657},{},{"large":2659},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2661,"component":2662,"responsiveStyles":2666},"builder-bbf7b81c2c634dd894024b4f423e540f",{"name":846,"options":2663},{"symbol":2664},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":2665},{},{"large":2667},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":2669},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":2671},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":2673,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":2674,"responsiveStyles":2675},"builder-pixel-ugcf7xvlvvn",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":2676},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[2678],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":2562},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F30d7cf56b2c74dda94d7075507479778",1710539303605,1724696046845,1713372778544,{"componentsUsed":2684,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":2685,"originalContentId":2686,"symbolsUsed":2687,"winningTest":561},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/aqua?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=e8dcebef885f126a9699a57e44988e6f3fb5e4313bb74a9daebedf1f4d466ee2&builder.overrides.e8dcebef885f126a9699a57e44988e6f3fb5e4313bb74a9daebedf1f4d466ee2=e8dcebef885f126a9699a57e44988e6f3fb5e4313bb74a9daebedf1f4d466ee2&builder.options.locale=Default","0216b80bf8bd04d85d7c6764e2667b29979e445efeb7713a858d0a004a935532",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"Aqua          ","e8dcebef885f126a9699a57e44988e6f3fb5e4313bb74a9daebedf1f4d466ee2",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":2692,"previewUrl":2693,"data":2694,"modelId":935,"query":2829,"published":559,"screenshot":2831,"firstPublished":2832,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":2833,"createdDate":2834,"createdBy":1291,"meta":2835,"variations":2839,"name":2697,"id":2840,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/art-institute-of-chicago",{"architect":2695,"buildingName":2697,"description":2698,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":2699,"googleMapLink":2700,"imageList":2701,"neighborhood":712,"officialName":2697,"originalCompletionDate":2708,"query":2709,"state":2712,"streetAddress":2715,"style":2716,"title":2697,"url":2711,"useType":2717,"blocks":2719},[2696],"Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge","Art Institute of Chicago","\u003Cp>The Art Institute of Chicago is an architectural artifact that represents Chicago’s rich history of educating young artists and serves as a reminder of the 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Michigan Ave.",[396],[2718],"Museum",[2720,2824],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":2722,"meta":2723,"children":2725,"responsiveStyles":2822},"building detail - main template","builder-2706180fb7aa428593cf3d7525bb32b3",{"previousId":2724},"builder-36c69300c76b41d0890a4c9b1dd9b357",[2726,2735,2756,2770,2778,2797,2806,2814],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2727,"meta":2728,"component":2730,"responsiveStyles":2733},"builder-d69895f8880c46959aeaea9d79ce930a",{"previousId":2729},"builder-6bb8e6d5e1cb432d9cb7c01b3c6623a5",{"name":741,"options":2731},{"text":2732,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>While it bears the marks of historic Beaux Arts architecture, today it sits as a house of contemporary scholarship of art across the globe.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 was a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’ arrival in North America. But many in Chicago saw it as a coming-out party for the city. They were thrilled to host the exposition as a way of displaying the city's triumphant rebirth after the Great Chicago Fire 1871.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\" https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Daniel H. Burnham\u003C/a> was selected as director of works and emphasized architecture and sculpture as central to the Fair. The buildings around the Court of Honor were designed in Neoclassical style and painted white, which lead to the fairground’s nickname, “White City.”\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Art Institute is a unique example of a collaboration between the trustees of the Art Institute and the fair committee, which put up close to one-third of the cost in exchange for its use for the duration of the Fair. From May through October 1893, it was utilized as an auxiliary building that housed the popular international assemblies and conferences. In November, interior conversions began and a members’ reception was held on December 8 to christen the new location of the Art Institute, whose expanding art collection had outgrown its previous location.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Like most of the large, prominent buildings in the White City, it was designed in the Beaux Arts style, which Burnham preferred. Its \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/load-bearing-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">masonry load-bearing walls\u003C/a> are clad in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a> and the building’s two-story central portico is flanked by perfectly symmetrical, identical wings. The influence of ancient Greece and Rome can be felt in the ornamentation, which includes Corinthian \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/column/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">columns\u003C/a>, friezes copied from the Parthenon, a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/pediment/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">triangular pediment\u003C/a> with acroteria and statues of goddesses on both the northern and southern facades.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>IT KEEPS GROWING AND GROWING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The original Beaux Arts building designed by the Boston architecture firm of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge has been augmented by eight additional buildings to accommodate the Art Institute’s ever-growing collections, which now include close to 300,000 works of art.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The latest building addition in 2009, Renzo Piano's Modern Wing, increased gallery space by 30 percent, adding an additional 264,000 square feet. The addition reflects 21st-century technology and concerns in its respect for context and its own environmental impact. The addition’s east and west \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facades\u003C/a> pay homage to the original structure with limestone exteriors, while the north-facing glass wall allows for complete views of Millennium Park.\u003C/p>",{"large":2734},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2736,"meta":2737,"component":2739,"responsiveStyles":2754},"builder-4fb6b9d1224f4bf1aa84294b2bc1ae6d",{"previousId":2738},"builder-c1d4a1ea2f2b4758a0f2aa70903f179f",{"name":767,"options":2740},{"factList":2741},[2742,2745,2748,2751],{"body":2743,"title":772,"icon":2744},"\u003Cp>Just below the cornice is a series of artist’s names to symbolize the purpose of the building. At the time of construction, the Art Institute had yet to procure a piece by any of these artists.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2746,"title":772,"icon":2747},"\u003Cp>In 2014, TripAdvisor ranked the Art Institute as the No. 1 Museum in the World.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2749,"title":772,"icon":2750},"\u003Cp>There have been eight additions to the Art Institute since the original structure was completed in 1893.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2752,"title":772,"icon":2753},"\u003Cp>The Art Institute’s two iconic lions are named “On the Prowl” (north) and “In the Attitude of Defiance” (south). \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":2755},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2757,"meta":2758,"component":2760,"responsiveStyles":2768},"builder-af1e2d7abfee4d1889d21a082a2bb467",{"previousId":2759},"builder-6db2a3780e494e7386465bf6f5b9444c",{"name":789,"options":2761},{"headline":791,"testimonials":2762},[2763],{"quote":2764,"attribution":2765,"title":2766,"image":2767},"Docents enjoy pointing out the classic triangular pediment at the top of the building, as well as the list of artists carved beneath ‒ perhaps the city’s first gift registry. Inside, find famous art as well as a gift shop. Outside, check if the lions are decked out in their frequent Chicago sports team attire. Don’t worry, they don’t bite … but they do communicate. Follow them on Twitter: @ChicagoLions.","Joni Hirsch Blackman","CAC Docent, Class of 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Building",{"symbolsUsed":2847,"hasLinks":51,"componentsUsed":2848,"lastPreviewUrl":2849,"kind":552},{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/auditorium-building?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=0e36b66d4c324cb98ece487f0fe8c0b0&builder.overrides.0e36b66d4c324cb98ece487f0fe8c0b0=0e36b66d4c324cb98ece487f0fe8c0b0&builder.options.locale=Default",[2851],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":2852},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/auditorium-building",{"style":2854,"architect":2855,"buildingName":2845,"state":2857,"useType":2860,"imageList":2861,"environment":27,"url":2852,"googleMapLink":2868,"description":2869,"query":2870,"officialName":2872,"title":2845,"originalCompletionDate":2873,"streetAddress":2874,"forceUpdatedURLOn":2875,"neighborhood":712,"blocks":2876},[],[2856],"Adler & Sullivan",{"deviceSize":577,"location":2858},{"path":668,"query":2859},{},[1608],[2862,2864,2866],{"alt":2845,"src":2863},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8d4e8010e7d945a1b1bf75d7b7a8173b",{"alt":2845,"source":668,"src":2865},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa2b88c6bad7c441d9a303292003043e6",{"src":2867,"alt":2845},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7444b5067dc649fa9b8aed1273219e76","https://maps.app.goo.gl/3GFWU2QcGJednkUq9","\u003Cp>When business and the arts collide, beautiful architecture can emerge.\u003C/p>",[2871],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":2852},"Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University (and) The Auditorium Theatre",1889,"430 S. Michigan Ave.","2024-08-08T22:12:33.672Z",[2877,2966],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":2878,"meta":2879,"children":2880,"responsiveStyles":2964},"builder-85388de1d7f94ef6b3aff022291aee38",{"previousId":2724},[2881,2890,2907,2921,2929,2948,2956],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2882,"meta":2883,"component":2885,"responsiveStyles":2888},"builder-4ff4cfbaf4aa44ed9c23ff9431405628",{"previousId":2884},"builder-a3a7dfdf068c4f5e9485fc21d47f0254",{"name":741,"options":2886},{"text":2887,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The Auditorium Theatre is the result of collaboration between civic leaders who envisioned a building that might make opera and the arts accessible to people in every income bracket. This building helped to bring fine arts to the citizens of Chicago and establish the city as a center for “democratic” cultural amenities.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CHICAGO HEARTS THE ARTS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Auditorium Building is an example of what can happen when business leaders and the artistic community work together to create functional, aesthetic mixed-use architecture. The developer, Ferdinand Wythe Peck, was committed to bolstering the state of the arts in Chicago. That was tricky business in a time of high tensions after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and not long after the Haymarket Affair. But after organizing a successful opera festival, Peck realized there was an appetite for the arts in the city and he was intent on making them more accessible.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In order to subsidize the cost of a theater, he decided to include an income-generating luxury hotel and business offices. The idea of a mixed-use structure was still a fairly new idea. He planned for profits from the hotel and offices to help keep ticket prices low.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Dankmar Adler and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/louis-sullivan/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Louis Sullivan\u003C/a> were commissioned to bring this lofty project to life. A young \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/frank-lloyd-wright/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Frank Lloyd Wright\u003C/a> was hired as an office draftsman and in the process of working on the massive project, he learned a great deal from Sullivan about the use of organic ornamentation. On the exterior, Sullivan emphasized both \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/massing/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">massing\u003C/a> and the rhythm of repetitive window patterns, using \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/load-bearing-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">load-bearing stone walls\u003C/a> on the perimeter of various textures and colors. The building had separate entrances for theater, office building and hotel. Highly influenced by H.H. Richardson’s Marshall Field Wholesale Store, Sullivan included the use of monochromatic rusticated stone. Meanwhile, the theater and hotel interiors provided an outlet for his genius organic ornamentation.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Adler addressed several engineering challenges. His acoustical design for the theater—in an era before scientific acoustical calculations—is a masterpiece of sound. He developed a foundation substantial enough to support the 16-story tower originally planned for the building. However, after the foundation was in place, Peck requested two extra floors on the tower and the architects complied. The additional two stories caused excessive settlement under the tower, proving Adler's original calculations correct. A banquet hall was also added late in the construction. Adler carried its load on giant iron trusses above the vaulted roof of the theater.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When completed, the Auditorium was the largest, tallest, priciest and heaviest building of its time. It was not only an enormous civic achievement but also a symbol of the city’s success and emergence as a cultural center. The Auditorium’s innovative engineering and design brought international recognition to the firm.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE BEST LAID PLANS...\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Peck’s vision was difficult to fulfill. The hotel and offices could not financially support the theater. In the 1940s, the Auditorium was taken over by the City of Chicago and used as a World War II officers’ center. By 1945, the space had deteriorated, suffering significant damage to Sullivan’s plaster ornamentation. To prevent it from being demolished, Roosevelt University acquired the building but lacked the funds to restore it until 1963 when an Auditorium Theatre Council was formed to raise money for its restoration. Under the direction of architect Harry Weese, the theater was beautifully restored and reopened in 1967.\u003C/p>",{"large":2889},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2891,"meta":2892,"component":2893,"responsiveStyles":2905},"builder-d1f5498f59b645d18263fc636db2dd33",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":2894},{"factList":2895},[2896,2899,2902],{"body":2897,"title":772,"icon":2898},"\u003Cp>The theater featured many technological advancements for its time, including the display of 3,500 bare carbon filament light bulbs. Such bulbs had been seen publicly for the first time in 1879.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2900,"title":772,"icon":2901},"\u003Cp>Peck’s vision for the theater was to create a space that was democratic, where the best seats were not reserved for the wealthiest patrons. Box seats were relocated to the sides, with an expansive main floor and generous balconies that offered optimal sightlines to the general public.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":2903,"title":772,"icon":2904},"\u003Cp>Each patron who arrived for a performance was led through the small, dark entranceway into the theater. The entrance was “compressed” by low ceilings such that when patrons emerged, the impact of “expanding” into the towering six-story auditorium, with its grand gilded arches and glittering ceiling, would be all the more dramatic.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":2906},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":2908,"meta":2909,"component":2910,"responsiveStyles":2919},"builder-765f3eab15d64314ab9f00ae40b7779c",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":2911},{"headline":791,"testimonials":2912},[2913],{"quote":2914,"attribution":2915,"title":2916,"image":2917},"Massive, exterior load-bearing masonry walls, of granite below and limestone above, incorporate the arches popularized by H.H. Richardson, whose work had great influence on Louis Sullivan at this point in his career. Contained within the walls was a hotel, office building and most importantly a magnificent performing space, which continues to this day as an outstanding venue. Creating these interior spaces required the technical genius of Sullivan's partner, Dankmar Adler, whose skills in acoustics, foundation engineering and use of metal trusses to support the arched roof of the theater were essential.","Bruce Ukockis","CAC Docent, Class of 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This sense of escape from the real world is exactly the point of “atmospheric theaters” like the Avalon Regal. Such grand palaces of leisure offered respite and entertainment to the public, in the decades before television screens became ubiquitous.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CREATING AN ATMOSPHERE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In the boom years of the 1920s, countless buildings in America borrowed from historic architectural styles. Veterans returning from service in foreign lands during the first World War, and tourists armed with early cameras, brought images of exotic places home that inspired architects. Some of the most fanciful of these historicist buildings were the atmospheric theaters. These buildings borrowed from exotic and exciting places, and were constructed with such lavish attention to detail that the typical moviegoer might forget she was even in Chicago. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>John Eberson was a prolific designer of atmospheric theaters. His plans for the Avalon Theater were said to have been inspired by a Persian incense burner he found at an antiques store. The lobby he designed is resplendent with colored tile under a flying-carpet ceiling. Set into the ceiling are gemstones that glistened as they moved, blown by the air from a then-recent innovation known as air conditioning.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Passing from the lobby to the enormous auditorium is like walking out of a palace and into an outdoor bazaar at night, with a tent over the stage and screen. More than 2,000 guests could gaze under a simulated night sky, complete with twinkling lights as stars. It’s easy to imagine someone completely forgetting their place in the world after a double feature in such a grand and unusual space.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>WHAT’S IN A NAME?\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The original Regal Theater at 47th Street and King Drive was a gem of historic Bronzeville, and played host to numerous famous African-American performers. As Bronzeville changed, it declined and was eventually demolished in 1973. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Around that same time, the former Avalon Theater went into use as a church. New owners purchased it in the late 1980s, renovated it, and rechristened it the New Regal Theater, in homage to that fallen landmark. Since then, the theater has had its ups and downs, though it remains an anchor on which rest the hopes of many for community revitalization in South Shore.\u003C/p>",{"large":3047},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3049,"meta":3050,"component":3051,"responsiveStyles":3063},"builder-8c6f145e84a44ca393b5ba36cd4e7267",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":3052,"isRSC":561},{"factList":3053},[3054,3057,3060],{"body":3055,"title":772,"icon":3056},"\u003Cp>A mural on the western exterior of the New Regal Theater includes the likenesses of many famous jazz and blues musicians like Dizzy Gillespie, Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3058,"title":772,"icon":3059},"\u003Cp>Over the combined history of the original Regal Theater and the Avalon/New Regal, many notable musicians have performed in the space including Cab Calloway, Nat King Cole, John Coltrane, Aretha Franklin, Whitney Houston, the Jackson 5, B. 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King, Ludacris and Pearl Jam.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3061,"title":772,"icon":3062},"\u003Cp>The New Regal Theater was sold in 2014 for only $100,000, and the owner intends to invest nearly $10 million to restore it.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":3064},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3066,"component":3067,"responsiveStyles":3071},"builder-0fbbdb91421c43eea79cba82cb49c998",{"name":846,"options":3068,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":3069},{"data":3070,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3072},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3074,"component":3075,"responsiveStyles":3079},"builder-58161757a24c49b2b3ea86c597412b40",{"name":846,"options":3076,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":3077},{"data":3078,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3080},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3082,"component":3083,"responsiveStyles":3087},"builder-7f1a6bee6c1b49f4b107473146317cbd",{"name":846,"options":3084,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":3085},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":3086},{},{"large":3088},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3090,"component":3091,"responsiveStyles":3095},"builder-50ee932cdc204c25aab121ea2d118edb",{"name":846,"options":3092,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":3093},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":3094},{},{"large":3096},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":3098},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":3100,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":3101,"responsiveStyles":3102},"builder-pixel-pe5gz0kcrti",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":3103},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"folders":3105,"createdDate":3106,"id":3107,"name":3108,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":3109,"query":3113,"data":3116,"variations":3242,"lastUpdated":3243,"firstPublished":3244,"previewUrl":3245,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":3246,"createdBy":1291,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"rev":950},[],1716676702945,"f2692c9cb79d435684ef7d60afec5016","Bahá’í House of Worship",{"symbolsUsed":3110,"hasLinks":51,"componentsUsed":3111,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":3112},{"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14},{"Testimonials Carousel":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/baha-i-house-of-worship?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=f2692c9cb79d435684ef7d60afec5016&builder.overrides.f2692c9cb79d435684ef7d60afec5016=f2692c9cb79d435684ef7d60afec5016&builder.options.locale=Default",[3114],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":3115},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/baha-i-house-of-worship",{"style":3117,"streetAddress":3118,"description":3119,"architect":3120,"buildingName":3108,"officialName":668,"environment":27,"neighborhood":3123,"state":3124,"title":3127,"imageList":3128,"useType":3135,"url":3115,"forceUpdatedURLOn":3137,"googleMapLink":3138,"query":3139,"originalCompletionDate":3141,"blocks":3142},[],"100 Linden Ave, Wilmette, IL 60091","\u003Cp>The Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette is an intricate concrete masterpiece with thoughtful details that reflect oneness for humanity.\u003C/p>",[3121,3122],"George A. Fuller","Louis Bourgeois","Wilmette",{"deviceSize":577,"location":3125},{"path":668,"query":3126},{},"Bahá’í  House of Worship",[3129,3131,3133],{"alt":3108,"caption":716,"src":3130,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fed2a12ebd08c43ec8bfb1da8ee6fc11b",{"caption":716,"src":3132,"alt":3108},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F192c54583808406cbd7029b4a91ce663",{"src":3134,"alt":3108,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1e0253c3ce9e46f3b05cab4d56ebd8b7",[3136],"House of Worship","2024-08-08T22:12:34.450Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/XeiJFMmFBKK4Fkz27",[3140],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":3115},"1953",[3143,3237],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":3144,"meta":3145,"children":3146,"responsiveStyles":3235},"builder-1ca8d0cf96c7485db40760cdd7568453",{"previousId":2724},[3147,3155,3172,3186,3194,3211,3219,3227],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3148,"meta":3149,"component":3150,"responsiveStyles":3153},"builder-28735b40b8834447b2465ba89ddbe58b",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":3151},{"text":3152,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The Bahá’í religion was founded in the Middle East in the 1840s. Its introduction in the United States can be traced back to a Parliament of the World’s Religions meeting in Chicago in 1893. By 1900, there were nearly 1,000 Bahá’ís living in the U.S. and Canada. Plans to construct a Bahá’í temple in the Chicago area emerged in 1903, but it would be another 50 years before the temple was finished.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Two lots were purchased along Lake Michigan in 1907, in what was then Grosse Pointe (now Wilmette). Raising funds for the temple’s construction proved difficult, as it was financed by individual contributions from Bahá’ís around the world. Two World Wars and the Great Depression slowed things down. The son of the religion’s founder dedicated the temple during a visit to the U.S. and the foundation stone was laid in 1920.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE ARCHITECT & THE CRAFTSMAN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The building’s architect, Louis Bourgeois, was a French Canadian who joined the Bahá’í faith more than a decade before working on the temple. He began his work on the structure in 1920 and moved his studio to a building across the street from the site, to be closer to his project. Bourgeois felt the design of the temple needed to reflect the Bahá’í belief of oneness for humanity, as well as the unity of all religions. In describing his design, he said, “There are combinations of mathematical lines, symbolizing those of the universe, and in their intricate merging of circle into circle, and circle within circle, we visualize the merging of all religions into one.”\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building combines neoclassical symmetry, Gothic ribbing, a Renaissance dome, a Romanesque clerestory and Islamic arabesque tracery with the suggestion of minarets. The carvings on the nine exterior pillars reference various world religions with symbols like the Star of David, crucifixes and the Islamic star and crescent. The gardens contain both rectangular approaches and circular gardens, reflecting Eastern and Western influences.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Selecting a material to realize Bourgeois’ elaborate designs proved difficult. Limestone, granite, terra cotta and aluminum were all considered before concrete was selected. One critic strongly disapproved, calling it “the most repellant object imaginable” since it lacked beauty of the surface and weathered poorly. But John Earley, a fifth generation stone carver who came from a family of ecclesiastical artists, made the concrete beautiful. Inspired by Italian pebble mosaics, Earley developed a method of exposing the larger pebbles in the aggregate of the concrete mixture. This gave the concrete a warmer appearance. On the Bahá’í Temple he used two types of quartz to give the exterior an almost luminescent quality. The result inside and out is stunning, resulting in the structure sometimes being referred to as the “Temple of Light and Unity.”\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Neither Bourgeois nor Earley saw the completed temple. The formal dedication for the superstructure took place in 1953.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE MOTHER TEMPLE OF THE WEST\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>There are only nine Bahá’í houses of worship in the world. All nine temples share certain design features, including domes and gardens. Each temple is nine-sided because Bahá’ís consider the number nine—the highest single number—a symbol of oneness, comprehensiveness and unity. In Wilmette, the temple includes nine entrances and nine verses above the doors and the alcoves. Of all the temples, the Wilmette house of worship is the oldest. It has been named a National Historic Landmark, one of the Seven Wonders of Illinois and is visited by 250,000 people a year. Aside from being called the “Temple of Light and Unity,” the 1100-seat Wilmette building is known as the “Mother Temple of the West” by Bahá’ís around the world. Today, it remains the only Bahá’í temple in the U.S.\u003C/p>",{"large":3154},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3156,"meta":3157,"component":3158,"responsiveStyles":3170},"builder-6f2b5eecbb204eaab329e29deeba5e24",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":3159},{"factList":3160},[3161,3164,3167],{"body":3162,"title":772,"icon":3163},"\u003Cp>Bahá’í  House of Worship architect Louis Bourgeois worked for two prominent Chicago architects: Daniel Burnham and Louis Sullivan.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3165,"title":772,"icon":3166},"\u003Cp>During World War II, pilots in training from the nearby Glenview Air Station used the temple—which they called \"Point Oboe\"—as a guide during practice missions over Lake Michigan.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3168,"title":772,"icon":3169},"\u003Cp>John Joseph Earley was a pioneer in the use of architectural concrete. His father, James Earley, was an Irish immigrant who became a noted sculptor.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":3171},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3173,"meta":3174,"component":3175,"responsiveStyles":3184},"builder-7335ebb2bdfb436b881007f2eb295c1b",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":3176},{"headline":791,"testimonials":3177},[3178],{"quote":3179,"attribution":3180,"title":3181,"image":3182},"The Bahá’í House of Worship has a rather dramatic setting on Sheridan Road and across from Wilmette Harbor. Because of the turns on Sheridan Road the temple can appear unexpectedly. The first time I saw the temple was late at night when I was driving back from the city. Suddenly this brightly illuminated dome jumped out at me. 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Ave",{"@type":19,"id":3268,"model":831},"ebde0bb25d2c613a7322d1015f5f3520fd48364f3a63a9f88e3e8e7f12f9583d","2024-08-08T22:13:25.452Z",[3271,3273,3275,3277],{"src":3272},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9170dc0e3e8943e798bf86d8d982235c",{"caption":716,"src":3274},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb2d585a0c6714229a87d12579d490df9",{"src":3276,"caption":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F73ba20792f604161a55a2eec170a915b",{"src":3278,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F727fa51e8be440cb8a8e5b6371757749","https://maps.app.goo.gl/1wkrXDFQgVqWdPBN6",[3281,3284,3286],{"link":3282},{"@type":19,"id":3283,"model":831},"67c87dc7240f742ed21ef69464239e9b03f151b8a5b7166e4cdbb106794d9593",{"link":3285},{"@type":19,"id":3268,"model":831},{"link":3287},{"@type":19,"id":3288,"model":831},"3094797bbb09a4cf55d2d9836b96dd626e49b86e7f1ea05288f14c2b51711912",[3290],"Hotel",1929,"Luxurious, exuberant and dramatic, the Carbide and Carbon Building is a metaphor for the sumptuous décor of 1920s America.",{"deviceSize":577,"location":3294},{"path":668,"query":3295},{},"https://www.google.com/maps/place/230+N+Michigan+Ave,+Chicago,+IL+60601/@41.8866335,-87.6249029,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x880e2caf3f63bfaf:0xda3a723ced272c9c!8m2!3d41.8866335!4d-87.6249029?entry=ttu","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F557a803dbd0a4e12b2a27192e89a4726",{"seo":3299},{"title":3251},"Pendry Hotel (Carbide and Carbon Building)","https://maps.app.goo.gl/8TGsTRXxTAiY8gsb8","Pendry (Carbide and Carbon Building)",[3304],"Burnham Brothers",[3306,3315,3343,3358,3378,3386,3413,3421,3429],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3307,"meta":3308,"component":3310,"responsiveStyles":3313},"builder-f6e61e1c1a7843ca93950249551710b9",{"previousId":3309},"builder-163724df9ee44f9a8c004730e9cd2050",{"name":741,"options":3311},{"text":3312,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The Carbide and Carbon Company, which developed the first dry cell battery, needed a regional headquarters to house its rapidly expanding business. Company executives wanted the building to make a statement, to communicate the firm's success and to attract clients. They commissioned the Burnham Brothers (sons of the deceased Daniel Burnham), who completed the structure in 1929.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>All Deco’d Out\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>A dazzling building on Chicago’s skyline, the Carbide and Carbon Building epitomizes the lavish excitement of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/art-deco/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Art Deco\u003C/a>. The facade is composed of luxurious polished black \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/granite/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">granite\u003C/a>, green and gold \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta \u003C/a>and gold leaf with bronze trim. The building’s interior is known for its extravagant lobby, originally used to display the company’s products. Frosted glass fixtures and Belgian marble greet visitors at its Michigan Avenue entrance.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building’s cap is ornamented with genuine 24 karat gold, though it is only one five-thousandths of an inch thick. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A second life\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>All good things must come to an end, as they say. With the market crash of 1929, a planned sister building to the Carbide and Carbon Building was cancelled. The building was landmarked in 1994 and in 2004 it underwent a $106 million restoration. Now a boutique hotel, the Carbide and Carbon still stands out as one of the most unique structures on the city’s skyline.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":3314},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3316,"meta":3317,"component":3319,"responsiveStyles":3341},"builder-b1340c20b8794df4b29ae5517180380a",{"previousId":3318},"builder-1af2416c84514faeaef1800bf769ad03",{"name":767,"options":3320},{"factList":3321},[3322,3326,3329,3332,3335,3338],{"title":772,"icon":3323,"body":3325},{"src":774,"alt":3324},"Building Icon","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The top of the building has been continuously lit since November 16, 2007.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":3327,"body":3328},{"src":774,"alt":3324},"\u003Cp>The building’s brilliant blue cyanotype blueprints were in storage for decades, only to be revealed in 2008 for an exhibition at ArchiTech gallery in Chicago.\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":3330,"body":3331},{"src":774,"alt":3324},"\u003Cp>Imitation gold leaf was originally considered for the Carbon & Carbide building’s top, but ultimately rejected in favor of the real thing.\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":3333,"body":3334},{"src":774,"alt":3324},"\u003Cp>Interlocking C’s are still present on the building’s façade as a remembrance of the building’s original owners.\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":3336,"body":3337},{"src":774,"alt":3324},"\u003Cp>The stylized leaf ornamentation on the exterior is a reference to the prehistoric origins of subterranean carbon deposits from decaying ancient plants.\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":3339,"body":3340},{"src":774,"alt":3324},"\u003Cp>Because of the zoning laws at the time of the building’s construction, its tower is setback to allow more sunlight to  reach street level.\u003C/p>",{"large":3342},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3344,"meta":3345,"component":3347,"responsiveStyles":3356},"builder-1292cccdeb2c4bea9934523c7f80f3e5",{"previousId":3346},"builder-1c66fde4c0214af294a80bead0a0a650",{"name":789,"options":3348},{"testimonials":3349,"headline":1201},[3350],{"headline":668,"quote":3351,"attribution":3352,"title":3353,"image":3354},"Its warm and sensuous materials make the Carbide and Carbon building unique among Chicago’s towering skyscrapers. Every tour I give where this Chicago landmark can be seen, a tour taker will ask about it. The Carbide and Carbon delights and awes.","Marcia Matavulj ","CAC Docent, Class Of 2008",{"src":3355},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ffed733efcab641ada3703fdc08854804",{"large":3357},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3359,"meta":3360,"component":3362,"responsiveStyles":3376},"builder-765bf09183fa442c9f6b8a8f42267ac3",{"previousId":3361},"builder-affde038d18a466d8c22ed23f72fe75c",{"name":821,"options":3363},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":3364,"headline":2792,"button":3373},[3365,3368,3371],{"encyclopediaArticle":3366},{"@type":19,"id":3367,"model":831},"c9f0363b8d165c10b46c2c397aebeff5483d8222e3ae92c87775181d96b8a880",{"encyclopediaArticle":3369},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},"fce6f1dfeae246ccb0982e6e78ab178e69e5a6d936f991098693e9a76f51a565",{"encyclopediaArticle":3372},{"@type":19,"id":1082,"model":831},{"label":3374,"title":3375,"url":116},"See Full Encyclopedia","Go to architecture encyclopedia",{"large":3377},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3379,"component":3380,"responsiveStyles":3384},"builder-575d6a0406104ba5bed8d816277f514c",{"name":846,"options":3381},{"symbol":3382},{"data":3383,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3385},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3387,"component":3388,"responsiveStyles":3411},"builder-179cba7548a4408e8e3d6606313fc3d3",{"name":846,"options":3389},{"symbol":3390,"inheritState":14},{"data":3391,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":3392},{},{"metrics":3393,"folders":3394,"published":559,"meta":3395,"testRatio":427,"query":3397,"@version":459,"ownerId":851,"lastUpdateBy":561,"data":3398,"createdDate":854,"firstPublished":854,"priority":857,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"createdBy":687,"variations":3410,"modelId":892,"name":859,"lastUpdated":856,"previewUrl":858},{"clicks":894,"impressions":894},[],{"hasLinks":51,"lastPreviewUrl":897,"kind":896,"componentsUsed":3396},{"City 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House",{"symbolsUsed":3444,"componentsUsed":3445,"hasLinks":51,"lastPreviewUrl":3446,"kind":552,"breakpoints":3447},{"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"f9ce3069e3324e7a8d06fdd1f9e6ef45":14},{"Testimonials Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"City Tours Carousel":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/charnley-persky-house?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CeditProjects%2CmodifyMcpServers%2CmodifyProjectSettings%2CconnectCodeRepository%2CcreateProjects%2CindexDesignSystems&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=c1ebe3e940a442cda80d7b3db2eda1bf&builder.overrides.c1ebe3e940a442cda80d7b3db2eda1bf=c1ebe3e940a442cda80d7b3db2eda1bf&builder.options.locale=Default",{"small":564,"medium":565},[3449],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":3450},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/charnley-persky-house",{"originalCompletionDate":3452,"useType":3453,"style":3454,"buildingName":3442,"environment":27,"title":3442,"state":3455,"officialName":3458,"imageList":3459,"query":3476,"description":3478,"googleMapLink":3479,"neighborhood":1849,"streetAddress":3480,"url":3450,"architect":3481,"forceUpdatedURLOn":3483,"blocks":3484},"1892",[1310],[],{"location":3456,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":3457},{},"Charnley-Persky House ",[3460,3462,3464,3466,3468,3470,3472,3474],{"caption":716,"src":3461,"source":668,"alt":3442},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe406daa2a3c24813b8549f0d118d13e0",{"src":3463,"caption":716,"alt":3442},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4610958cb0a44fb69baa0bc99db971cd",{"caption":716,"src":3465,"alt":3442},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2eeb7d12a8b74fb4b74ae23ba2c6a1a8",{"caption":716,"src":3467,"alt":3442},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff342783fec9b4a628a975f7fd0091942",{"src":3469,"alt":3442,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F52a1f8ce925647a88007df0a753e1fa5",{"src":3471,"caption":716,"alt":3442},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff8e55b30ccd542c6ac00f428ff8a1822",{"src":3473,"caption":716,"alt":3442},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2ac5f4ea76a244818e18cbed4d3aed16",{"src":3475,"alt":3442,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F25d234972362446e90e3f64d20d8e380",[3477],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":3450},"\u003Cp>Bold in its simplicity, the Charnley-Persky House stands out from its neighbors in Chicago’s Gold Coast.\u003C/p>","https://maps.app.goo.gl/yEqXmyHYNFrQYES16","1365 N. Astor St.",[2856,3482],"Frank Lloyd Wright","2024-08-08T22:12:34.887Z",[3485,3494,3508,3522,3536,3545,3560,3569,3577,3585],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":3486,"id":3487,"meta":3488,"component":3489,"responsiveStyles":3492},"This distinct departure from t...","builder-197139346eec48299939cabf3b150652",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":3490,"isRSC":561},{"text":3491,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>This distinct departure from the popular design motifs of the 1890s is a collaboration between architect \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/louis-sullivan/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Louis Sullivan\u003C/a> and his young apprentice \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/frank-lloyd-wright/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Frank Lloyd Wright\u003C/a>. The Charnley-Persky House clearly illustrates how the pair rejected the historically-inspired details commonly used during the Victorian era. By incorporating more abstract ornamentation and forms, it pointed the way towards a new era in architectural design.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>STYLES IN TRANSITION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>When wealthy lumber baron James Charnley decided to build a house, he hired the well-known firm of Adler & Sullivan. The final design was an unusual collaborative effort between an architect, Louis Sullivan, and his draftsman—in this case, Frank Lloyd Wright. While it was not typical for a draftsman to play such a significant role in the design process, Wright was certainly not a typical draftsman.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The strongly symmetrical house has a modest central entry with a partially-recessed balcony above. Simple rectangular \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/massing/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">massing\u003C/a> and unadorned brick walls drive home the dwelling's departure from the more intricate design style of its time. Spare ornamentation on the exterior highlights the balcony and roofline with abstract forms both floral (Sullivan’s influence) and geometric (Wright’s). The interior, with its open and flowing spaces and elaborate geometric wood trim, foreshadows Wright’s better-known later work.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A LANDMARK OF ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The house’s unique design has brought it increasing recognition, beginning with local and federal historic designation in the early 1970s. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skidmore-owings-merrill/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Skidmore Owings & Merrill\u003C/a> (SOM) purchased and restored the home in 1986. Philanthropist Seymour Persky bought the home in 1995 for the Society of Architectural Historians (SAH), which uses it as a museum and national headquarters. SAH has since worked to raise the profile of the house as a unique collaboration between two of Chicago’s most notable architects—a key link in the history of modern residential architecture.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":3493},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3495,"meta":3496,"component":3497,"responsiveStyles":3506},"builder-dd790e49918f4fe283b0b14c0ffdbf27",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":3498,"isRSC":561},{"factList":3499},[3500,3503],{"body":3501,"title":772,"icon":3502},"\u003Cp>Recent archaeological excavations around the Charnley-Persky house have unearthed glass, china and other artifacts of Gold Coast history.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3504,"title":772,"icon":3505},"\u003Cp>An interior light well spans three stories of the Charnley-Persky house, bringing bright sunlight deep into the interior.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":3507},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3509,"meta":3510,"component":3511,"responsiveStyles":3520},"builder-f82f6b7e848c41e28b550da738807aea",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":3512,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":3513},[3514],{"quote":3515,"attribution":3516,"title":3517,"image":3518},"I think this building, hidden among the residential towers of the Gold Coast, is so unusual and important because it showcases the talent of two of the most famous American architects—each with their own design philosophies. 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Michigan Ave.",[3290],"\u003Cp>It’s not often that the doors to an exclusive private club are thrown open to the public.\u003C/p>","1893",[3618,3620,3622,3624,3626],{"source":668,"alt":3600,"src":3619},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fbed08a0ff8f14a1cad1cd54698336d97",{"src":3621,"alt":3600},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1541d3541242465183f8604cf5cbfb93",{"alt":3600,"src":3623},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F0685b119a0c041fabf063881da2b28e3",{"src":3625,"alt":3600},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc786264870d84c2ca094564e7afc3243",{"src":3627,"alt":3600},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fde60cf2468bd4be5bcd2025722477126",[3629],"Venetian Gothic",[3631],"Henry Ives Cobb",{"location":3633,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":3634},{},"Chicago Athletic Association Building",[3637,3727],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":3638,"meta":3639,"children":3640,"responsiveStyles":3725},"builder-81402fd2c7be41af8f33d6e891209237",{"previousId":2724},[3641,3649,3666,3679,3693,3701,3709,3717],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3642,"meta":3643,"component":3644,"responsiveStyles":3647},"builder-0e852948bb454d928d9b3f0ea1dcbdcb",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":3645},{"text":3646,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The Chicago Athletic Association Hotel has done just that, painstakingly restoring a landmark that—for more than a century—most people could only appreciate from the outside.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A HOME AWAY FROM HOME FOR THE ELITE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Chicago Athletic Association opened in 1893 amid the boom surrounding the World’s Columbian Exposition. It offered an escape from the city, with all the comforts of a well-appointed home—and excellent athletic facilities for its members to enjoy. Private clubs had long been an important institution among the well-heeled of the East Coast, many of whom found themselves spending increasing amounts of time in the fast-growing capital of the Prairie.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>RESTORING A VENETIAN GOTHIC EXTRAVAGANZA\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The CAA is an integral part of the historic Michigan Avenue streetwall, yet its details set it apart. Patterned after the palace of the Doge in Venice, its most notable feature is a course of distinctive, criss-crossing arched windows. Behind the elaborate \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> are two lavish lobby levels, the second offering cozy seating clustered around several fireplaces.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The fate of the building was murky when the Chicago Athletic Association closed in 2007. After a few perilous years, a meticulous restoration began, led by Hartshorne Plunkard Architects. Historic interiors were painstakingly brought back to life, and interior architects Roman + Williams brought together of-the-moment interior design with references to (and even reuses of) sporting elements from the building’s past. New high-speed elevators are lined with old squash court flooring, and every guest room has a bench in the shape of a pommel horse.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>FROM BOOM TO BOOM\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The CAA building arose during the boom of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/?decade=1890#buildings\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">1890s\u003C/a>. Its new incarnation as a hotel is firmly a part of the mid-2010s boom in new downtown Chicago hotels. This \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/chicago-under-construction/chicagos-downtown-hotel-boom/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">ambitious adaptive reuse\u003C/a> has created a focal point in the ongoing resurgence of the Loop. The luxurious club atmosphere, with its handcrafted cocktails and game room, is now open for all to enjoy.\u003C/p>",{"large":3648},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3650,"meta":3651,"component":3652,"responsiveStyles":3664},"builder-6c87fe76afb342b0a59c87c7ea0dfc35",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":3653},{"factList":3654},[3655,3658,3661],{"body":3656,"title":772,"icon":3657},"\u003Cp>Women were long welcome in certain spaces and events at the Club but could not become full members until the 1970s.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3659,"title":772,"icon":3660},"\u003Cp>A swimming pool was removed during restoration, but the space it once occupied—called “The Tank”—has swimming lane lines in the floor.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3662,"title":772,"icon":3663},"\u003Cp>Foundations were reinforced and special supporting structures built to bear the weight of a sleek new rooftop bar with sweeping views of Millennium Park and Lake Michigan.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":3665},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3667,"meta":3668,"component":3669,"responsiveStyles":3677},"builder-3b92bd51527945e48471632f0f79f930",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":3670},{"headline":791,"testimonials":3671},[3672],{"quote":3673,"attribution":3674,"title":3181,"image":3675},"The Chicago Athletic Association Hotel represents the sensitive yet practical transformation of a historic building, from a private club of superb design to an elegant hotel. Restoration architect Paul Alessandro of Hartshorne Plunkard described the restoration of the Drawing Room, now the hotel lobby, as “museum quality.\" Both the White City Ballroom and Stagg Court, the club's original gymnasium, are its equals.","Marcia Matavulj",{"alt":3674,"src":3676},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F84615fd6b3124c569747f9cf6c1e021c",{"large":3678},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":3680,"meta":3681,"component":3682,"responsiveStyles":3691},"builder-d9daba2e1ccb410787fe7df1adf48d81",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":3683},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":3684,"headline":2792,"button":3690,"copy":623},[3685,3687],{"encyclopediaArticle":3686},{"@type":19,"id":1223,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":3688},{"@type":19,"id":3689,"model":831},"5c785420c2d149088719408f3e739584",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":3692},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3694,"component":3695,"responsiveStyles":3699},"builder-b0c9547a3bb141aa8f9efa9acd557a8d",{"name":846,"options":3696},{"symbol":3697},{"data":3698,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3700},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":859,"id":3702,"component":3703,"responsiveStyles":3707},"builder-6b58c4e096c347b8a1323ca58ca9dbe1",{"name":846,"options":3704},{"symbol":3705},{"data":3706,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3708},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3710,"component":3711,"responsiveStyles":3715},"builder-0b6de857d2f2473ba603bc1b77f7e030",{"name":846,"options":3712},{"symbol":3713},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":3714},{},{"large":3716},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3718,"component":3719,"responsiveStyles":3723},"builder-7707f2782a884bc9bd58a5a19b80717c",{"name":846,"options":3720},{"symbol":3721},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":3722},{},{"large":3724},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":3726},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":3728,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":3729,"responsiveStyles":3730},"builder-pixel-7dt4pd91jci",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":3731},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1732301115815,1716765910674,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-athletic-association-hotel","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9287f91dd1eb4b5cadebd4992c8317e3",{"lastUpdatedBy":681,"folders":3738,"previewUrl":3739,"data":3740,"modelId":935,"query":3885,"published":559,"screenshot":3887,"firstPublished":3888,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":3889,"createdDate":3890,"createdBy":1291,"meta":3891,"variations":3895,"name":3750,"id":3896,"rev":950},[],"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-board-of-trade-building",{"googleMapLink":3741,"forceUpdatedURLOn":3742,"query":3743,"architect":3746,"description":3748,"useType":3749,"title":3750,"officialName":3750,"url":3745,"buildingName":3750,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":3751,"streetAddress":3752,"style":3753,"state":3754,"neighborhood":712,"imageList":3757,"blocks":3780},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/TUjW2A7JiVd9NT9D6","2024-08-08T22:12:35.789Z",[3744],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":3745,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-board-of-trade-building",[3747],"Holabird & Root","\u003Cp>Holding court at the south end of LaSalle St., the Chicago Board of Trade Building presides over Chicago’s financial district. The regal 45-story skyscraper is the epitome of Art Deco styling.\u003C/p>",[701],"Chicago Board of Trade Building","1930","141 W. Jackson Blvd.",[3262],{"deviceSize":577,"location":3755},{"path":668,"query":3756},{},[3758,3760,3762,3764,3766,3768,3770,3772,3774,3776,3778],{"src":3759,"alt":3750,"caption":716,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F297661d715fb4c35bfff10601e1a37f1",{"src":3761,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F95580fc0c102497a82af46e9bbc9408f",{"src":3763,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F642e9825ed9e420c8f3698b5033bc5a5",{"src":3765,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9f829bc14d034962a0483d5915c4aea7",{"src":3767,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F350d97190b0142ae8b79692324ee834a",{"src":3769,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F56362dec49444d8baeb3c272cedc8825",{"src":3771,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4572095b3a64470c980137bdd75bf1ef",{"src":3773,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9ddf20995cbc4d2ba1f276501f8a8925",{"src":3775,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4deb7498626244929a4ba73b0595fb29",{"src":3777,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F588c9f80e2634efd98efbc9d52465460",{"src":3779,"alt":3750,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb37a97b02442471489b6a8a22e4723b0",[3781,3880],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":3782,"meta":3783,"children":3784,"responsiveStyles":3878},"builder-18ee32ad04744aa3926e218f68d433cf",{"previousId":2724},[3785,3793,3804,3821,3834,3846,3854,3862,3870],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3786,"meta":3787,"component":3788,"responsiveStyles":3791},"builder-0e2261dac5084a6e9f025c4517c22e3b",{"previousId":2729},{"name":741,"options":3789},{"text":3790,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>It was designed and constructed during the heyday of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/art-deco/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Art Deco\u003C/a> in Chicago by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/holabird-and-roche/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">John A. Holabird and John Wellborn Root Jr.,\u003C/a> themselves second-generation architectural royalty. The prolific pair’s structure confidently occupies its prestigious site while boldly communicating its contribution to the Chicago economy.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A BUILDING THAT REFLECTS ITS TIME\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>During the late 1920s and early 1930s, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/art-deco/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Art Deco\u003C/a> styling was at the peak of its popularity in Chicago. Its influence could be felt in fashion, art, interior design and architecture. Many of the most popular characteristics of the decorative style can be seen in the Chicago Board of Trade Building's design.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The plentiful gray Indiana \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a> \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/pier/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">piers\u003C/a>, dark windows and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/spandrel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">spandrels\u003C/a>—so recessed they practically disappear—work together to give the building a striking vertical emphasis. Its streamlined, geometric and abstract exterior ornamentation, and the building’s throne-shaped \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/massing/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">massing\u003C/a>, are also indicative of the period’s Art Deco trend. A faceless aluminum statue of Ceres, by artist John Storrs, sits atop the building’s pyramidal roof. The straight lines on her garment and her machine-made appearance make her the quintessential Art Deco ornament for this completely stylized structure.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A building that reflects its use\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Chicago Board of Trade Building is home to the world’s oldest futures and options exchange. Chicago, which sits on the edge of the prairie, has been the center of both grain distribution and grain trading since the 1840s. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) was established in 1848 as a central location for negotiating and conducting transactions on the future prices of commodities. Not coincidentally, 1848 was also the year the first railroads arrived in Chicago and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened, both of which made distribution of raw materials more efficient.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building’s ornamentation cleverly communicates the activity happening inside.. A Mesopotamian farmer holding grain and a Native American holding corn make several appearances around the building and represent some of the options traded on the building’s multiple trading floors.\u003C/p>",{"large":3792},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3794,"component":3795,"responsiveStyles":3801},"builder-62ea1214d8a44784b78a60e7b61b8ef5",{"name":3796,"options":3797},"Video",{"headline":3798,"videoEmbed":3799,"videoCaption":3800},"Watch: Top of the Trade","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZmIKmgqCcuo?si=SDw5czqGOkHq778Q\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","How did people view the city from the Chicago Board of Trade Building? Tony Malcaluso, author of Secret Spaces Atop Chicago, reflects on the Chicago Board of Trade’s observation deck as the place to experience the city from above. For three and a half decades, the Chicago Board of Trade Building had the highest public view of the city, closing after the John Hancock Building opened its observation deck to the public in 1969. ",{"large":3802},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},"100%",{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3805,"meta":3806,"component":3807,"responsiveStyles":3819},"builder-c111c1da13744c1c854d526c2f489c11",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":3808},{"factList":3809},[3810,3813,3816],{"body":3811,"title":772,"icon":3812},"\u003Cp>The current Chicago Board of Trade Building was completed in 1930 and was designed to replace a previous Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) headquarters that stood on the same site since 1885.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3814,"title":772,"icon":3815},"\u003Cp>In 2007, the CBOT merged with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to form the CME Group, the largest and most diverse derivatives exchange in the world.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3817,"title":772,"icon":3818},"\u003Cp>The pyramidal roof once housed an observatory deck, popular with Chicagoans in the 1930s-1970s. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":3820},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3822,"meta":3823,"component":3824,"responsiveStyles":3832},"builder-f031ec311ad34be8b8d31f6fe5c61ce1",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":3825},{"headline":791,"testimonials":3826},[3827],{"quote":3828,"attribution":3829,"title":3830,"image":3831},"I love the Art Deco style and the Chicago Board of Trade Building is one of the best examples of it in Chicago. It's a great contrast to the Neoclassical styling of the neighboring buildings. Inside, I love the giant mailbox, the light fixtures in the lobby entryway and all the corn and wheat designs found in the grillwork, balconies, door frames, ceiling molding and other unexpected places.","Robin Simon","CAC Docent, Class of 1997",{"alt":3829},{"large":3833},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3835,"component":3836,"responsiveStyles":3844},"builder-4428ed89c6554321831ee446d2471def",{"name":821,"options":3837},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":3838,"headline":2792,"button":3843},[3839,3841],{"encyclopediaArticle":3840},{"@type":19,"id":3367,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":3842},{"@type":19,"id":1774,"model":831},{"label":2794,"title":2794,"url":644},{"large":3845},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3847,"component":3848,"responsiveStyles":3852},"builder-8c1c8635807d47da8c9eedd5d8730615",{"name":846,"options":3849},{"symbol":3850},{"data":3851,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3853},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3855,"component":3856,"responsiveStyles":3860},"builder-249fc0c3cf224122ba6cbc8d854745e3",{"name":846,"options":3857},{"symbol":3858},{"data":3859,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3861},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3863,"component":3864,"responsiveStyles":3868},"builder-d8ba394211be49078ad04744ecf1b12d",{"name":846,"options":3865},{"symbol":3866},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":3867},{},{"large":3869},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3871,"component":3872,"responsiveStyles":3876},"builder-d8669b0197304bbb857db105a34b0c07",{"name":846,"options":3873},{"symbol":3874},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":3875},{},{"large":3877},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":3879},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":3881,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":3882,"responsiveStyles":3883},"builder-pixel-y172hr7mhva",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":3884},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[3886],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":3745,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3a028551bef34f59b5ece1b9c73b68cb",1716927041144,1725565483870,1716670048728,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":3892,"componentsUsed":3893,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":3894},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-board-of-trade-building?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=308e7197bf8b4df8b40ce75b736a2350&builder.overrides.308e7197bf8b4df8b40ce75b736a2350=308e7197bf8b4df8b40ce75b736a2350&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact 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expect a massive Beaux Arts block in the heart of the city to be a hub of contemporary arts and culture?\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:36.402Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/reujRxzkVwFwY7NdA",[3907,3909,3911,3913,3915,3918],{"alt":3902,"caption":716,"source":668,"src":3908},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fbc719714444b40c7b3891626183bfd13",{"alt":3902,"caption":716,"src":3910},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fcf3c633f307c4c2ab33b6210f7cbf8e7",{"alt":3902,"src":3912},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F23d694f3f9f04928b8b80c0b2a1605f6",{"alt":3902,"src":3914},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe66c107474ff4e9c9ed8040f90b9518c",{"alt":3902,"caption":3916,"src":3917},"Chicago Cultural Center, Photo courtesy of Jen Aguilar","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F619483cad50c44f8a56ab3f7f433bfdb",{"alt":3902,"caption":3919,"src":3920},"Chicago Cultural Center, Photo courtesy of Raina Regan","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa350c02431e24590a18832dda4476233","1897",[3923],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":3924},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-cultural-center",{"deviceSize":577,"location":3926},{"path":668,"query":3927},{},"78 E. Washington St.",[396],[3931],"Community Center",[3933,4044],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":3934,"meta":3935,"children":3936,"responsiveStyles":4042},"builder-0676bd5795204abe9d6fb6f78c1e05a8",{"previousId":2724},[3937,3945,3962,3976,3991,3999,4026,4034],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3938,"meta":3939,"component":3940,"responsiveStyles":3943},"builder-4a0bb74acefe4ece82017c35ad54d813",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":3941},{"text":3942,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The Chicago Cultural Center’s heavy walls have hosted a dynamic series of events and exhibitions over the years, including the inaugural \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/innovation-in-architecture/what-is-the-chicago-architecture-biennial/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Chicago Architecture Biennial\u003C/a>. The building that became the nation’s first free, city-operated cultural center started out as something quite different.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE CITY’S FIRST PUBLIC LIBRARY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago had no public library until a group of English donors, mistakenly believing that they were replacing books that had burned in the Great Fire of 1871, furnished 8,000 titles to the rebuilding city. The books were housed in an empty iron water tank in 1872, then moved around the Loop until their first permanent home was completed in 1897.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE PEOPLE’S PALACE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Boston architects \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/?architect=23#buildings\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge\u003C/a> had designed the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/art-institute-of-chicago/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Art Institute\u003C/a> for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in the classical style \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Daniel Burnham\u003C/a> set for the fair. Their plans for the city’s first public library followed suit on an even grander scale—to the tune of $2 million. They designed an interior as lavish as the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a> exterior was restrained. Sumptuous \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/marble/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">marbles\u003C/a> and vast, vivid mosaics marked the building’s grand spaces, some inspired by Venetian landmarks.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Today, the Cultural Center’s surmounting glories are a pair of remarkable stained-glass \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/dome/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">domes\u003C/a>. Grand Army of the Republic Hall features an intricate Renaissance pattern, though the glass is dark with age. Preston Bradley Hall’s enormous Tiffany dome—the world’s largest—shines with newly-restored opalescent color. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>By the mid-1960s, the building, like many structures of its age, seemed obsolete. Demolition was a real possibility—although a dogged group of historic preservationists, most notably Charles Staples and the organization that eventually became Landmarks Illinois, advocated tirelessly for its preservation.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When a committee was appointed to determine the future of the building in 1972, Eleanor “Sis” Daley, the reticent wife of Mayor Richard J. Daley, spoke up on its behalf, saying “I am for restoring and keeping all the beautiful buildings.” Her one-sentence pronouncement is perhaps given too much credit for saving the building, but it made clear that preservation advocates had found their mark. A sensitive renovation added exhibition spaces while allowing the building to continue to serve its original purpose for another decade.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Finally, after the dedication of the new \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/harold-washington-library/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Harold Washington Library\u003C/a> in 1991, Lois Weisberg, Mayor Richard M. Daley’s first Commissioner of Cultural Affairs, completed the building’s transformation into the Chicago Cultural Center. The space is now dedicated to making the arts a free and central part of Chicagoans’ everyday lives.\u003C/p>",{"large":3944},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3946,"meta":3947,"component":3948,"responsiveStyles":3960},"builder-5d6f4791601141ff814689c37c9e9881",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":3949},{"factList":3950},[3951,3954,3957],{"body":3952,"title":772,"icon":3953},"\u003Cp>The building's Tiffany dome measures 38 feet in diameter and contains 30,000 pieces of glass! It was restored in 2008.\t\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3955,"title":772,"icon":3956},"\u003Cp>Although they’re the same height overall, the north and south wings of the building have four and five floors, respectively, a vestige of the different purposes for which the wings were originally constructed.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":3958,"title":772,"icon":3959},"\u003Cp>The building’s masonry outer walls are three feet thick.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":3961},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3963,"meta":3964,"component":3965,"responsiveStyles":3974},"builder-912b8510020247799b5e89a42b8d6992",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":3966},{"headline":791,"testimonials":3967},[3968],{"quote":3969,"attribution":3970,"title":3971,"image":3972},"I remember walking into the Cultural Center’s Washington Street entrance around noon and not realizing that there would be a concert in Preston Bradley Hall. Violins played a classical piece while I walked up the grand staircase, with the music filling the place, and I saw the faces of tour-takers as they first glimpsed the largest Tiffany art-glass dome in the world!","Siobhan O’Connor Hartsell","CAC Docent, Class of 2015",{"alt":3970,"src":3973},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F712b7384d2aa46a68b9e165b0f288104",{"large":3975},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":3977,"meta":3978,"component":3979,"responsiveStyles":3989},"builder-21fc92a049824c3eae223138d466b247",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":3980},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":3981,"headline":1224,"button":3988,"copy":623},[3982,3984,3986],{"encyclopediaArticle":3983},{"@type":19,"id":2788,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":3985},{"@type":19,"id":3207,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":3987},{"@type":19,"id":1079,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":3990},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":3992,"component":3993,"responsiveStyles":3997},"builder-6ac4acd96e6e46cf9984836eac72684d",{"name":846,"options":3994},{"symbol":3995},{"data":3996,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":3998},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4000,"component":4001,"responsiveStyles":4024},"builder-caf0812ecb594fc4bc0368b3948bcc85",{"name":846,"options":4002},{"symbol":4003,"inheritState":14},{"data":4004,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":4005},{},{"priority":857,"lastUpdateBy":561,"published":559,"lastUpdated":856,"ownerId":851,"modelId":892,"variations":4006,"data":4007,"previewUrl":858,"createdBy":687,"query":4019,"folders":4020,"name":859,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"createdDate":854,"testRatio":427,"@version":459,"metrics":4021,"meta":4022,"firstPublished":854},{},{"environment":27,"blocks":4008,"inputs":4018},[4009],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":863,"meta":4010,"component":4011,"responsiveStyles":4016},{"previousId":844},{"name":866,"options":4012},{"headline":49,"useDate":51,"subheading":1246,"copy":1247,"button":4013,"pinnedTour":4014},{"title":871,"label":872,"url":50},{"@type":19,"id":4015,"model":21},"071719f04fef47eda77d54b8ecd142d0",{"large":4017},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},[],[],[],{"clicks":894,"impressions":894},{"kind":896,"hasLinks":51,"componentsUsed":4023,"lastPreviewUrl":897},{"City 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Western Avenue",[984],"Brighton Park",{"deviceSize":577,"location":4082},{"path":668,"query":4083},{},[4085,4088,4090,4092,4094,4096,4098],{"src":4086,"alt":4074,"caption":4087},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7b03ac2b20784d19b49ac858583d9786","Photo by John Ronan",{"src":4089,"alt":4074,"caption":4087,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F41fbee77582e4a28937e763345f00180",{"src":4091,"alt":4074,"caption":4087},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fdc720da4f56a466fbe0224d6d227a3c3",{"src":4093,"alt":4074,"caption":4087},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb3ab4b83f4ea4b0c932e2ed90e62354c",{"src":4095,"alt":4074,"caption":4087},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3309a5b0dcc34c28b3ac4284e993e87b",{"src":4097,"alt":4074,"caption":4087},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F43310287c5234394a425d90be0782f52",{"src":4099,"alt":4074,"caption":4087},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4e1c5c826b654e2bbd252a75c44b2533",[4101,4156],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":4102,"meta":4103,"children":4104,"responsiveStyles":4154},"builder-b6747fb507ef4e5c8d9878fcb6bee547",{"previousId":2724},[4105,4114,4122,4130,4138,4146],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4106,"component":4107,"responsiveStyles":4112},"builder-40a3f1abf6c04ae6b2c1e4da448bf541",{"name":3796,"options":4108},{"headline":4109,"videoEmbed":4110,"videoCaption":4111},"Design Matters","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Wgq_iqabz58?si=vfJPsT0-snHx-DLH\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","Design Matters explores how thoughtful design enhances daily life.  Featuring Eleanor Gorski and John Ronan. ",{"large":4113},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4115,"meta":4116,"component":4117,"responsiveStyles":4120},"builder-3a0f115b55bd49b8baa05c8abc1311d8",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":4118},{"text":4119,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The Chicago Park District was founded in 1934 to consolidate 22 separate park districts across the city. One of the nation’s largest municipal park managers, the Chicago Park District is responsible for an extensive network of more than 600 parks, playgrounds, and green spaces, covering more than 8,800 acres throughout the city.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>modern aesthetics with a commitment to sustainability\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>After 20 years in a downtown office, the Chicago Park District officially opened their new administrative headquarters and fieldhouse in June of 2023 in Brighton Park, a southwest side neighborhood that has long been park-deprived. The new building blends modern aesthetics with a commitment to sustainability. The exterior features a harmonious combination of glass, steel, and natural elements including reclaimed Chicago brick, to visually connect the building to the city’s historic fieldhouses. Aluminum screens shield occupants from direct sunlight and increase overall energy efficiency while the windows employ a patterned ceramic frit to lessen the chance of bird collisions. The building’s unique green roof, adorned with native plants and vegetation adds beauty and creates a natural habitat for birds and pollinators while contributing to energy efficiency.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Inside, the building's design focuses on fostering a sense of unity and collaboration. The open- concept layout and pair of interior courtyards encourage interaction and cooperation among employees, while the incorporation of recreational spaces and public gathering areas promotes community engagement and well-being.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In addition to office space for 200 Park District employees, the 17-acre site offers a plethora of areas for community use including a playground, outdoor turf fields, splash pad, indoor basketball courts, fitness center, multi-purpose room and event center. The site itself presented a prime opportunity to remediate an industrial brownfield as new green space. Also, with its easy access to buses and the Western Orange Line station, its transit connections were a major selling point. 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Lower Wacker Drive",[984],{"deviceSize":577,"location":4192},{"path":668,"query":4193},{},[4195,4197,4199,4201],{"src":4196,"alt":4185,"caption":1149,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff60aba0dc52a4c26a3fd4c478fe02a36",{"src":4198,"alt":4185,"caption":1149},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F93f4de317a1f43a6a9fa8cf8a22b6614",{"src":4200,"alt":4185,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F5c93c9b09c6b408888fec02fa269beaf",{"src":4202,"alt":4185,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fdab18518ac0f46748ae0234d0fa6d14c",[4204,4313],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":4205,"meta":4206,"children":4207,"responsiveStyles":4311},"builder-48b9b5bcf7664bafaa210575d24ce36a",{"previousId":2724},[4208,4216,4233,4247,4261,4287,4295,4303],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4209,"meta":4210,"component":4211,"responsiveStyles":4214},"builder-fedb411c44b44b158e9fa2fa178c963b",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":4212},{"text":4213,"padding":1180,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>A MURKY PAST\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Chicago River has been many things over the years: an artery for industrial shipping, a handy place to dump sewage, and an ever-present barrier to transportation and development. 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A section connecting to—and resembling—the Lakefront Trail was built east of Michigan Avenue, incorporating docks for river cruises (including the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/tours/detail/chicago-architecture-foundation-river-cruise-aboard-chicagos-first-lady-cruises/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Chicago Architecture Center River Cruise aboard Chicago’s First Lady\u003C/a>). Extensions westward linked with the McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum and the Chicago Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial Plaza, built in 2005.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A SERIES OF CIVIC ROOMS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Mayor Rahm Emanuel accelerated work on the Riverwalk in 2012. The new stretch is divided into distinctive “rooms,” including:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>The Marina from State to Dearborn\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Cove from Dearborn to Clark\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The River Theater from Clark to LaSalle\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Water Plaza from LaSalle to Wells\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Jetty from Wells to Franklin\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Confluence from Franklin to Lake\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>Each room has a different design and purpose, accommodating diverse activities, from dining and performances to kayaking and fishing. These new Riverwalk sections, along with their commercial and recreational amenities, draw people closer to the river.\u003C/p>",{"large":4215},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4217,"meta":4218,"component":4219,"responsiveStyles":4231},"builder-5a255a2d97954da1be201d71fe45f0b3",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":4220},{"factList":4221},[4222,4225,4228],{"body":4223,"title":772,"icon":4224},"\u003Cp>The Riverwalk has four “districts,” or related groups of rooms, from east to west: Market, Civic, Arcade and Confluence.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4226,"title":772,"icon":4227},"\u003Cp>The Riverwalk was constructed with the expectation that it will occasionally flood when heavy rains raise the level of the river.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4229,"title":772,"icon":4230},"\u003Cp>The framework plan for the Riverwalk was developed by Skidmore Owings & Merrill.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":4232},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4234,"meta":4235,"component":4236,"responsiveStyles":4245},"builder-1862f106069f47618af4af967d33c3f4",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":4237},{"headline":791,"testimonials":4238},[4239],{"quote":4240,"attribution":4241,"title":4242,"image":4243},"Joining a number of new recreational spaces in the city such as The 606 and Maggie Daley Park, the expanded Riverwalk increases the city's available opportunities for the enjoyment of the outdoors. 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Rapp",[4339],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":4340,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-theatre","\u003Cp>American cinema houses like Chicago Theatre evolved alongside new innovations in film. \u003C/p>",[3034],"Chicago Theatre","Chicago Theatre Center (Chicago Theatre; Page Brothers Building)","1921","175 N. State St.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":4349},{"path":668,"query":4350},{},{"seo":4352},{"title":4343},[4354,4356,4358,4360,4362],{"src":4355,"alt":4343,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4c4af4206f724d67a82dbe9b87cf8439",{"src":4357,"alt":4343,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9fbd8b8a85df480fafb2cb40ac187a32",{"src":4359,"alt":4343,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa55e56ac78af40ff9d4444c66aa989d1",{"src":4361,"alt":4343,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa44c5e48531644a3a229774f8e68c73d",{"src":4363,"alt":4343},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc133d74d69c84e26bdcffcc9ae568087",[4365,4477],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":4366,"meta":4367,"children":4368,"responsiveStyles":4475},"builder-6c48d345a1994352a1b8e8fd7e0f40b2",{"previousId":2724},[4369,4377,4397,4411,4424,4432,4459,4467],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4370,"meta":4371,"component":4372,"responsiveStyles":4375},"builder-f0347a3f4d82424d90f4f411940c2eaf",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":4373},{"text":4374,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Around the time that movies began to use sound, the spaces for watching and experiencing them became increasingly extravagant. The Chicago Theatre is a magnificent example of the classic American movie palace.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>NOT THE TV NETWORK\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1902, the first theater specifically designed for showing movies opened in a small storefront in Los Angeles. Three years later, a fancier storefront theater in Pittsburgh charged patrons a nickel to watch movies with piano accompaniment. It was called The Nickelodeon and was among the first of many nickel theaters to pop up around the country. Their huge popularity encouraged filmmakers to begin creating feature-length productions, but there was a problem. Staying longer at the theater wasn’t so appealing, when you consider that hard wooden benches and bare walls were both common. As films got longer, the audience's experience became a focal point for cinema houses.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Chicago Theatre was designed by C. W. (Cornelius Ward) Rapp and George L. Rapp in the “atmospheric style” they used in many of their early cinema palaces. They considered every inch when designing these theaters, in the hope that they’d transport visitors to another time and place. Attention was given to a visitor’s total experience, from the moment she walked through the front door until she sat down in her seat.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Rapp and Rapp designed the Chicago Theatre in their signature Neo-Baroque French-Revival style. The off-white glazed \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> exterior beckons to visitors on the street. Atop the grand marquee is an arch reminiscent of the French Arc de Triomphe. Within it is the logo of the Balaban & Katz movie chain—two horses holding ribbons of 35mm film in their mouths—set inside a circular Tiffany stained-glass window.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The interior is also spectacular, and its design gives visitors the regal treatment. The lobby was inspired by the royal chapel at Versailles, the grand staircase is reminiscent of the Paris Opera, and Louis XIV furnishings were placed throughout the building.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Chicago Theatre led to much success for Rapp and Rapp. The brothers went on to serve as architects for the entire Paramount/Publix chain, eventually designing hundreds of theaters across the country.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Other well-known theaters designed by Rapp and Rapp in Chicago include:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>The Riviera\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Uptown\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Cadillac Palace (originally The New Palace)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Oriental\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch4>A FEW NIPS AND TUCKS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Three times in the building’s history, it has undergone renovations to keep it ready for its close-ups.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>First, it was renovated and redecorated in 1933 in preparation for Chicago’s second World’s Fair, known as “A Century of Progress.“ It was given new interior murals and updated décor.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the 1950s, the theater was modernized. At around this time, the live performances that had been staged there since the theater’s opening were discontinued.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Its most recent renovation came 20 years later. By the late 1970s, the ornate movie house’s popularity had begun to wane; it was closed in September of 1985. In 1986, Chicago Theater Restoration Associates bought the building to save it from demolition. They began a meticulous nine-month, multi-million dollar restoration and reopened the theater on September 10, 1986, with a gala performance by Frank Sinatra.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>\u003Cbr>\u003C/h4>",{"large":4376},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4378,"meta":4379,"component":4380,"responsiveStyles":4395},"builder-8b59cc252e0d4abab4ad28dc56ba2772",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":4381},{"factList":4382},[4383,4386,4389,4392],{"body":4384,"title":772,"icon":4385},"\u003Cp>The Chicago Theatre was originally known as the Balaban and Katz Chicago Theatre when it opened in October of 1921.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4387,"title":772,"icon":4388},"\u003Cp>Mayor Richard M. Daley declared July 12, 2005 \"Roger Ebert Day in Chicago\" and dedicated a plaque under the marquee in his honor.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4390,"title":772,"icon":4391},"\u003Cp>The entire marquee was replaced in 1994, but retains the look of its predecessor. In 2004, the original marquee was donated to the Smithsonian Institute.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4393,"title":772,"icon":4394},"\u003Cp>The 3,600 seat Chicago Theatre auditorium is seven stories high.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":4396},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4398,"meta":4399,"component":4400,"responsiveStyles":4409},"builder-ac995425e6654614a4aad7856a1da967",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":4401},{"headline":791,"testimonials":4402},[4403],{"quote":4404,"attribution":4405,"title":4406,"image":4407},"Constructed in 1921, the Chicago Theatre is one of the earliest grand movie palaces developed by movie moguls Balaban & Katz. These elaborate theaters were spread throughout the city and, along with the movies themselves, offered the movie-goers an escape from their everyday lives.","Cynthia Schneider","CAC Docent, Class of 2010",{"alt":4405,"src":4408},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ffe9d325a800f4ce8ad9ae5c82c1ed79d",{"large":4410},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":4412,"meta":4413,"component":4414,"responsiveStyles":4422},"builder-a47e40492f2c4c2a83b4ffa6d953cff9",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":4415},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":4416,"headline":1224,"button":4421,"copy":623},[4417,4419],{"encyclopediaArticle":4418},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":4420},{"@type":19,"id":1223,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":4423},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4425,"component":4426,"responsiveStyles":4430},"builder-5d4992e5f8024f4693eaf10ec8affde7",{"name":846,"options":4427},{"symbol":4428},{"data":4429,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":4431},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4433,"component":4434,"responsiveStyles":4457},"builder-3a17bbb9c7cd45a3838ee5bdb5bb220f",{"name":846,"options":4435},{"symbol":4436,"inheritState":14},{"data":4437,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":4438},{},{"published":559,"ownerId":851,"previewUrl":858,"testRatio":427,"firstPublished":854,"variations":4439,"priority":857,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"meta":4440,"folders":4442,"modelId":892,"query":4443,"name":859,"data":4444,"lastUpdated":856,"createdDate":854,"@version":459,"lastUpdateBy":561,"createdBy":687,"metrics":4456},{},{"hasLinks":51,"kind":896,"lastPreviewUrl":897,"componentsUsed":4441},{"City 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Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"644addbe3f84417ca9ce5bd287e1b2dd",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":4495,"previewUrl":4496,"data":4497,"modelId":935,"query":4646,"published":559,"screenshot":4648,"firstPublished":4649,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":4650,"createdDate":4651,"createdBy":1291,"meta":4652,"variations":4656,"name":4506,"id":4657,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-water-tower",{"googleMapLink":4498,"forceUpdatedURLOn":4499,"architect":4500,"query":4502,"description":4505,"title":4506,"useType":4507,"officialName":4509,"url":4504,"buildingName":4506,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":4510,"streetAddress":4511,"style":4512,"state":4514,"neighborhood":1849,"seo":4517,"imageList":4519,"blocks":4524},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/73XgkZWcZ8kfqhQAA","2024-08-08T22:12:38.229Z",[4501],"William W. Boyington",[4503],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":4504,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-water-tower","\u003Cp>The ornate castellated Gothic Revival structure was really only built to hide a simple standpipe. \u003C/p>","Chicago Water Tower",[4508],"Infrastructure","Chicago Water Tower and Pumping Station","1869","806 N. Michigan Ave.",[4513],"Gothic Revival",{"deviceSize":577,"location":4515},{"path":668,"query":4516},{},{"seo":4518},{"title":4506},[4520,4522],{"src":4521,"alt":4506,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6f3977efffac416486897411849677a6",{"src":4523,"alt":4506},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F224d356e317547988413f516b9041d37",[4525,4641],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":4526,"meta":4527,"children":4528,"responsiveStyles":4639},"builder-cef9a2e3ca0a4a50868e3d91ebac7090",{"previousId":2724},[4529,4537,4557,4571,4588,4596,4623,4631],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4530,"meta":4531,"component":4532,"responsiveStyles":4535},"builder-4959c41db7ff4454a3e822bf9df37d99",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":4533},{"text":4534,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Even with its humble original intent, the Water Tower's intricate design serves as a perfect illustration of the value and importance the city put on infrastructure and water supply during the late 19th century. Today it’s seen as an investment made to solve crucial water supply issues brought about by the city’s rapid growth.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>DESIGNED TO MEET A CIVIC NEED\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>By the 1860s, Chicago’s water supply was inadequate for its growing population. To solve the problem, Chief Engineer Ellis S. Chesbrough looked to Lake Michigan. Near-shore lake water was too polluted to be used because of runoff from the Chicago River. This prompted an innovative solution. Chesbrough designed a water supply tunnel system running nearly two miles offshore to an intake crib. When the tunnel was completed in 1867, lake water was pumped back to shore through a pumping station. Because the original pumps produced pressure surges and pulsation in the water, a standpipe system was added in 1869.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>William Boyington designed both the pumping works building on the opposite side of Michigan Avenue (then Pine Street) and the Water Tower that houses the standpipe. Both buildings were built with distinctive yellow Joliet \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a>, a very popular building material in the city at the time. Built in Boyington's signature castellated Gothic Revival style, the buildings look like something out of a fairy tale.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>YOU MAY HAVE HEARD...\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>It’s a common myth that the Chicago Water Tower was the only building that remained standing after the Great Fire of 1871. In truth, it only became the most iconic structure left standing. Though large sections of the south and west sides of the city were never touched by the Fire, the Water Tower became a rallying point for the city. It stood as a symbol for a city determined to rise from its own ashes.\u003C/p>",{"large":4536},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4538,"meta":4539,"component":4540,"responsiveStyles":4555},"builder-159adb6bf1b34d85acb93bdc7629926e",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":4541},{"factList":4542},[4543,4546,4549,4552],{"body":4544,"title":772,"icon":4545},"\u003Cp>William Boyington was one of the most prolific Chicago architects of the 19th century, though few of his buildings survive. He used the same castellated Gothic style and Joliet limestone for his gates at Rosehill Cemetery (1864) and for Joliet Prison (1858), both still standing.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4547,"title":772,"icon":4548},"\u003Cp>Though the Great Fire of 1871 wrapped around the Chicago Water Tower and the nearby pumping station, neither were damaged significantly because they were built with little or no wood.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4550,"title":772,"icon":4551},"\u003Cp>In 2014, the small park surrounding the tower was named for former Chicago mayor, Jane Byrne.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4553,"title":772,"icon":4554},"\u003Cp>Today the Water Tower is home to the Chicago Office of Tourism’s art gallery.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":4556},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4558,"meta":4559,"component":4560,"responsiveStyles":4569},"builder-35dce96a5caa4d0da528e69c2b04ba82",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":4561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":4562},[4563],{"quote":4564,"attribution":4565,"title":4566,"image":4567},"We know that the Water Tower and Pumping Station survived the Chicago Fire of 1871. But most do not know that they survived because of a German immigrant fireman, Frank Trautman. He covered the buildings with woolen blankets and discarded canvas sails and kept the covers soaked in lake water.","Maurice Champagne","CAF Docent Class of 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Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"90870b243e42490e9cc5c14ec23bb062":14},{},"0b5aae23610647e59e14382b5671aead",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":4659,"previewUrl":4660,"data":4661,"modelId":935,"query":4793,"published":559,"screenshot":4795,"firstPublished":4796,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":4797,"createdDate":4798,"createdBy":1291,"meta":4799,"variations":4803,"name":4670,"id":4804,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-bungalow",{"googleMapLink":4662,"forceUpdatedURLOn":4663,"architect":4664,"query":4665,"description":4668,"officialName":668,"useType":4669,"title":4670,"url":4667,"buildingName":4670,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":4671,"streetAddress":4672,"style":4673,"neighborhood":4674,"state":4675,"seo":4678,"imageList":4681,"blocks":4692},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/c1zNVepHGeJDaw8M9","2024-08-08T22:12:38.678Z",[],[4666],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":4667,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/chicago-bungalow","\u003Cp>The Chicago Bungalow may appear humble individually, but they are mighty in number.\u003C/p>",[1310],"Chicago bungalow","1919 - 1930","City of Chicago",[],"Citywide",{"deviceSize":577,"location":4676},{"path":668,"query":4677},{},{"seo":4679},{"title":4680},"Chicago Bungalow",[4682,4684,4686,4688,4690],{"src":4683,"alt":4670,"caption":1447,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9cf096355f80428eb10b0ed7ab947136",{"src":4685,"alt":4670,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6997e33bb4d14886a065a25696c9d9a9",{"src":4687,"alt":4670,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7b4b416c3d92447996b8bcf502d5d8cc",{"src":4689,"alt":4670,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8e8b63adbbab4d0a93914bd24b04d2fe",{"src":4691,"alt":4670,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fbfb493b5d0964f0e88e174ffc707a267",[4693,4788],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":4694,"meta":4695,"children":4696,"responsiveStyles":4786},"builder-1ed54fd7b5e04c4588b5d04c53b5b9ee",{"previousId":2724},[4697,4705,4722,4736,4754,4762,4770,4778],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4698,"meta":4699,"component":4700,"responsiveStyles":4703},"builder-b4066a4a08ab4fa6993dd547045ef7a5",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":4701},{"text":4702,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>Devised by investors to profit from the ambitions of an exploding middle class population, the bungalow is iconic for what each of them has in common, as well as for what makes each example unique. The Bungalow Belt neighborhoods encircling the city have provided attractive, high-quality, adaptable housing for generations of Chicagoans—and will continue to do so well into the future.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>POPULATION GROWTH AND SPECULATIVE DEVELOPMENT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Between 1910 and 1930, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in America. In those 20 years, it added more than a million residents. As second generation immigrants moved up the economic ladder, they typically sought to move outside the denser, older neighborhoods where they had grown up. Investors bought up and subdivided the open prairie on the city’s edges to maximize profits. The American Dream of a house with a yard was as strong a lure then as it is now, and the lots sold quickly to families and developers.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Around 1910, an enterprising architect adapted the traditional square wooden bungalow to accommodate Chicago’s standard 125-by-25 lot and its challenging weather. That started a trend that would dominate the next three decades of home building in the city. By the time the Great Depression hit, some 80,000 Chicago Bungalows stood in a great arc surrounding the city, linking such diverse and distant communities as Lincoln Square, Belmont Cragin, Berwyn, Marquette Park, Chatham and South Chicago.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>UNIFORMITY AND VARIETY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Chicago Bungalow is instantly recognizable once you know what to look for:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Brick construction\u003C/li>\u003Cli>One and one-half stories above a basement\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Low-pitched \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/hipped-roof/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">hipped roof\u003C/a> with wide overhangs\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Porch with steps ascending from street level\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Generous windows, sometimes with leaded art glass\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Simple style influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>The Chicago Bungalow allows for adaptability while maintaining stylistic unity:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Bricks may be red, brown, orange, yellow or a patterned mix\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Front roof might contain a central \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/dormer/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">dormer window\u003C/a>, providing light to an attic room\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Porch might be replaced by an enclosed front room, shifting the entrance and steps to the side of the house\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Variations on the Chicago Bungalow might include a standard floor plan, while exterior ornamentation might reference Tudor or Gothic styles\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>Regardless of aesthetic details, craftsmanship and high-quality construction were universal. Bungalows featured modern conveniences, including central heating, electric light and plumbing. Floor plans were fairly standard, with open guest spaces and clearly separated private family spaces. Attics and basements could be finished for extra room.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>BUILT TO LAST\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Bungalows, like many other aspects of life in the city, lost their luster in the latter half of the 20th century. But now, as many of the dwellings turn 100 years old, there has been a resurgence of interest. Chicagoans have increasingly come to see bungalows as a valuable architectural asset and a practical middle ground between the detached houses of suburbia and the density of the city center.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"https://www.chicagobungalow.org/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Chicago Bungalow Initiative\u003C/a>, launched by the City in 2001, helps to bring awareness and appreciation for this building type and advises homeowners on issues such as sympathetic rehabilitations and energy efficiency. At least ten Bungalow Historic Districts have been established, providing tax incentives to owners to preserve and restore these iconic homes. Ever adaptable, Chicago’s Bungalows will continue to provide sought-after housing well into the new century.\u003C/p>",{"large":4704},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4706,"meta":4707,"component":4708,"responsiveStyles":4720},"builder-4dd63bcdc3f54319a3d0a6021fbe00fc",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":4709},{"factList":4710},[4711,4714,4717],{"body":4712,"title":772,"icon":4713},"\u003Cp>Chicago has more than 80,000 bungalows, which make up 1/3 of our city’s single-family housing stock.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4715,"title":772,"icon":4716},"\u003Cp>On a map, these homes appear in an arc 4- to 7-miles from downtown, creating the \"Bungalow Belt.\"\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4718,"title":772,"icon":4719},"\u003Cp>The Bungalow’s open plan, division of space and careful craftsmanship grew out of the Arts and Crafts movement, which advocated honesty, integrity and simplicity in design.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":4721},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4723,"meta":4724,"component":4725,"responsiveStyles":4734},"builder-b53c2eb7738c42d49ad2a8d47bd1ab4a",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":4726},{"headline":791,"testimonials":4727},[4728],{"quote":4729,"attribution":4730,"title":4731,"image":4732},"Chicago Bungalows signify the American Dream realized for our city's immigrants. It's their own home, built of strong brick, mostly common, some a little fancier—sort of like themselves. They're sited on a planned street with lawns, trees, and a stoop to sit upon and chat with their neighbors after a hard day's work. The faux fireplace, built-in bookcase and front room flowing into dining room are ingredients of family life. Located in a neighborhood zoned for parks, schools, workplaces and shops, there is pride in every architectural detail.","Tom Drebenstedt","CAC Docent, Class of 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"092319eb75804943bf88c8ddacb29820",{"createdDate":4806,"id":4807,"name":4808,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":4809,"query":4814,"data":4817,"variations":4931,"lastUpdated":4932,"firstPublished":4933,"previewUrl":4934,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":4935,"createdBy":1291,"lastUpdatedBy":1822,"folders":4936,"rev":950},1716588710532,"d32691e865044bb4bc4dcdb363e0a373","Clarke-Ford House",{"symbolsUsed":4810,"componentsUsed":4811,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":4812,"hasLinks":51,"breakpoints":4813},{"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14},{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/clarke-house?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CcreateProjects&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=d32691e865044bb4bc4dcdb363e0a373&builder.overrides.d32691e865044bb4bc4dcdb363e0a373=d32691e865044bb4bc4dcdb363e0a373&builder.options.locale=Default",{"small":564,"medium":565},[4815],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":4816},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/clarke-house",{"description":4818,"state":4819,"googleMapLink":4822,"query":4823,"url":4816,"architect":4825,"seo":4826,"useType":4829,"neighborhood":4830,"officialName":4831,"style":4832,"originalCompletionDate":4834,"buildingName":4808,"streetAddress":4835,"imageList":4836,"title":4828,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":4843,"blocks":4844},"\u003Cp>Arguably Chicago’s oldest house, the Clarke-Ford House has survived two moves, a fire and decades of unrelenting growth to become an educational monument to the city’s earliest years.\u003C/p>",{"deviceSize":577,"location":4820},{"path":668,"query":4821},{},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/yMYMcM5YZaAbndWZ7",[4824],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":4816},[1330],{"seo":4827},{"title":4828},"Clarke House",[2718],"Near South Side","Henry B. Clarke House",[4833],"Greek Revival","1836","1827 S. Indiana Ave.",[4837,4839,4841],{"src":4838,"source":668,"alt":4828,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff4cfc1c5dbbc4999820f0e6d01cb68dd",{"src":4840,"alt":4828,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7236d0a51de5422487fd12d613d8dc6c",{"src":4842,"caption":1447,"alt":4828},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4a3e9c87911942b0beb34ffbadaa456b","2024-08-08T22:12:39.145Z",[4845,4926],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":4846,"meta":4847,"children":4848,"responsiveStyles":4924},"builder-08f57371729045399601c14ec57f18b3",{"previousId":2724},[4849,4857,4874,4892,4900,4908,4916],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4850,"meta":4851,"component":4852,"responsiveStyles":4855},"builder-14e52c10c5fe4e19afbb9aa83666db42",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":4853,"isRSC":561},{"text":4854,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>OLDER THAN CHICAGO\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago wasn’t incorporated until 1837, but by then it had already begun to attract migrants from other parts of the country. Henry Brown Clarke moved his family from Utica, New York, to the fledgling city of Chicago in 1835. Clarke quickly found success selling hardware and building supplies and began building this home near 16th St and Michigan Ave in 1836. It was the first substantial house in an area that would eventually become the Prairie Avenue District. At the time of its construction, the house was surrounded by open land—what we now know as the South Loop.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Clarke’s house emulated the ancient Greek style. Greek Revival was popular in early America because it linked the new country with ancient democracy. The elements of a Greek temple were brought down to residential scale, with a grand staircase entrance beneath a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/pediment/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">pediment\u003C/a> resting on substantial \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/column/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">columns\u003C/a>, and wooden \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/clapboard-siding/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">clapboard siding \u003C/a>whitewashed to suggest marble. A substantial timber frame gave shape to the house, and its durability has helped the house survive these many years.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Henry Clarke died in 1849 and his widow, Caroline, sold off much of the house’s surrounding land to support their family and continue work on the house. In the 1850s, the rooftop \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/cupola/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">cupola\u003C/a> was installed and a new porch was constructed to face the newly gas-lit Michigan Avenue.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A HOUSE ON THE MOVE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1871, the Clarke-Ford house was purchased and moved several miles to the south. This sort of move was not a terribly uncommon occurrence at the time. It stood near 45th Street and Wabash for more than a century, serving as a residence and later as part of Bishop Louis Henry Ford’s church.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When the church no longer needed the house, the City of Chicago saw an opportunity. Appreciating the structure’s history, the city purchased it and made plans to move the house once again. Shortly before the scheduled move in 1977, a fire damaged the house. Nonetheless, the move went forward in December. Inclement weather led to the house being stuck up in the air for two weeks, when hydraulic jacks used to hoist it up and over the \"L\" froze.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Once installed in its present location, the Chicago Women’s Park, restoration efforts began. Work over many years has returned the house to an appearance the Widow Clarke would recognize. In the process, it has opened a window on early Chicago history for the Clarke House’s many visitors.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In 2022, the City of Chicago officially renamed the Clarke House to the Clarke-Ford House, honoring both its early settler origins and its ties to Chicago’s Black history. The new name recognizes Bishop Louis Henry Ford, a prominent religious and civil rights leader who owned the house for decades and used it as part of the St. Paul Church of God in Christ community. Bishop Ford, who later became the national leader of the Church of God in Christ was known for his activism, public service, and dedication to social justice. Thanks to the care and stewardship of Bishop Ford and his congregation, this rare piece of early Chicago history has been preserved for future generations.\u003C/p>",{"large":4856},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4858,"meta":4859,"component":4860,"responsiveStyles":4872},"builder-fabda976853940da8a21853b382d412a",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":4861,"isRSC":561},{"factList":4862},[4863,4866,4869],{"body":4864,"title":772,"icon":4865},"\u003Cp>Clarke House has been moved twice since it was built, with the second move returning it to a location near its original site.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4867,"title":772,"icon":4868},"\u003Cp>The only older house standing in Chicago is the Noble-Seymour-Crippen House in Norwood Park - but it was only annexed to Chicago in 1893.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":4870,"title":772,"icon":4871},"\u003Cp>The Clarke House was designated a Chicago Landmark in October of 1970.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":4873},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":4875,"meta":4876,"component":4877,"responsiveStyles":4890},"builder-09882da40d0046de9269276f3790f15b",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":4878,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":4879,"headline":1224,"button":4889,"copy":623},[4880,4883,4886],{"encyclopediaArticle":4881},{"@type":19,"id":4882,"model":831},"44d15b3f9e1a933b0dede0df43cece86f3cf2747dc69e4bbee66c31c5aa8d4eb",{"encyclopediaArticle":4884},{"@type":19,"id":4885,"model":831},"1e61780c6c0204e1e396abf4bd3f8803a48ec4e86df0a0875fb4a31bf8953547",{"encyclopediaArticle":4887},{"@type":19,"id":4888,"model":831},"d8c202f6b21b2f39add713dd1ac18aaab7d116efbc77c3ddfe3d79c66c780694",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":4891},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4893,"component":4894,"responsiveStyles":4898},"builder-e2c6170321f5462a88394ded237c83e5",{"name":846,"options":4895,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":4896},{"data":4897,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":4899},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4901,"component":4902,"responsiveStyles":4906},"builder-fbc8c7660c074a568df47d8ebfaab0c4",{"name":846,"options":4903,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":4904},{"data":4905,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":4907},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4909,"component":4910,"responsiveStyles":4914},"builder-ce72e6adcae5449490550560f2bcd0b8",{"name":846,"options":4911,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":4912},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":4913},{},{"large":4915},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4917,"component":4918,"responsiveStyles":4922},"builder-60ea81b090834434b87d70b770ac6fdd",{"name":846,"options":4919,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":4920},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":4921},{},{"large":4923},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":4925},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":4927,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":4928,"responsiveStyles":4929},"builder-pixel-l12kdwvkips",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":4930},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1755709048971,1716909185788,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/clarke-house","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F079117bb546142e983f6419bf48f2c66",[],{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":4938,"previewUrl":4939,"data":4940,"modelId":935,"query":5034,"published":559,"screenshot":5036,"firstPublished":5037,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":5038,"createdDate":5039,"createdBy":1291,"meta":5040,"variations":5044,"name":4949,"id":5045,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/congress-hotel",{"googleMapLink":4941,"forceUpdatedURLOn":4942,"architect":4943,"query":4945,"description":4948,"title":4949,"useType":4950,"officialName":4949,"url":4947,"buildingName":4949,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":4951,"streetAddress":4952,"style":4953,"state":4954,"neighborhood":4957,"imageList":4958,"blocks":4967},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/NteviWkKCcdEmvKY9","2024-08-08T22:12:39.680Z",[4944],"Holabird & Roche",[4946],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":4947,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/congress-hotel","\u003Cp>Along the historic Michigan Avenue Streetwall stands an iconic Chicago landmark—the Congress Hotel. Legendary in its architecture and rich history, the Congress Hotel is a favorite among locals as well as visitors.\u003C/p>","Congress Hotel",[3290],"1907","520 S Michigan Ave",[396],{"deviceSize":577,"location":4955},{"path":668,"query":4956},{},"South Loop",[4959,4961,4964],{"src":4960,"alt":4949,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F35a962d0b12248c58f93442627d9b251",{"src":4962,"alt":4949,"caption":4963},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa89e163b2d694d9488f83afbcbab0d79","Congress Hotel, Chicago - Postcard",{"src":4965,"alt":4949,"caption":4966},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F54a0ba68e22446a8b9b0d81b1b8f8501","An image of the Florentine banquet hall in the Congress Hotel as it appeared in Architectural Review magazine, April, 1913",[4968,5029],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":4969,"meta":4970,"children":4971,"responsiveStyles":5027},"builder-eb0e2e6cb2294f559216e473c99fa9c5",{"previousId":2724},[4972,4979,4995,5003,5011,5019],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4973,"component":4974,"responsiveStyles":4977},"builder-5112203be0bf410bb50f984e8bbaedb0",{"name":741,"options":4975},{"padding":1180,"text":4976},"\u003Cp>Opened in 1893, the Congress Hotel, (originally named the Auditorium Annex), was intended to be an annex to the Auditorium Building across the street. It was built by the famous hotelier R.H. Southgate, opening in time to welcome those attending the 1893 World’s Fair.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The first section—the North Tower—was designed by Clinton Warren, while the second section—the South tower—was completed in 1907 by Holabird and Roche. The Beaux-Arts façade, with its sculpted friezes and detailed cornices, was a popular architectural style at the time. Featured in the new hotel was “Peacock Ally”, an underground marble passageway connecting the Congress Hotel with the Auditorium Hotel.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The hotel's interior was equally impressive, with lavish ballrooms and ornate detailing throughout. The Gold Room features gilded plasterwork and crystal chandeliers and was the first hotel ballroom in America to use air-conditioning. Additional ballrooms, including the Florentine room, the Elizabethan Room, and the Pompeian Room regularly hosted Chicago’s elite social events.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>By 1908, the hotel officially became the Congress Hotel and boasted more than 1,000 guest rooms. The 1920’s brought modern electrical and plumbing, elevating the Hotel’s status. By the early 1930’s, the Congress Hotel became a nighttime hot spot when the Elizabethan Room was transformed into a trendy nightclub featuring a revolving bandstand. From 1935-1936, it was the headquarters for an NBC radio show hosted by Benny Goodman.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>After the outbreak of World War II, the U.S. government purchased the hotel, using it as army headquarters. By 1945, a group of Chicagoans purchased the hotel to save the structure from further neglect. Over the next few decades, millions of dollars were put towards extensive remodeling and modernization.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Congress Hotel has hosted many notable figures and has been nicknamed the “Home of Presidents” for holding events for Presidents Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Franklin Roosevelt.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Congress Hotel is also known to be home to spectral beings as well. From “Peg Leg Johnny” whose ghostly appearance is said to haunt the hotel, to mysterious sounds, eerie apparitions and unexplained phenomenon, supernatural tales have lured paranormal enthusiasts to the Congress Hotel, seeking to uncover the secrets hidden within its walls.\u003C/p>",{"large":4978},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":4980,"meta":4981,"component":4982,"responsiveStyles":4993},"builder-5170dbe88fe545e1820b8f7314dab6da",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":4983},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":4984,"headline":1224,"button":4992,"copy":623},[4985,4987,4990],{"encyclopediaArticle":4986},{"@type":19,"id":2785,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":4988},{"@type":19,"id":4989,"model":831},"af9139298536624eef10ce033fcc2cd35af56fe974eafa4a3b07172848ecbe52",{"encyclopediaArticle":4991},{"@type":19,"id":1223,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":4994},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":4996,"component":4997,"responsiveStyles":5001},"builder-a689aa027e3e4c399d8a09bba76594e3",{"name":846,"options":4998},{"symbol":4999},{"data":5000,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5002},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5004,"component":5005,"responsiveStyles":5009},"builder-56a3e1b7d5d14e46b92afb6b1c6b2b1b",{"name":846,"options":5006},{"symbol":5007},{"data":5008,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5010},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5012,"component":5013,"responsiveStyles":5017},"builder-86a22227547f438f8d06aec684bbfc5f",{"name":846,"options":5014},{"symbol":5015},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":5016},{},{"large":5018},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5020,"component":5021,"responsiveStyles":5025},"builder-5467128206fa4a98aec81b319913f845",{"name":846,"options":5022},{"symbol":5023},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":5024},{},{"large":5026},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":5028},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":5030,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":5031,"responsiveStyles":5032},"builder-pixel-a4gipz1rbzn",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":5033},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[5035],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":4947,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3812f746af9f4d0c9d8ca022072fd1e1",1716909357937,1723218525205,1716588297977,{"lastPreviewUrl":5041,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":5042,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":5043},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/congress-hotel?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=99848954717c4ccba67468e61cfcc846&builder.overrides.99848954717c4ccba67468e61cfcc846=99848954717c4ccba67468e61cfcc846&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Encyclopedia Callout":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"99848954717c4ccba67468e61cfcc846",{"lastUpdatedBy":5047,"folders":5048,"previewUrl":5049,"data":5050,"modelId":935,"query":5184,"published":559,"screenshot":5186,"firstPublished":5187,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":5188,"createdDate":5189,"createdBy":1291,"meta":5190,"variations":5195,"name":5054,"id":5196,"rev":950},"bYIT7ori0lQAHRlq8NHyhBL4MBy1",[],"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/crown-hall",{"architect":5051,"buildingName":5054,"description":5055,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":5056,"googleMapLink":5057,"imageList":5058,"neighborhood":5069,"officialName":5070,"originalCompletionDate":5071,"query":5072,"state":5075,"streetAddress":5078,"style":5079,"title":5054,"url":5074,"useType":5080,"blocks":5082},[5052,695,5053],"C.F. Murphy Associates","Pace Associates","Crown Hall","\u003Cp>Crown Hall is widely considered to be the finest work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:40.088Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/ZvoFsXC8iALdKG5s6",[5059,5061,5063,5065,5067],{"alt":5054,"caption":1447,"source":668,"src":5060},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7412650675434436a2f90d8ab6c39774",{"alt":5054,"caption":716,"src":5062},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2898b5dcf9e8461c9ec0a63a067389df",{"alt":5054,"src":5064},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F57140c14b1b14754a103d439f2f7622d",{"alt":5054,"src":5066},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3178503e8fa244e2935197cba60e61a7",{"alt":5054,"caption":1447,"src":5068},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F46c1e0a8c3424bc8ae44940edb346715","Douglas","S.R. Crown Hall","1956",[5073],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":5074},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/crown-hall",{"deviceSize":577,"location":5076},{"path":668,"query":5077},{},"3360 S. State St.",[1606],[5081],"School",[5083,5179],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":5084,"meta":5085,"children":5086,"responsiveStyles":5177},"builder-304e8d5ec54d40cdab0704a011f6202d",{"previousId":2724},[5087,5095,5115,5129,5145,5153,5161,5169],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5088,"meta":5089,"component":5090,"responsiveStyles":5093},"builder-be00ec8b7ca2474e95fa663998ffaee1",{"previousId":2729},{"name":741,"options":5091,"isRSC":561},{"text":5092,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Built to house the Illinois Institute of Technology’s (IIT) College of Architecture, it showcases many core elements of his design vocabulary and is a jewel of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/mid-century-modernism/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mid-Century Modernism\u003C/a>. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A NEW BUILDING FOR A NEW ARCHITECTURE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe\u003C/a> (or Mies, as he was known) already had a distinguished career before emigrating to the United States in 1937. When he accepted an appointment to head IIT’s College of Architecture (at the time the Armour Institute of Technology) he also agreed to design a master plan for the school’s campus. Mies sought to create a style that reflected the mechanical spirit of the age, and this drive permeated both the curriculum and the buildings he created at IIT.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Crown Hall was not among the first buildings Mies built at IIT, but it is widely regarded as the clearest expression of his ideas:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>The suspended roof, without interior columns, created \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/universal-space/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">universal space\u003C/a> that could be endlessly adapted to new uses.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>His use of off-the-shelf components, including standard glass panes and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">steel\u003C/a> I-beams, made the building economical to construct.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Carefully-proportioned, repetitive elements of the exterior convey both uniformity and precision of construction.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The design is seemingly simple. Mies once described the building as “almost nothing.”\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Sited at a focal point in landscape architect Alfred Caldwell’s campus design, Crown Hall seems to float delicately above the lawn, reachable by a cascading waterfall of travertine marble steps. The lower windows are sandblasted to screen students from outside distractions, while upper windows freely admit light and views of the surrounding trees and sky. The expansive interior space is ever-changing with the rhythms of the academic year.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A GEM RESTORED\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>After nearly 50 years in use, Crown Hall was in need of significant repairs and upgrades to accommodate modern educational practices and facilities. Architects \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/innovation-in-architecture/10-questions-for-an-architect-mark-sexton/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mark Sexton\u003C/a> (of Krueck & Sexton) and Gunny Harboe (then of McClier) led an ambitious $3.6 million restoration project in 2005. The team completed work on the building in only three months, and their project is a celebrated example of historic preservation. Now restored, Crown Hall will continue to inspire the cutting edge of architecture and design for decades to come.\u003C/p>",{"large":5094},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5096,"meta":5097,"component":5098,"responsiveStyles":5113},"builder-4b45a475f21042e7a0115556013b7039",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":5099,"isRSC":561},{"factList":5100},[5101,5104,5107,5110],{"body":5102,"title":772,"icon":5103},"\u003Cp>Crown Hall stands 220’ x 120’, enclosing 26,000 square feet of column-free space.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5105,"title":772,"icon":5106},"\u003Cp>The entire weight of the roof is suspended from just four large steel girders.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5108,"title":772,"icon":5109},"\u003Cp>The IIT campus, which contains the largest collection of Mies buildings in the world, was part of one of the first federally-funded Urban Renewal projects.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5111,"title":772,"icon":5112},"\u003Cp>Crown Hall stands on the site of the Mecca Flats, a notable 1892 apartment building with a colorful history tied to the flowering of black culture in Bronzeville.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":5114},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5116,"meta":5117,"component":5118,"responsiveStyles":5127},"builder-d824f4d4548c49ed98f5fff2505697fb",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":5119,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":5120},[5121],{"quote":5122,"attribution":5123,"title":5124,"image":5125},"All paths on the campus of IIT lead to Crown Hall, literally. The building is the culmination of Mies’ work there. It is simple, elegant and incredibly effective — and very humbling to enter. It is truly a Chicago icon.","Tina Strauss","CAC Docent, Class of 1989",{"alt":5123,"src":5126},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1be5062a9f274facbcdee4a6df95492d",{"large":5128},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":5130,"meta":5131,"component":5132,"responsiveStyles":5143},"builder-603ebbc154964343aca2fdaf1f5c6bd6",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":5133,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":5134,"headline":1224,"button":5142,"copy":623},[5135,5137,5140],{"encyclopediaArticle":5136},{"@type":19,"id":834,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":5138},{"@type":19,"id":5139,"model":831},"33cb67ca3ad576d9700c8e3e277b4b4ef7d3e6a1acc227fe403fc3b427ca7040",{"encyclopediaArticle":5141},{"@type":19,"id":830,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":5144},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5146,"component":5147,"responsiveStyles":5151},"builder-5f053c34704e4970856048e13d3bab8f",{"name":846,"options":5148,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":5149},{"data":5150,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5152},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5154,"component":5155,"responsiveStyles":5159},"builder-3b52279f525e419080fe2fdcb1302ecf",{"name":846,"options":5156,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":5157},{"data":5158,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5160},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5162,"component":5163,"responsiveStyles":5167},"builder-ddc9c586a6274a8397db6116a5edb4ac",{"name":846,"options":5164,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":5165},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":5166},{},{"large":5168},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5170,"component":5171,"responsiveStyles":5175},"builder-7bb33a97943c4f72b090d68d308c0193",{"name":846,"options":5172,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":5173},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":5174},{},{"large":5176},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":5178},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":5180,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":5181,"responsiveStyles":5182},"builder-pixel-rvkw6efca4",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":5183},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[5185],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":5074},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F64b86effbd924312936d2139aca5e088",1716909551837,1772467316721,1716587866128,{"breakpoints":5191,"componentsUsed":5192,"hasAutosaves":51,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":5193,"symbolsUsed":5194},{"medium":2985,"small":564},{"Encyclopedia 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Carousel":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/crown-hall?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CcreateProjects%2CsendPullRequests&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=4a434a1625b24468a2181b75a2228542&builder.overrides.4a434a1625b24468a2181b75a2228542=4a434a1625b24468a2181b75a2228542&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"4a434a1625b24468a2181b75a2228542",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":5198,"previewUrl":5199,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":5200,"firstPublished":5201,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":5202,"createdDate":5203,"createdBy":1291,"meta":5204,"variations":5208,"name":5209,"@originModelId":948,"id":5210,"query":5211,"data":5214,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/edith-farnsworth-house","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F37538dff1185425d9bfa67f415b662a4",1716316533120,1723146918840,1716315553436,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":5205,"componentsUsed":5206,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":5207},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/edith-farnsworth-house?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=5ba1d67011e1ff7368209be7bedd1c38b2d541ca13a0cd323f7681ed42422832&builder.overrides.5ba1d67011e1ff7368209be7bedd1c38b2d541ca13a0cd323f7681ed42422832=5ba1d67011e1ff7368209be7bedd1c38b2d541ca13a0cd323f7681ed42422832&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"the Edith Farnsworth House","5ba1d67011e1ff7368209be7bedd1c38b2d541ca13a0cd323f7681ed42422832",[5212],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":5213,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/edith-farnsworth-house",{"googleMapLink":5215,"architect":5216,"description":5217,"useType":5218,"officialName":5219,"title":5209,"buildingName":5219,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":5220,"streetAddress":5221,"style":5222,"neighborhood":5223,"state":5224,"seo":5227,"imageList":5229,"query":5241,"url":5213,"forceUpdatedURLOn":5243,"blocks":5244},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/QDFCdYAheojkofQe7",[695],"\u003Cp>Most people imagine a rural retreat as a rustic cabin, long on charm and lacking in modern amenities. Legendary architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe instead floated a pristine glass box on a wooded river bank, with windows for walls and a space-age kitchen.\u003C/p>",[1310],"Edith Farnsworth House","1951","14520 River Rd.",[1606],"Plano",{"deviceSize":577,"location":5225},{"path":668,"query":5226},{},{"seo":5228},{"title":5219},[5230,5233,5235,5237,5239],{"src":5231,"alt":5232,"caption":1447,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa47f0bf0ce0848c78750b6dbfdf31379","Farnsworth House",{"src":5234,"alt":5232,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9f31f2a19136411098776c3ae0a04c99",{"src":5236,"alt":5232,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F90b6184a3b4348cdae7ebeb890d9117a",{"src":5238,"alt":5232,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Feba39197dcd341509f294dd98540b0af",{"src":5240,"alt":5232},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fc78b6faf61174326891405e1389c3287",[5242],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":5213,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:19.593Z",[5245,5334],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5246,"meta":5247,"children":5248,"responsiveStyles":5332},"builder-049001f12de14154a16509d5642422e2",{"previousId":996},[5249,5257,5274,5288,5300,5308,5316,5324],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5250,"meta":5251,"component":5252,"responsiveStyles":5255},"builder-d67d9e086683494f82af9f6de7d0019c",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":5253},{"text":5254,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>THE DOCTOR’S WEEKEND RETREAT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Dr. Edith Farnsworth was a wealthy and accomplished nephrologist in 1945 when she commissioned Mies to design a rural weekend home 55 miles southwest of Chicago on the Fox River. She gave the architect a free hand and a generous budget to create a significant modern home. Construction began in 1950 and proceeded quickly with Mies as general contractor, meticulously controlling every detail.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Rumors have long swirled about what went wrong between the architect and his client. Farnsworth’s lawsuit against Mies ultimately sided in his favor, pinning a 30% overrun on escalating materials costs beyond the architect’s control. Mies and Farnsworth would never speak again, and the completion of the house was orchestrated by intermediaries, but the result has become an iconic expression of the International Style.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A GEM OF THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Edith Farnsworth House immediately followed the apartments at \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/860880-north-lake-shore-drive/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">860-800 Lake Shore Drive\u003C/a>, buildings whose glassy gridded walls set the standard for \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/?style=17#buildings\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">International Style\u003C/a> high-rises. Simple industrial materials, and the free and open spaces they enclosed, were, to Mies’ thinking, the best way to reconcile the spirit of the machine age with the creativity and unpredictability of the people within. This concept of “universal space” would shortly come to define one of Mies’ best-regarded works, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/crown-hall/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Hall\u003C/a> at the Illinois Institute of Technology.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Edith Farnsworth House embraces nature, built in a wooded flood plain and oriented around a massive black maple tree. Between two levitating horizontal slabs, the boundary between inside and out is blurred, opened up by expansive glass walls and a near absence of visible structural supports. A solid inner core contains bathrooms and unsightly mechanicals. But the spaces for living flow freely into each other, and into the meadows and river beyond.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>PARADISE IN PERIL\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Dr. Farnsworth enjoyed the house for several decades, until she lost a fight over an encroaching highway bridge. She eventually retired to an Italian villa. The home then came under the ownership of Peter Palumbo, a moneyed architecture aficionado who made the estate into a summer residence and sculpture garden beginning in 1972. Palumbo put the house up for auction in 2003, and fears that it might be relocated spurred a massive fundraising campaign that resulted in its purchase by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and Landmarks Illinois, which operates it as a house museum today. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Encroaching sprawl has continued to threaten Edith Farnsworth House indirectly. Growing stormwater runoff from developed land has caused increasingly frequent severe flooding. Water has twice risen above the floor of the house, causing extensive damage. A debate is currently underway about methods of protecting the house, including moving it to higher ground on the same property or outfitting it with a system to physically lift it higher in the event of a flood.\u003C/p>",{"large":5256},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5258,"meta":5259,"component":5260,"responsiveStyles":5272},"builder-8748205c2e2a46cb917363bbb4919ade",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":5261},{"factList":5262},[5263,5266,5269],{"body":5264,"title":772,"icon":5265},"\u003Cp>Edith Farnsworth House was the first single-family residence that Mies van der Rohe designed in the U.S. after emigrating from Germany.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5267,"title":772,"icon":5268},"\u003Cp>Some of the new furnishings now found in the house were specially designed by architect Dirk Lohan, the grandson of Mies van der Rohe.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5270,"title":772,"icon":5271},"\u003Cp>A new structure, known jokingly as “Barnsworth,” now sits adjacent to the visitor center. Inside, a massive teak wardrobe and closet—a core part of the Edith Farnsworth House that’s difficult to move—is protected from further flood damage.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":5273},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5275,"meta":5276,"component":5277,"responsiveStyles":5286},"builder-5aacc02b6c5a4b49b24a2052c12ec619",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":5278},{"headline":791,"testimonials":5279},[5280],{"quote":5281,"attribution":5282,"title":5283,"image":5284},"While Mies employed the same vocabulary—steel, large expanses of plate glass and stone—at Farnsworth as he did for his other projects of the time, the house conveys a much different feeling from his other work. Painted an elegant white instead of an industrial black, small and intimate, set alone rather than sited on a campus or city grid and gently lifted above a riverbank and meadow, Farnsworth House uniquely illustrates the softer side of Mies’s architecture.","Marc J. Boxerman","CAC Docent, Class Of 1998",{"alt":5282,"src":5285},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe30644b956d5455c9d63b22f28b56dc0",{"large":5287},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5289,"component":5290,"responsiveStyles":5298},"builder-da2c0868994d42af80b1a0afead64ed5",{"name":821,"options":5291},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":5292,"headline":2792,"button":5297},[5293,5295],{"encyclopediaArticle":5294},{"@type":19,"id":834,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":5296},{"@type":19,"id":830,"model":831},{"label":2794,"title":2794,"url":644},{"large":5299},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5301,"component":5302,"responsiveStyles":5306},"builder-36509b09bcb042f68b3d354c7f32f5ba",{"name":846,"options":5303},{"symbol":5304},{"data":5305,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5307},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5309,"component":5310,"responsiveStyles":5314},"builder-f18c710b260e4ecba7551cecc0cfc119",{"name":846,"options":5311},{"symbol":5312},{"data":5313,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5315},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5317,"component":5318,"responsiveStyles":5322},"builder-293f26716c774bfc9e35d08a33b568d5",{"name":846,"options":5319},{"symbol":5320},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":5321},{},{"large":5323},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5325,"component":5326,"responsiveStyles":5330},"builder-487d8b6699174d16b29e1a05f66a6227",{"name":846,"options":5327},{"symbol":5328},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":5329},{},{"large":5331},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":5333},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":5335,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":5336,"responsiveStyles":5337},"builder-pixel-tk52r0xe2em",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":5338},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":5340,"previewUrl":5341,"data":5342,"modelId":935,"query":5481,"published":559,"screenshot":5483,"firstPublished":5484,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":5485,"createdDate":5486,"createdBy":1291,"meta":5487,"variations":5491,"name":5351,"id":5492,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/elks-national-memorial",{"googleMapLink":5343,"forceUpdatedURLOn":5344,"architect":5345,"query":5347,"description":5350,"title":5351,"useType":5352,"officialName":5354,"url":5349,"buildingName":5351,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":5355,"streetAddress":5356,"style":5357,"neighborhood":5358,"state":5359,"imageList":5362,"blocks":5377},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/CAMNFwbtPZGsLTrp6","2024-08-08T22:12:40.804Z",[5346],"Egerton Swartwout",[5348],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":5349,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/elks-national-memorial","\u003Cp>Overlooking a quiet corner of Lincoln Park stands a large domed Beaux Arts building. \u003C/p>","Elks National Memorial",[5353],"Memorial","Elks National Memorial Building and Headquarters","1926","2750 N. Lakeview Ave.",[396],"Lincoln Park",{"deviceSize":577,"location":5360},{"path":668,"query":5361},{},[5363,5365,5367,5369,5371,5373,5375],{"src":5364,"alt":5351,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F034ab707e6ac499698e1a6eecab8bb90",{"src":5366,"alt":5351},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff1c2993c7b184c6994b408b475f6d6b5",{"src":5368,"alt":5351},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F003eeae5155d4e599623487379b587d5",{"src":5370,"alt":5351},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fdc9b824005a349bfa2040c17921684f9",{"src":5372,"alt":5351},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1291aa48667b46cf8f48147495e41833",{"src":5374,"alt":5351},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2801a2b92f9c414291f83ece0ba2591a",{"src":5376,"alt":5351,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa73852b849d14da18598daaea057b437",[5378,5476],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":5379,"meta":5380,"children":5381,"responsiveStyles":5474},"builder-296e41ccddb04eda915f5818fe3db9ec",{"previousId":2724},[5382,5390,5404,5424,5442,5450,5458,5466],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5383,"meta":5384,"component":5385,"responsiveStyles":5388},"builder-477c913df2ba421582811a54fb18f401",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":5386},{"text":5387,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Life-sized bronze elks offer the only outward clue to the building’s identity: the Elks National Memorial and Headquarters.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>HONORING THE WAR DEAD\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In the years after the first World War, numerous memorials were built to honor the sacrifice of those who died in service. The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, a fraternal organization, launched a competition to design a fitting memorial to its 1000+ fallen members. The American Institute of Architects reviewed seven strong design proposals and selected Egerton Swartwout to build the memorial.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Swartwout honed his Beaux Arts design skills at the noted firm of McKim Mead & White, where he had a hand in designing Columbia University’s Low Memorial Library, whose dome bears some resemblance to the memorial. Swartwout was also a principal of the firm selected to build the Missouri State Capitol, completed in 1917.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A MONUMENTAL WAR MEMORIAL\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Swartwout brought his experience designing lavish Beaux Arts buildings to the memorial project. It truly is monumental with its enormous \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/dome/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">dome\u003C/a> resting on encircling columns, executed in durable Indiana \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>One of the interior’s dominant features is an immense rotunda, decorated with a spectrum of colored marbles imported from Greece, Austria, France, Belgium and Italy—as well as Vermont, Tennessee, Alabama and Missouri. Lavish \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/fresco/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">frescoes\u003C/a>, chandeliers, statuary and stained glass windows show that no expense was spared to memorialize the victims of war.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A LIVING MEMORIAL\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Since its dedication in 1924, the Elks National Memorial has also served as the national headquarters of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Over the years, the building has been re-dedicated several times to serve as a remembrance of Elks who died in all wars. Harboe Architects completed an extensive but sensitive restoration and renovation in 2013, ensuring that this awe-inspiring building will continue on for many years as a living memorial to those who died.\u003C/p>",{"large":5389},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5391,"meta":5392,"component":5393,"responsiveStyles":5402},"builder-7c8f789119b641b09e2bd178923d9edc",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":5394},{"headline":791,"testimonials":5395},[5396],{"quote":5397,"attribution":5398,"title":5399,"image":5400},"The Elks National Memorial is a beautiful example of the Beaux Arts style. It’s an American interpretation of classical greatness.","Gregory Dreyer","CAC Docent, Class of 2007",{"alt":5398,"src":5401},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff60287d26b0543879e5bd95e49a4fd90",{"large":5403},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5405,"meta":5406,"component":5407,"responsiveStyles":5422},"builder-8e102d463894404bb0e20c213f3dd524",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":5408},{"factList":5409},[5410,5413,5416,5419],{"body":5411,"title":772,"icon":5412},"\u003Cp>In Chicago, war memorials are often built with practical uses. For example, Soldier Field honors soldiers of World War I, Municipal Pier changed its name to Navy Pier to honor naval personnel, and the Elks Memorial is also the organization’s national headquarters.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5414,"title":772,"icon":5415},"\u003Cp>The four heroic figures in the rotunda, sculpted by James Earle Fraser, represent the four cardinal virtues of the Elks: brotherly love, charity, fidelity and justice.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5417,"title":772,"icon":5418},"\u003Cp>The dome rises 96’ over the floor of the rotunda.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5420,"title":772,"icon":5421},"\u003Cp>American sculptor Laura Gardin Fraser is responsible for the life-size elks that seem to guard the property near its Lakeview Ave entrance. 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"a4a5815f91c44cd4bfcf23026f7b24f0",{"createdDate":5494,"id":5495,"name":5496,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":5497,"query":5502,"data":5505,"variations":5632,"lastUpdated":5633,"firstPublished":5634,"previewUrl":5635,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":5636,"createdBy":1291,"lastUpdatedBy":681,"folders":5637,"rev":950},1716585158731,"da4509bfa1434638bd618e9a46dcbf89","Emil Bach 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427},[5503],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":5504},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/emil-bach-house",{"title":5496,"architect":5506,"buildingName":5496,"state":5507,"streetAddress":5510,"forceUpdatedURLOn":5511,"style":5512,"officialName":5496,"environment":27,"imageList":5514,"url":5504,"neighborhood":5521,"useType":5522,"description":5523,"query":5524,"originalCompletionDate":5526,"googleMapLink":5527,"blocks":5528},[3482],{"location":5508,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":5509},{},"7415 N. Sheridan Rd.","2024-08-08T22:12:41.518Z",[5513],"Prairie",[5515,5517,5519],{"src":5516,"source":668,"alt":5496},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F347f5013080946aeb17bb12e3222b0b7",{"alt":5496,"caption":1447,"src":5518},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F258c676c24c248cda5417049c41d27e5",{"src":5520,"caption":1447,"alt":5496},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb220785461014a788e63ed6b1317b02d","Rogers Park",[1310],"\u003Cp>Prairie School architecture is often associated with sprawling structures that hug the ground. The Emil Bach House shows us a different side of the Prairie style: a compact, city-friendly side.\u003C/p>",[5525],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":5504},"1915","https://maps.app.goo.gl/4JsRLqEkv7xDRDyi6",[5529,5627],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":5530,"meta":5531,"children":5532,"responsiveStyles":5625},"builder-88ac7e26cb174a0fa6c31a7b57ccd541",{"previousId":2724},[5533,5541,5558,5571,5579,5593,5601,5609,5617],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5534,"meta":5535,"component":5536,"responsiveStyles":5539},"builder-86bba334ca764a59a25b676b4c9d6110",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":5537,"isRSC":561},{"text":5538,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>KEEPING UP WITH THE BACHS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The story of the Emil Bach House begins in 1909 when \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/frank-lloyd-wright/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Frank Lloyd Wright\u003C/a> designed a home in the sparsely settled lakefront area that we now know as Rogers Park. Otto Bach purchased the house from its original owners, the Steffens family, three years later. Otto’s brother, Emil, admired the house so much that he commissioned his own to be designed by Wright and built nearby. The Emil Bach House was completed in 1915.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>PRAIRIE MEETS CITY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Wright’s Prairie Style is most frequently associated with low-slung, sprawling designs like \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/robie-house/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Robie House\u003C/a>. But the Prairie style vocabulary allows for versatility. That versatility is showcased in the Emil Bach house. It utilizes common Prairie materials, color schemes and forms, organized to accommodate a city-sized lot.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Emil Bach house has a compact footprint and cubic geometry. It’s almost as though Wright anticipated the growth of Rogers Park when he designed it. Though the house predates the dense development that has sprung up around it, it looks perfectly at home in today’s urban context.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Unmistakable Prairie School design details:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Overhanging eaves\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Central fireplace\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Cross-axial plan\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Geometric wood trim\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>The home was designed and positioned on its lot to have maximum views of Lake Michigan. When it was constructed, no other buildings blocked its lake view. Though it no longer has unobstructed views, recent work on the house fully restored the rear porch and sundeck to expand the lake view.\u003C/p>",{"large":5540},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5542,"meta":5543,"component":5544,"responsiveStyles":5556},"builder-9f2a66080b044af29f986c9be64df226",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":5545,"isRSC":561},{"factList":5546},[5547,5550,5553],{"body":5548,"title":772,"icon":5549},"\u003Cp>The 1909 Otto Bach House that led to the Emil Bach House was demolished in 1963.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5551,"title":772,"icon":5552},"\u003Cp>The Emil Bach House was extensively restored and is now open to the public as a bed and breakfast.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5554,"title":772,"icon":5555},"\u003Cp>Frank Lloyd Wright published “A Fireproof House for $5000” in the Ladies Home Journal in 1907. His plans for the Emil Bach House drew heavily on those core design ideas.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":5557},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5559,"meta":5560,"component":5561,"responsiveStyles":5569},"builder-166ae4eac3064df18c582940815cbe71",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":5562,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":5563},[5564],{"quote":5565,"attribution":5566,"title":5567,"image":5568},"The Emil Bach House is the only remaining example of Wright’s designs using a flat roof over cubic masses in the city of Chicago. 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Masse Studio",{"lastPreviewUrl":5644,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":5645,"symbolsUsed":5646,"hasLinks":51},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/en-masse-studio?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=3ea530f0cb044cf486e2640cd6f3ca69&builder.overrides.3ea530f0cb044cf486e2640cd6f3ca69=3ea530f0cb044cf486e2640cd6f3ca69&builder.options.locale=Default",{"City Tours Carousel":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Buildings Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia 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Ave",[5673,5776],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":5674,"meta":5675,"children":5677,"responsiveStyles":5774},"builder-4bac294888304ed1a6f71f54e33be47f",{"previousId":5676},"builder-891771bd853542b5b6cf89f8345ba6c5",[5678,5686,5695,5702,5720,5731,5741,5754,5764],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5679,"component":5680,"responsiveStyles":5684},"builder-4c0af5d155794bc8b214311e21fdf59d",{"name":3796,"options":5681},{"headline":4109,"videoEmbed":5682,"videoCaption":5683},"\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/C1VPbDx-sX0?si=U1hP-v1XUWrWWtZN&controls=0\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","Design Matters explores how thoughtful design enhances daily life. Featuring Eleanor Gorski and Mike Shively.",{"large":5685},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5687,"meta":5688,"component":5690,"responsiveStyles":5693},"builder-24b0d44391054c68a4097acf1d333f9c",{"previousId":5689},"builder-cc086d0e23864f0e9db546c44ad48575",{"name":741,"options":5691},{"text":5692,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>What do you get when you combine the inspiration of Le Corbusier, van der Rohe, and Johnson and shape it into a multi-use structure in one of Chicago’s historic neighborhoods?  You get En Masse—a building that houses a coffee shop, architecture firm, rentable living space, and private residence in the form of a modernized 4-flat in Logan Square.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Tucked between historic grey stones, the structure was built on land that remained vacant since the 1970’s. While the architects were inspired by works of the past, the building achieves the difficult task of blending into the vintage charm of the neighborhood while standing out for its modernity.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>En Masse is a local Chicago architecture firm whose name reflects their belief in teamwork and equal contributions to the creative process.\u003C/p>",{"large":5694},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5696,"component":5697,"responsiveStyles":5700},"builder-c53c2f7cad6e44daaeddca246b03b3fa",{"name":3796,"options":5698},{"headline":4109,"videoEmbed":5699,"videoCaption":5683},"\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/VIpqCxNDNXE?si=dV4kba5fgOHgNkJa\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"large":5701},{"display":674,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5703,"meta":5704,"component":5706,"responsiveStyles":5718},"builder-6d86a9bdf4e3427d83c05fd5992e5339",{"previousId":5705},"builder-cb3c73f76c9d422e9eacc8110cab6883",{"name":767,"options":5707},{"factList":5708},[5709,5712,5715],{"body":5710,"title":772,"icon":5711},"\u003Cp>Logan Square was once home to Olson Park and Waterfall, a manmade waterfall complex built during the Great Depression that became a popular family destination until it closed in 1971. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5713,"title":772,"icon":5714},"\u003Cp>Richard Nickel, a Polish-American architectural photographer and historical preservationist, spent his childhood growing up in Logan Square.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5716,"title":772,"icon":5717},"\u003Cp>Milwaukee Avenue is one of the oldest roads in the area—tracing its origin prior to 1830 as a Native American trail.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":5719},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5721,"meta":5722,"component":5724,"responsiveStyles":5729},"builder-f47bcd9aec564f36854f0c572fc1240c",{"previousId":5723},"builder-2c8101acab3440138dcb5fe7cc46666b",{"name":866,"options":5725},{"headline":49,"useDate":14,"subheading":5726,"copy":1247,"button":5727},"What's Next",{"title":872,"label":872,"url":5728},"/",{"large":5730},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":5732,"meta":5733,"component":5735,"responsiveStyles":5739},"builder-94194afc44484869b20960642db01efb",{"previousId":5734},"builder-813ea52a04d34103a014af67cc17093d",{"name":821,"options":5736},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":5737,"headline":1083,"button":5738,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":5740},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5742,"meta":5743,"component":5745,"responsiveStyles":5752},"builder-167cfd0b8998401f8a81906ca8136b12",{"previousId":5744},"builder-6761684249044038b724170ccf7aa5fb",{"name":5746,"options":5747},"Buildings Carousel",{"automaticallyFetchBuildings":14,"headline":112,"manualBuildingsList":5748,"button":5749},[],{"label":5750,"title":5751,"url":113},"View all","View all buildings",{"large":5753},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5755,"meta":5756,"component":5758,"responsiveStyles":5762},"builder-eebed6da86874563a72e485b5c452077",{"previousId":5757},"builder-2468f972c81d47a8986a28aaad3694d2",{"name":846,"options":5759},{"symbol":5760},{"entry":915,"model":850,"ownerId":851,"data":5761},{},{"large":5763},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5765,"meta":5766,"component":5768,"responsiveStyles":5772},"builder-c27f821f0f174451842e2f7c9943d110",{"previousId":5767},"builder-d516938021fa4fbcbf4fce0cface781f",{"name":846,"options":5769},{"symbol":5770},{"entry":924,"model":850,"ownerId":851,"data":5771},{},{"large":5773},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":5775},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":5777,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":5778,"responsiveStyles":5779},"builder-pixel-yjmnjh7cih",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":5780},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"deviceSize":577,"location":5782},{"path":668,"query":5783},{},{},1738688825460,1738267070259,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/en-masse-studio","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8c539386afb44f26a994b9965dc53cda",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":5790,"previewUrl":5791,"data":5792,"modelId":935,"query":5923,"published":559,"screenshot":5925,"firstPublished":5926,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":5927,"createdDate":5928,"createdBy":1291,"meta":5929,"variations":5933,"name":5802,"id":5934,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/federal-center",{"googleMapLink":5793,"forceUpdatedURLOn":5794,"query":5795,"architect":5798,"description":5799,"useType":5800,"title":5802,"officialName":5803,"url":5797,"buildingName":5802,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":5804,"streetAddress":5805,"style":5806,"neighborhood":712,"state":5807,"imageList":5810,"blocks":5819},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/39WFJcRrHxe5KZZZ9","2024-08-08T22:12:41.940Z",[5796],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":5797,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/federal-center",[695],"\u003Cp>Eliminating the usual pomp and circumstance of civic buildings, the Federal Center has become a beacon of Mid-Century Modernism and a Chicago icon. \u003C/p>",[5801],"Government","Federal Center","Chicago Federal Center","1958-1974","219 S. Dearborn St.",[1606],{"deviceSize":577,"location":5808},{"path":668,"query":5809},{},[5811,5813,5815,5817],{"src":5812,"alt":5803,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F63560d170b3d4d8c86d6aae2836eadda",{"src":5814,"alt":5803},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fdfa42dfe8ea9421aabb0a61e3b5056d3",{"src":5816,"alt":5803},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9b61c12112e04325979ffb58a626d2e6",{"src":5818,"alt":5803},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F5e23c7aa4af74175a9ca82fc5565838d",[5820,5918],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":5821,"meta":5822,"children":5823,"responsiveStyles":5916},"builder-7e0e4dc04e2d41968fd82e8971fc48f0",{"previousId":2724},[5824,5832,5855,5868,5884,5892,5900,5908],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5825,"meta":5826,"component":5827,"responsiveStyles":5830},"builder-3ce6856df99a4f00beb0fc6d78fb2d7e",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":5828},{"text":5829,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>The Chicago Federal Center, designed by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe\u003C/a>, is a monument to the architect’s maxim, “Less is more.” Simplified, modern and efficient, the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">steel\u003C/a> and glass buildings embody the Miesian vocabulary. Its 1974 completion signified a new era in the form and function of public architecture.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>MAYOR RICHARD J. DALEY REVITALIZES CITY WITH ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>During the late 1950s, downtown Chicago was bleeding businesses and its economy was struggling. Mayor Richard J. Daley saw an opportunity to take advantage of a U.S. government plan to update and replace federal facilities nationwide. His 1959 urban renewal plan called on the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) to replace the 1905 Federal Building. The GSA commissioned Mies to design a new complex that would serve as an integral part of the Loop's revitalization.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Components of Chicago Federal Center:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Everett McKinley Dirksen Building: 219 S. Dearborn Street\u003C/li>\u003Cli>John C. Kluczynski Building: 230 S. Dearborn Street\u003C/li>\u003Cli>U. S. Post Office, Loop Station: 219 S. Clark Street\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch4>MIES PROVES “GOD IS IN THE DETAILS”\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In his design process, Mies developed three different schemes for the site, playing with various combinations of government offices, a courthouse and a post office. In his final design, he separated those functions into three distinct buildings all situated on an open plaza. Today, the plaza hosts festivals, farmers markets and protests—activities that signify the vibrant relationships between citizens, business and government.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The glass and steel buildings are constructed on a rigid grid system. Every element of the three-building complex—every column, light fixture, bench, door and paver—lines up on the grid. From the center of the plaza, you could spend hours finding all the places where the architectural elements align perfectly. In fact, we dare you to find one spot where they don’t. Mies’ meticulous design illustrates another of his famous maxims, “God is in the details.”\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Despite this rigidity, the Federal Center’s design produces what architecture critic Franz Schulze calls, “a monumental urban presence.” Eliminating the usual pomp and circumstance of civic buildings, the Federal Center has become a beacon of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/international-style/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">International Style\u003C/a> and a Chicago icon.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":5831},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5833,"meta":5834,"component":5835,"responsiveStyles":5853},"builder-962926f6cc7041dc8c495542c1d8fed7",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":5836},{"factList":5837},[5838,5841,5844,5847,5850],{"body":5839,"title":772,"icon":5840},"\u003Cp>The complex occupies a 4 1/2 acre site that is paved in light gray granite. The pavers continue into each building’s interior, where the  only difference is that the granite is polished.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5842,"title":772,"icon":5843},"\u003Cp>Federal Plaza is home to Alexander Calder’s Flamingo. The graceful, curvilinear work of art is a complementary contrast to the stark Miesian architecture surrounding it.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5845,"title":772,"icon":5846},"\u003Cp>When additional security bollards were added to the plaza long after Mies’ death, Gene Summers, a disciple of the architect, was consulted to ensure placement would adhere to Mies’ exacting standards.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5848,"title":772,"icon":5849},"\u003Cp>Everett McKinley Dirksen Building houses federal courtrooms and was named after the Republican senator from Illinois.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":5851,"title":772,"icon":5852},"\u003Cp>The John C. Kluczynski Building is a 42-story office tower named after the former Democratic congressman.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":5854},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5856,"meta":5857,"component":5858,"responsiveStyles":5866},"builder-8f9b4b2af3cc45b5a5d1a48c09942a22",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":5859},{"headline":791,"testimonials":5860},[5861],{"quote":5862,"attribution":5863,"title":5864,"image":5865},"Modernism is the style that changed our visual world in the 20th century, and Chicago’s Federal Center is among the world’s most important modernist sites. These structures display the features that make great works of modernism so compelling: dramatic profiles, spatial energy, and striking visual contrasts and harmonies.","Bill Shapiro","CAC Docent, Class of 2000",{"alt":5863},{"large":5867},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":5869,"meta":5870,"component":5871,"responsiveStyles":5882},"builder-92fc1f15368148bea6324554a5cc3d90",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":5872},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":5873,"headline":1224,"button":5881,"copy":623},[5874,5876,5879],{"encyclopediaArticle":5875},{"@type":19,"id":830,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":5877},{"@type":19,"id":5878,"model":831},"c208bc29c08de2c7f6dd0244154fef5cb45a66320df930a8b59ff153618a4036",{"encyclopediaArticle":5880},{"@type":19,"id":1925,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":5883},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5885,"component":5886,"responsiveStyles":5890},"builder-d3546266f4f04ca7936930e5575dad43",{"name":846,"options":5887},{"symbol":5888},{"data":5889,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5891},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5893,"component":5894,"responsiveStyles":5898},"builder-191b9d66cd2c4eb1b86ac5775936ed68",{"name":846,"options":5895},{"symbol":5896},{"data":5897,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":5899},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5901,"component":5902,"responsiveStyles":5906},"builder-ad5ecfbc33d84ed4a070906d437d4fd3",{"name":846,"options":5903},{"symbol":5904},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":5905},{},{"large":5907},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5909,"component":5910,"responsiveStyles":5914},"builder-9befa4b8b4b9436ea6ba68b5455d4272",{"name":846,"options":5911},{"symbol":5912},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":5913},{},{"large":5915},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":5917},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":5919,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":5920,"responsiveStyles":5921},"builder-pixel-2jlx2abjdsv",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":5922},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[5924],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":5797,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe25102ccef6d49b4bd7e0bfe1c9c8d72",1716910080393,1723218727269,1716584606581,{"lastPreviewUrl":5930,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":5931,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":5932},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/federal-center?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=debef460517a4dc9804760b6cd353585&builder.overrides.debef460517a4dc9804760b6cd353585=debef460517a4dc9804760b6cd353585&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"debef460517a4dc9804760b6cd353585",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":5936,"previewUrl":5937,"data":5938,"modelId":935,"query":6067,"published":559,"screenshot":6069,"firstPublished":6070,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":6071,"createdDate":6072,"createdBy":680,"meta":6073,"variations":6078,"name":5948,"@originModelId":948,"id":6079,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/fine-arts-building",{"address":5939,"googleMapLink":5940,"forceUpdatedURLOn":5941,"query":5942,"architect":5945,"description":5947,"themeId":51,"officialName":5948,"useType":5949,"title":5948,"url":5944,"buildingName":5948,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":5950,"streetAddress":5951,"style":5952,"neighborhood":712,"state":5954,"imageList":5957,"blocks":5982},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/sHQgeM5QPTBxA5rr6","https://maps.app.goo.gl/5rLzZpozZmjvaD3n7","2024-08-08T22:13:22.977Z",[5943],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":5944,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/fine-arts-building",[5946],"Solon S. Berman","\u003Cp>The Fine Arts Building has been a haven for artists and architecture buffs for decades.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>","Fine Arts Building",[701],1898,"410 S Michigan Ave",[5953],"Richardsonian Romanesque",{"deviceSize":577,"location":5955},{"path":668,"query":5956},{},[5958,5960,5962,5964,5966,5968,5970,5972,5974,5976,5978,5980],{"src":5959,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F648a2fdeeabe4ce2bcecf75200d17b94",{"src":5961},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F91247d3af2a441adbcfe9bcb921bed67",{"src":5963},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb104eb6a2adf4299a2ada8fa64b52f64",{"src":5965},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4c63a671edae4f98b180bfbb05cdaec2",{"src":5967},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F81845d9e77a440f492ea51f41011c4d8",{"src":5969,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F20c6eefdffe145ceabb76cd8366a7a54",{"src":5971,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F21c20cbe77e140acb47134866c97573f",{"src":5973,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd3ce54fa0e7f4b008fed3fcb410b81b8",{"src":5975,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F8c0e36a2b2464fad9a57888f12a3c129",{"src":5977,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F34915577b55248caa6971507d5f59181",{"src":5979,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F6a4ba704f1e84b51bb7536b98a14b6f2",{"src":5981},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fac20a444e8f84cf4822c6ddb61277041",[5983,5990,6003,6016,6030,6038,6046,6054,6062],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5984,"component":5985,"responsiveStyles":5988},"builder-e2ab99fe5d0e49ee8f17fd0ba9e6d897",{"name":741,"options":5986},{"text":5987,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>It is an excellent example of adaptive reuse, and today dozens of artists and arts organizations benefit from its charming studios and performance spaces.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In 1883, the Studebaker Carriage Company planned to make Chicago the center of its retail business while maintaining manufacturing in South Bend, Indiana. Two years later, the company commissioned what was originally known as the Studebaker Building on Michigan Avenue to serve as a carriage factory and showroom.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>By 1896, having secured larger manufacturing quarters, the Studebaker family converted the building to studios for artists, musicians, architects and others. The building became a home to both the women’s suffrage movement and the Arts and Crafts movement in the Midwest. To this day, it houses artists’ lofts, art galleries, dance and recording studios, interior design firms, musical instrument makers and other businesses associated with the arts. Classical piano music echoes through its corridors as visitors take one of the last manually operated passenger elevators in the city up to tour violin makers’ studios or hear a performance by the Jazz Institute of Chicago.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>INNER AND OUTER BEAUTY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The building was designed by Solon S. Beman and was highly influenced by the then-popular Richardson Romanesque style. Its 11-story\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/load-bearing-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"> load-bearing \u003C/a>walls feature rusticated \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/granite/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">granite\u003C/a> and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a> piers, ornamented \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/column/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">columns\u003C/a> and round \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/arch/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">arches\u003C/a> accommodating five bays of oriel windows. Five stories of smaller window groupings above the arches complete a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> that is capped by a decorative \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/cornice/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">cornice\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Though the building is spectacular from the street, it is all the more enchanting inside. During the 1898 restoration, the building’s “Venetian Court”—a courtyard in the middle of the building with a light well and sculpture garden—was created. It stretches from the fourth floor all the way up to the roof. Also painted during the restoration were the Art Nouveau murals that decorate the main entrance.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":5989},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":5991,"component":5992,"responsiveStyles":6001},"builder-141804678ff74aa3957a89f124fc8034",{"name":767,"options":5993},{"factList":5994},[5995,5997,5999],{"body":5996,"title":772},"\u003Cp>The Fine Arts building is home to some of the last remaining manually operated passenger elevators in the city.\u003C/p>",{"body":5998,"title":772},"\u003Cp>Frank Lloyd Wright once had an office in the Fine Arts Building.\u003C/p>",{"body":6000,"title":772},"\u003Cp>The building sits next to the Auditorium Theatre in the South Loop and is home to many music and piano stores from the late 19th century.\u003C/p>",{"large":6002},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6004,"component":6005,"responsiveStyles":6014},"builder-d86405e8b618432ba370cb3103c73ecd",{"name":789,"options":6006},{"headline":1201,"testimonials":6007},[6008],{"quote":6009,"attribution":6010,"title":6011,"image":6012},"If you want to get the experience of what Chicago was like it the 19th century, visit the Fine Arts building! The Studebaker Carriage Company outgrew its building and decided to move but had no idea what to do with their Michigan Avenue high rise. ‘Well,’ said developer Charles Curtiss, ‘why not re-imagine it as a vertical arts center catering to the flood of young artists coming to Chicago?’ After adding two stories of studios with skylights, performance theaters, offices and shops, the new Fine Arts Building opened as a center for the arts in 1898. Today the building still serves the arts community and remains very much the way it was in the late 19th century.","Mary Jo Hoag","CAC Docent, Class Of 2007",{"src":6013},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F3de66609bc14474292ec73ddd33b102e",{"large":6015},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6017,"component":6018,"responsiveStyles":6028},"builder-7b45d4b397544dc3a083009f63a7d4f5",{"name":821,"options":6019},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":6020,"headline":1224,"button":6027},[6021,6023,6025],{"encyclopediaArticle":6022},{"@type":19,"id":1082,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6024},{"@type":19,"id":2788,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6026},{"@type":19,"id":4989,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":6029},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6031,"component":6032,"responsiveStyles":6036},"builder-58bb6b4adf9b4ea2850595e87c81c28f",{"name":846,"options":6033},{"symbol":6034},{"data":6035,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6037},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6039,"component":6040,"responsiveStyles":6044},"builder-8c9542fc38df4bb2ba30422a724e0e78",{"name":846,"options":6041},{"symbol":6042},{"data":6043,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6045},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6047,"component":6048,"responsiveStyles":6052},"builder-a2549389c1794a32a1152263efd34260",{"name":846,"options":6049},{"symbol":6050},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":6051},{},{"large":6053},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6055,"component":6056,"responsiveStyles":6060},"builder-cebf299620074b52b969a22da00b30cc",{"name":846,"options":6057},{"symbol":6058},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":6059},{},{"large":6061},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":6063,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":6064,"responsiveStyles":6065},"builder-pixel-l9b36cu7uj",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":6066},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[6068],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":5944,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F0b389a1916f84780b5dfcf7a4d6664a8",1710539146060,1723218906656,1713372778556,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":6074,"originalContentId":6075,"componentsUsed":6076,"hasLinks":51,"winningTest":561,"symbolsUsed":6077},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/fine-arts-building?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=9a1ee1812f829f5bca4d643ef87081926210074ba705155238849da64798b5b5&builder.overrides.9a1ee1812f829f5bca4d643ef87081926210074ba705155238849da64798b5b5=9a1ee1812f829f5bca4d643ef87081926210074ba705155238849da64798b5b5&builder.options.locale=Default","54c505799842eb58c41d8c970746322e8afeb1c9ab2221c32ec8ab2bdbbc5589",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"9a1ee1812f829f5bca4d643ef87081926210074ba705155238849da64798b5b5",{"createdDate":6081,"id":6082,"name":6083,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":6084,"query":6089,"data":6092,"variations":6223,"lastUpdated":6224,"firstPublished":6225,"previewUrl":6226,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":6227,"createdBy":1291,"lastUpdatedBy":681,"folders":6228,"rev":950},1716584155031,"7ea46f7f2222470a8d6f389f4d40c769","Frank Lloyd Wright Home & Studio",{"lastPreviewUrl":6085,"componentsUsed":6086,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":6087,"kind":552,"breakpoints":6088},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/frank-lloyd-wright-home-studio?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CeditProjects%2CmodifyMcpServers%2CmodifyProjectSettings%2CconnectCodeRepository%2CcreateProjects%2CindexDesignSystems&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=7ea46f7f2222470a8d6f389f4d40c769&builder.overrides.7ea46f7f2222470a8d6f389f4d40c769=7ea46f7f2222470a8d6f389f4d40c769&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Testimonials Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427},{"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"f9ce3069e3324e7a8d06fdd1f9e6ef45":14},{"small":564,"medium":565},[6090],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":6091},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/frank-lloyd-wright-home-studio",{"architect":6093,"query":6094,"state":6096,"environment":27,"url":6091,"useType":6099,"buildingName":6083,"googleMapLink":6100,"imageList":6101,"neighborhood":6113,"originalCompletionDate":2873,"streetAddress":6114,"style":6115,"officialName":6083,"forceUpdatedURLOn":6116,"description":6117,"title":6118,"visibleCompletionDate":6119,"blocks":6120},[3482],[6095],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":6091},{"location":6097,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":6098},{},[1310],"https://maps.app.goo.gl/SFgkoHW29KTCRGUy9",[6102,6105,6108,6110],{"src":6103,"alt":6083,"source":668,"caption":6104},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd64c9a5478354adaab1e5016b511f33d","Photo by Tim Long",{"alt":6083,"caption":6106,"src":6107},"Photo by James Caulfield","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F282202b88b0d44f08bd284bd4c57bdcb",{"src":6109,"alt":6083,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fcb557b1f77014a459f8d199b92ea4536",{"src":6111,"alt":6083,"caption":6112},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6900111e013c4609a56c3494cda30452","Photo by Anne Evans","Oak Park","951 Chicago Ave.",[5513],"2024-08-08T22:12:42.442Z","\u003Cp>In a leafy neighborhood with nearly 30 Frank Lloyd Wright-designed structures, the house at the corner of Forest and Chicago might not stand out at first.\u003C/p>","Frank Lloyd Wright Home & Studio","1889-1911",[6121,6218],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":6122,"meta":6123,"children":6124,"responsiveStyles":6216},"builder-96fbdee9c66941c3bb05d5109fda8090",{"previousId":2724},[6125,6133,6150,6161,6169,6184,6192,6200,6208],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6126,"meta":6127,"component":6128,"responsiveStyles":6131},"builder-67e0afcaa4dd4b85b700af650f26ee86",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":6129,"isRSC":561},{"text":6130,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>The Frank Lloyd Wright Home & Studio is an early expression of the ideas that ultimately became the Prairie School—and the place where some of the most \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/?style=12#buildings\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">famous buildings\u003C/a> in that style were designed.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A MODEST FAMILY HOME\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>When \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/louis-sullivan/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Louis Sullivan\u003C/a> loaned $5,000 to a young draftsman in his office in 1888, he probably didn’t see it as an early investment in one of America’s most significant architects. And initially, the modest Oak Park house that \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/frank-lloyd-wright/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Frank Lloyd Wright\u003C/a> built was only a subtle foreshadowing of the revolution to come. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Wright launched his own practice in 1893, and his growing family necessitated an expansion of the house by 1895. In 1899, having moved his practice into the house, he expanded it again, adding the large studio whose suspended drafting balcony was one of his earliest structural innovations.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>AGAINST THE VICTORIAN STYLE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>While the Home & Studio isn’t clearly Prairie School, it is distinct from its fussier Victorian contemporaries. They share a few formal elements, including a front porch and a grand main stairwell, but even those are executed quite differently. Wright pointedly configured the house’s windows to block views of neighboring Victorian homes.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>But the differences are significant as well. The movement through a compressed entryway into a larger living space makes an early appearance, as does the open plan arranged around a central hearth. Even the materials and color scheme prefigure the Prairie School.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CRADLE OF THE PRAIRIE SCHOOL\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In a sense, the studio was a school, a training ground for some of the best-known architects of the Prairie School. Some of Wright’s most talented and important employees worked for him in Oak Park, including William Drummond, Barry Byrne, Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>There, they helped Wright bring the nascent Prairie School to maturity, working on such iconic buildings as Unity Temple (1908) and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/robie-house/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Robie House\u003C/a> (1909).\u003C/p>",{"large":6132},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6134,"meta":6135,"component":6136,"responsiveStyles":6148},"builder-04cd463e7a5945478594b6928c8887ab",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":6137,"isRSC":561},{"factList":6138},[6139,6142,6145],{"body":6140,"title":772,"icon":6141},"\u003Cp>The Home & Studio was chopped up into apartments at some point, but has been restored to its 1909 appearance.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6143,"title":772,"icon":6144},"\u003Cp>The drafting balcony hangs from the ceiling of the studio.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6146,"title":772,"icon":6147},"\u003Cp>The house and studio were configured to wrap around a tree that Wright loved and wanted to keep.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":6149},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6151,"meta":6152,"component":6153,"responsiveStyles":6159},"builder-981d6b82e320441186f376bc8d48faf0",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":6154,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":6155},[6156],{"quote":6157,"attribution":5566,"title":5567,"image":6158},"Visiting the Home & Studio is a special experience—a chance to see where the magic happened! Built when Wright was just 22, the home was a place of experimentation, where he remodeled to make room for his growing family and tried out ideas before showing them to clients. The inglenook fireplace with its family motto, the skylights and art glass windows are sights to behold, while sculptural elements at the studio’s entrance foreshadow the creativity that happened inside.",{"alt":5566},{"large":6160},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6162,"component":6163,"responsiveStyles":6167},"builder-811d661115114dedab172d659c709d27",{"name":846,"options":6164,"isRSC":14},{"symbol":6165},{"data":6166,"model":850,"entry":3542,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6168},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":6170,"meta":6171,"component":6172,"responsiveStyles":6182},"builder-52d5fc58fa7a4f699b55bb9c6dee9a3e",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":6173,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":6174,"headline":1224,"button":6181,"copy":623},[6175,6177,6179],{"encyclopediaArticle":6176},{"@type":19,"id":2944,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6178},{"@type":19,"id":2938,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6180},{"@type":19,"id":5589,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":6183},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6185,"component":6186,"responsiveStyles":6190},"builder-7739f3d2ee224696a03947b8914f285c",{"name":846,"options":6187,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6188},{"data":6189,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6191},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6193,"component":6194,"responsiveStyles":6198},"builder-5a91e8667eb04c3fb4adfe8684111c02",{"name":846,"options":6195,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6196},{"data":6197,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6199},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6201,"component":6202,"responsiveStyles":6206},"builder-45f5e312fe1e4eddbbc0761eab480254",{"name":846,"options":6203,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6204},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":6205},{},{"large":6207},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6209,"component":6210,"responsiveStyles":6214},"builder-57afbfdc10cb4b7a8201c7c4652ca97c",{"name":846,"options":6211,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6212},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":6213},{},{"large":6215},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":6217},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":6219,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":6220,"responsiveStyles":6221},"builder-pixel-sr2z9zitdh",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":6222},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1756313469963,1716910716516,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/frank-lloyd-wright-home-studio","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ffb75fc0343cb462b85ba5c60fb3f01b4",[],{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":6230,"previewUrl":6231,"data":6232,"modelId":935,"query":6375,"published":559,"screenshot":6377,"firstPublished":6378,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":6379,"createdDate":6380,"createdBy":1291,"meta":6381,"variations":6385,"name":6234,"id":6386,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/gary-comer-youth-center",{"architect":6233,"buildingName":6234,"description":6235,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":6236,"googleMapLink":6237,"imageList":6238,"neighborhood":6245,"officialName":6234,"originalCompletionDate":6246,"query":6247,"seo":6250,"state":6252,"streetAddress":6255,"style":6256,"title":6234,"url":6249,"useType":6257,"blocks":6258},[4071],"Gary Comer Youth Center","\u003Cp>The Gary Comer Youth Center is a colorful beacon of hope in its neighborhood. \u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:42.877Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/CM74bgehK666SNhx5",[6239,6241,6243],{"alt":6234,"caption":716,"source":668,"src":6240},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd0f054a1074040cea3a639101be6ef1e",{"alt":6234,"caption":716,"src":6242},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd1ee6a9f376e467f82c125ee72f4b2b3",{"alt":6234,"caption":716,"src":6244},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fbdbd55a7f2724fe196d63dcff51be2d7","Greater Grand Crossing","2006",[6248],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":6249},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/gary-comer-youth-center",{"seo":6251},{"title":6234},{"deviceSize":577,"location":6253},{"path":668,"query":6254},{},"7200 S. Ingleside Ave.",[984],[3931],[6259,6370],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":6260,"meta":6261,"children":6262,"responsiveStyles":6368},"builder-3600a74ce48b4b7dbf29952fcca5c5c7",{"previousId":2724},[6263,6271,6288,6308,6322,6336,6344,6352,6360],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6264,"meta":6265,"component":6266,"responsiveStyles":6269},"builder-b230296c96624781bd0c4698264ff6a3",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":6267},{"text":6268,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Its bold, bright walls provide a safe and flexible space for a wide range of youth activities. Its innovative design and community programs won it global acclaim as a model for enriching the lives of young people in the city.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Hope in Pocket Town\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Pocket Town is a tough Southside neighborhood. This isolated section of Grand Crossing is bounded by railroad tracks and a cemetery. Because the area lacks significant community institutions, the neighborhood youth have few good options for activities.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Gary Comer, founder of clothing retailer Lands’ End, was born and raised in Pocket Town. In his later years, he donated a portion of his considerable wealth back to the community. In 2004, he set about building a new home for the South Shore Drill Team, which was one of the few strong youth programs in the neighborhood at the time.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Designed to Make Change\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Comer hired architect John Ronan, and the two began to collaborate on a project that grew dramatically. Their building ultimately cost $30 million and today provides far more than just a home for the South Shore Drill Team.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The boxy, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/cantilever/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">cantilevered\u003C/a> masses and colorful walls of the Gary Comer Youth Center enliven the area. Since it opened in 2006, hundreds have benefited from its programs.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Youth Center’s welcoming exterior includes:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Brightly colored \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">concrete\u003C/a> panels that are cheerful and easily replaced if damaged, though to date none have needed repair.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>An 80-foot tower supports an LED sign announcing upcoming programs.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Ample windows above the ground floor give the building an open appearance and plenty of interior light, while maintaining security.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>The building is wrapped around a flexible interior space that can be used as a gym, a practice space or a performance hall. The cafeteria, classrooms, community center and library are all designed to easily adapt to meet future needs. The building’s rooftop garden mitigates its environmental impact, serves as an outdoor classroom and provides both work and produce for participating youth.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In 2007, the Center and Ronan won a Distinguished Building Award from the Chicago Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA).\u003C/p>",{"large":6270},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6272,"meta":6273,"component":6274,"responsiveStyles":6286},"builder-28364fc142bb4b498e23eca9561e91af",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":6275},{"factList":6276},[6277,6280,6283],{"body":6278,"title":772,"icon":6279},"\u003Cp>Architect John Ronan also designed a similarly striking building next door to house Gary Comer College Prep, a campus of the Noble Network of Charter Schools.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6281,"title":772,"icon":6282},"\u003Cp>The South Shore Drill Team was established in 1980. Of its 300 members each year –  99 percent graduate from high school on time.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6284,"title":772,"icon":6285},"\u003Cp>Gary Comer Youth Center put architect John Ronan on the map as a designer of schools and other buildings for youth.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":6287},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6289,"children":6290,"responsiveStyles":6306},"builder-84a599d9ab09481f82ee26bb5abccda7",[6291,6299],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6292,"component":6293,"responsiveStyles":6297},"builder-f501cc6a2f024668b716e14f40ad8988",{"name":3796,"options":6294},{"headline":6295,"videoEmbed":6296},"Watch: Image Identity - Gary Comer Youth Center","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/pTVdcA2vUgY?si=w7DOJE9nYvwUWGhH\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"large":6298},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6300,"component":6301,"responsiveStyles":6304},"builder-5c047785c3a84c149b700094566dc181",{"name":741,"options":6302},{"padding":1005,"text":6303,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>related videos:\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://youtu.be/B9ys2Ce4By0?si=C1iExQT0wXFzx8VL\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Skin and Structure - Gary Comer Youth Center\u003C/a> \u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://youtu.be/9U3DCrQHJUw?si=ScyBG33fhaQ9iR1v\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Skin Materials - Gary Comer Youth Center\u003C/a> \u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://youtu.be/kdb3HrNfg8k\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability - Gary Comer Youth Center\u003C/a> \u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":6305},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":6307},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6309,"meta":6310,"component":6311,"responsiveStyles":6320},"builder-3b87e4a95dc447559a77b455558448d5",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":6312},{"headline":791,"testimonials":6313},[6314],{"quote":6315,"attribution":6316,"title":6317,"image":6318},"The building is a beacon for the neighborhood. Its tower and LED sign is the town crier, announcing the programs of the day. The colorful checkerboard panels decorating the facade encourage and reflect the energy of participants in the activities within the center: South Shore Drill Team, art and ceramic studios, sewing and cooking centers, basketball, neighborhood meetings and exciting theater and dance performances.","Nancy Cook","CAC Docent, Class of 2001",{"alt":6316,"src":6319},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F714d626f3a9543199433f68fdc8aea8a",{"large":6321},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":6323,"meta":6324,"component":6325,"responsiveStyles":6334},"builder-4ef792e1490743f1bb70162e2478e8d5",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":6326},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":6327,"headline":1224,"button":6333,"copy":623},[6328,6331],{"encyclopediaArticle":6329},{"@type":19,"id":6330,"model":831},"2885ffa30e6eb62f761ba2f1fd2ef60c3a7b2731c95a7c2d686e7b3145522951",{"encyclopediaArticle":6332},{"@type":19,"id":2632,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":6335},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6337,"component":6338,"responsiveStyles":6342},"builder-3976315c2a8c4002b8fb4e1f03da5fde",{"name":846,"options":6339},{"symbol":6340},{"data":6341,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6343},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6345,"component":6346,"responsiveStyles":6350},"builder-0cc44d2c87eb4e5bba79fcc02e032f34",{"name":846,"options":6347},{"symbol":6348},{"data":6349,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6351},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6353,"component":6354,"responsiveStyles":6358},"builder-8cc793cc7aa0457e888a3fac1a6ee3c0",{"name":846,"options":6355},{"symbol":6356},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":6357},{},{"large":6359},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6361,"component":6362,"responsiveStyles":6366},"builder-75c27a9f5d0348dcb109378dc88cb6fe",{"name":846,"options":6363},{"symbol":6364},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":6365},{},{"large":6367},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":6369},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":6371,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":6372,"responsiveStyles":6373},"builder-pixel-9hs6m2nk9wf",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":6374},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[6376],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":6249},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff3a1448efbd840ef9586f1e1d50a07f3",1716910828403,1723219288297,1716583333914,{"componentsUsed":6382,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":6383,"symbolsUsed":6384},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/gary-comer-youth-center?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=2463e86976b74ce08fdaac30e42fe86c&builder.overrides.2463e86976b74ce08fdaac30e42fe86c=2463e86976b74ce08fdaac30e42fe86c&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"2463e86976b74ce08fdaac30e42fe86c",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":6388,"previewUrl":6389,"data":6390,"modelId":935,"query":6519,"published":559,"screenshot":6521,"firstPublished":6522,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":6523,"createdDate":6524,"createdBy":1291,"meta":6525,"variations":6529,"name":6393,"id":6530,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/glessner-house",{"architect":6391,"buildingName":6393,"description":6394,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":6395,"googleMapLink":6396,"imageList":6397,"neighborhood":4830,"officialName":6404,"originalCompletionDate":6405,"query":6406,"seo":6409,"state":6411,"streetAddress":6414,"style":6415,"title":6393,"url":6408,"useType":6416,"blocks":6417},[6392],"H. H. Richardson","Glessner House","\u003Cp>A fortress stands at the corner of 18th Street and Prairie Avenue.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:43.431Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/3ktXJKq2H4PVCwXu8",[6398,6400,6402],{"alt":6393,"source":668,"src":6399},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F953c9135e2e646079446e33ab6d2a73d",{"alt":6393,"caption":1447,"src":6401},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1e7f90b3d61b413f905dc11ef5917eb5",{"alt":6393,"caption":1447,"src":6403},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb57dc105fd2343789c36373cc2122d4e","John J. Glessner House","1886",[6407],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":6408},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/glessner-house",{"seo":6410},{"title":6393},{"deviceSize":577,"location":6412},{"path":668,"query":6413},{},"1800 S. Prairie Ave.",[5953],[1310],[6418,6514],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":6419,"meta":6420,"children":6421,"responsiveStyles":6512},"builder-58cb53527a434a49b8f18a3b73a2c5c3",{"previousId":2724},[6422,6430,6450,6464,6480,6488,6496,6504],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6423,"meta":6424,"component":6425,"responsiveStyles":6428},"builder-fc7b58c08c974d4081bcaf05c126ba1f",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":6426},{"text":6427,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>Its mighty walls guard the storied past of a legendary neighborhood. The Richardsonian Romanesque mansion is unique inside and out. The rough-hewn stones of its exterior conceal a surprisingly warm and innovative interior, and its design perfectly reflects the needs of the Glessner family. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>GILDED AGE FORTRESS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Henry Hobson Richardson designed Glessner House in his namesake style, characterized by rusticated \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/granite/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">granite \u003C/a>walls and large Romanesque \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/arch/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">arches \u003C/a>surrounding both front and side entrances. Otherwise, the house has very little ornament. Its fortress-like plan opens mostlya inward rather than outward. Richardson claimed it was his favorite design of all his houses.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Some believe that Richardson designed the Glessner House as a fortress to offer protection to its inhabitants against the growing unrest of the lower classes during America’s turbulent Gilded Age. However, Richardson died on April 26, 1886, and all of the essential structure had been designed by 1885. The Haymarket event, which occurred on May 4, 1886 couldn’t possibly have been inspiration for the home’s fortress-like design.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Richardson was actually inspired, in part, by a photograph of outbuildings at \u003Ca href=\"https://www.abingdon.gov.uk/history/streets/places-abingdon-abbey\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Abingdon Abbey\u003C/a> he noticed in the Glessners’ home on an early visit. He is said to have sketched out the basic design almost immediately. The interior courtyard was a stylistic choice that bucked current trends.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>That stylistic choice came at a cost, however. Today we’d say that some believed the house lacked curb appeal. Gilded Age architecture was expected to express wealth and power through a limited array of bombastic styles. That was a norm this design flouted. More than a few of the Glessner’s prominent neighbors considered the home’s design an affront to their tastes.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>But not all of the Glessner’s neighbors disliked the design. According to Mrs. Glessner’s diary, a Miss Montague said, “I never saw so splendid a house.” And Dr. Adams claimed, “I like it exceedingly.”\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>ALL THE COMFORTS OF HOME\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Richardson worked closely with the Glessners to design a house that would offer them the best in creature comforts. This effort began with the site plan. Since it served as the Glessners' winter home—the family spent summers in New Hampshire—designing for maximum warmth was a must. The U-shaped house opens to maximum sunlight from the south and leaves largely blank stone walls to block the cold winds from the north.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In stark contrast to the home’s exterior, the family’s living spaces are cozy and inviting. Rooms decked out in the warm wood tones of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/arts-and-crafts/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Arts and Crafts\u003C/a> style flow together with an informal fluidity that’s ahead of its time. No detail was above careful consideration.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A LANDMARK OF ARCHITECTURAL PRESERVATION AND EDUCATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Many of the original Prairie Avenue mansions have been lost over time due to neglect and destruction in favor of reconstruction. In 1966, a group of architects and concerned citizens decided to take a stand to save Glessner House from a similar fate. It was a foundational moment for the historic preservation movement in Chicago. Thanks to their efforts, Glessner House is \u003Ca href=\"https://www.glessnerhouse.org/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">preserved as an excellently appointed museum\u003C/a> that allows the public to learn about the history and architecture of the Gilded Age in Chicago. Their impulse to educate the public expanded when that \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/about/about-us/our-history/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">same group became the founders of the Chicago Architecture Foundation\u003C/a>. Since 1995, the Glessner House and CAF—each in their own way—continue to fulfill aspects of the original mission.\u003C/p>",{"large":6429},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6431,"meta":6432,"component":6433,"responsiveStyles":6448},"builder-65723e5b082b490d8f1c8f546ec06d1b",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":6434},{"factList":6435},[6436,6439,6442,6445],{"body":6437,"title":772,"icon":6438},"\u003Cp>The Glessners’ office contains a massive shared desk with his and her sides.\u003C/p>\u003Cp> \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6440,"title":772,"icon":6441},"\u003Cp>The Chicago Architecture Foundation managed the Glessner House Museum until 1994. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6443,"title":772,"icon":6444},"\u003Cp>CAF’s logo incorporated a stylized version of the arched northern entry to Glessner House until 2002.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6446,"title":772,"icon":6447},"\u003Cp>The north side of the house is lined with a corridor of servants’ quarters, further shielding the family’s living spaces from chill winds.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":6449},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6451,"meta":6452,"component":6454,"responsiveStyles":6462},"builder-9f05336d06a940eab1dbd17a3110e862",{"previousId":6453},"builder-d42ed83046d54a5585280d4e880010f3",{"name":789,"options":6455},{"headline":791,"testimonials":6456},[6457],{"quote":6458,"attribution":6459,"title":6460,"image":6461},"Glessner House Museum contains remarkable collections of the newly popular Japanese arts and the English Arts and Crafts style, both popular styles in the second half of the 19th century. It is truly a museum of design and style that reflects the collecting interests of a single family, who occupied the house from 1887 until the 1930s.","Barbara Badger","CAC Docent, Class of 1993",{"alt":6459},{"large":6463},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":6465,"meta":6466,"component":6467,"responsiveStyles":6478},"builder-97aca3d8d5394dffa8a9ca21178ab6dc",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":6468},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":6469,"headline":1083,"button":6477,"copy":623},[6470,6472,6474],{"encyclopediaArticle":6471},{"@type":19,"id":1082,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6473},{"@type":19,"id":4744,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6475},{"@type":19,"id":6476,"model":831},"60e7322730b86505dddf1ae94a033206f78334215ab6aac4ec1eb533dafcd002",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":6479},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6481,"component":6482,"responsiveStyles":6486},"builder-ca6914c311a944d8996799159b27f97f",{"name":846,"options":6483},{"symbol":6484},{"data":6485,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6487},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6489,"component":6490,"responsiveStyles":6494},"builder-6710bba12edc4f629c2a88cd0cf911e7",{"name":846,"options":6491},{"symbol":6492},{"data":6493,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6495},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6497,"component":6498,"responsiveStyles":6502},"builder-24d41f95d5f94607bffaa98a4608d45a",{"name":846,"options":6499},{"symbol":6500},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":6501},{},{"large":6503},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6505,"component":6506,"responsiveStyles":6510},"builder-1a7250983a4548909072cf44da48c4bd",{"name":846,"options":6507},{"symbol":6508},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":6509},{},{"large":6511},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":6513},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":6515,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":6516,"responsiveStyles":6517},"builder-pixel-aqayfaph6rs",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":6518},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[6520],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":6408},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F23cc0f767aae4e2ca6f69ce6af90fea7",1716910971878,1723219475972,1716582361154,{"componentsUsed":6526,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":6527,"symbolsUsed":6528},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/glessner-house?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=2e3aa8f677e84ff4bd12c75d6ebe37ab&builder.overrides.2e3aa8f677e84ff4bd12c75d6ebe37ab=2e3aa8f677e84ff4bd12c75d6ebe37ab&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"2e3aa8f677e84ff4bd12c75d6ebe37ab",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":6532,"previewUrl":6533,"data":6534,"modelId":935,"query":6673,"published":559,"screenshot":6675,"firstPublished":6676,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":6677,"createdDate":6678,"createdBy":1291,"meta":6679,"variations":6683,"name":6545,"id":6684,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/graceland-cemetery",{"googleMapLink":6535,"forceUpdatedURLOn":6536,"architect":6537,"query":6541,"description":6544,"title":6545,"officialName":6545,"useType":6546,"url":6543,"buildingName":6545,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":6548,"streetAddress":6549,"style":6550,"state":6551,"neighborhood":6554,"imageList":6555,"blocks":6570},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/PwwxdrQRKCL3UuEe6","2024-08-08T22:12:43.905Z",[4944,6538,6539,6540],"Horace W.S. Cleveland","Ossian Cole Simonds","William Saunders",[6542],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":6543,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/graceland-cemetery","\u003Cp>As you pass through the stone and iron gates of Graceland Cemetery, you leave the city behind and enter a peaceful refuge.\u003C/p>","Graceland Cemetery",[6547],"Cemetery","1860","4001 N. Clark St.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":6552},{"path":668,"query":6553},{},"Lakeview",[6556,6558,6560,6562,6564,6566,6568],{"src":6557,"alt":6545,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fda33815e11f34c70990e29853ead20fc",{"src":6559,"alt":6545},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9a09c699cf20491c9c7f1683f971fa59",{"src":6561,"alt":6545},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8e228a0e756c4acc99553ff657561b7f",{"src":6563,"alt":6545},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe1cdc633f25846bba3cc2f188d14c219",{"src":6565,"alt":6545},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1ae6c2fbdeaf4ebd9dcaa538985e791b",{"src":6567,"alt":6545},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd114abdcfbf44a879bd1b93cb7c562c7",{"src":6569,"alt":6545},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6faecf20d2a1477aa531346513f5394f",[6571,6668],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":6572,"meta":6573,"children":6574,"responsiveStyles":6666},"builder-1538ed0c83f846e48d68cd4d9d6cdec1",{"previousId":2724},[6575,6583,6603,6617,6634,6642,6650,6658],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6576,"meta":6577,"component":6578,"responsiveStyles":6581},"builder-37e0d5077f1b4a16b4bae09eec57f4cf",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":6579},{"text":6580,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Amid the rolling hills and winding roads, you’ll find the graves of hundreds of Chicago’s most notable residents.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CROWDED CITIES, CROWDED CEMETERIES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago’s first city cemetery was located on what is now the southern end of Lincoln Park. Burials began there in 1843, when early settlers buried their dead on the banks of the Chicago River. By the late 1850s, the growing city was encroaching on the cemetery, which was also getting crowded. A popular medical theory of the time led people to believe that cemeteries were the source of epidemic disease.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Health concerns, overcrowding, the growth of the Rural Cemetery Movement and Chicagoans’ desire for a lakeside park were a few of the reasons that additional plot sales were prohibited as of May, 1859. Disinterment began the same year, and remains were transferred to several newly established and more desirable cemeteries. One of those cemeteries was Graceland.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A PASTORAL BURIAL GROUND\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Founded in 1860 by attorney Thomas B. Bryan, Graceland was a new type of cemetery. It wasn’t just a utilitarian place to bury the dead. Lush, sculptured, pastoral landscapes with sweeping vistas and carefully chosen plantings created a parklike atmosphere. These “rural cemeteries” offered dignity to the dead and pleasure to their living visitors. Some visitors took picnics and enjoyed a stroll after paying their respects.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Many notable landscape designers had a hand in shaping Graceland:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>William Saunders, an experienced designer of parks and cemeteries, provided the original designs.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Swain Nelson, who went on to landscape Lincoln Park, implemented the designs.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/william-le-baron-jenney/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">William Le Baron Jenney\u003C/a> designed one of several expansions and three lakes in Graceland, including Lake Willowmere, which still survives.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Ossian Cole Simonds served as Graceland’s superintendent from 1883 to 1898 and impacted Graceland immensely through his use of native plantings, creating naturalistic landscapes and shaped vistas that provided “long views.”\u003C/li>\u003Cli>H.W.S. Cleveland sodded the paths and plots in 1870 to produce a uniform surface, and he ended the practice of marking plot boundaries with low fences or stone curbs.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch4>A RESTING PLACE FOR THOSE IN THE SOCIAL REGISTER\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Graceland was the cemetery of choice for many of Chicago’s best known citizens:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Philip Armour: Meatpacking mogul and founder of Armour and Company.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>John Peter Altgeld: 20th governor of Illinois, who served from 1893 to 1897.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Marshall Field: Philanthropist and founder of the department store Marshall Field and Company.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>John Jones: An abolitionist and the first African-American to hold elected office in Illinois.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Cyrus McCormick: Inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Potter Palmer: Dry goods merchant, real estate developer and owner of the Palmer House Hotel.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>George Pullman: Railroad magnate and inventor of luxury railroad cars known as Pullman Cars.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":6582},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6584,"meta":6585,"component":6586,"responsiveStyles":6601},"builder-6dbc14edad554282b047b945e2df22fb",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":6587},{"factList":6588},[6589,6592,6595,6598],{"body":6590,"title":772,"icon":6591},"\u003Cp>Lavish monuments in Graceland Cemetery were designed by some of the best architects and sculptors of the day, including Lorado Taft, Daniel Chester French and Louis Sullivan.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6593,"title":772,"icon":6594},"\u003Cp>Daniel Burnham and his family are buried on a private island in Lake Willowmere in Graceland Cemetery.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6596,"title":772,"icon":6597},"\u003Cp>Several CAC docents who have given the Graceland Cemetery tour for many years have already purchased their own plots there.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6599,"title":772,"icon":6600},"\u003Cp>Many of Chicago's most well-known architects are buried at Graceland Cemetery, including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, William Le Baron Jenney and Fazlur Khan.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":6602},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6604,"meta":6605,"component":6606,"responsiveStyles":6615},"builder-2550bc1a54454b2a8f0aab75995ccf37",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":6607},{"headline":791,"testimonials":6608},[6609],{"quote":6610,"attribution":6611,"title":6612,"image":6613},"Graceland encompasses a Chicago history lesson, for interred here are the men and women who gave us our great city. Such names as Daniel Burnham, Potter Palmer, Louis Sullivan are Chicago's key boosters and builders, their monuments designed by renowned sculptors and architects of the day.","Sylvia Dunbeck","CAC Docent, Class of 1987",{"alt":6611,"src":6614},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F608984f7489a4d14a710f7033dd29e89",{"large":6616},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":6618,"meta":6619,"component":6620,"responsiveStyles":6632},"builder-c295f33eb42c47cfbe99c8143a3ffb56",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":6621},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":6622,"headline":6630,"button":6631,"copy":623},[6623,6625,6628],{"encyclopediaArticle":6624},{"@type":19,"id":2938,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6626},{"@type":19,"id":6627,"model":831},"87109032fde567c290666237250c7cf53a6fb26b193274a4c5b8a8e2089036a9",{"encyclopediaArticle":6629},{"@type":19,"id":830,"model":831},"Architecture encyclopedia references for graceland 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"6cd29eeb0ed24bb1bbe8e4d49ac3ae73",{"createdDate":6686,"id":6687,"name":6688,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":6689,"query":6694,"data":6697,"variations":6813,"lastUpdated":6814,"firstPublished":6815,"previewUrl":6816,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":6817,"createdBy":1822,"lastUpdatedBy":1822,"folders":6818,"rev":950},1756141378923,"d94bdac540e24878ab32fba0cf0bff28","Green Mill Jazz Club",{"breakpoints":6690,"hasLinks":51,"componentsUsed":6691,"symbolsUsed":6692,"lastPreviewUrl":6693,"kind":552},{"small":564,"medium":565},{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427},{"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/green-mill-jazz-club?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CcreateProjects&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=d94bdac540e24878ab32fba0cf0bff28&builder.overrides.d94bdac540e24878ab32fba0cf0bff28=d94bdac540e24878ab32fba0cf0bff28&builder.options.locale=Default",[6695],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":6696},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/green-mill-jazz-club",{"originalCompletionDate":6698,"style":6699,"neighborhood":6700,"themeId":51,"streetAddress":6701,"buildingName":6688,"environment":27,"officialName":6688,"title":6688,"imageList":6702,"description":6715,"useType":6716,"blocks":6717,"url":6696,"state":6810},1914,[3263],"Uptown","4802 N. Broadway",[6703,6706,6709,6712],{"src":6704,"caption":6705},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fcd8e2169eedb4749b8c8c12854835193","Green Mill Jazz Club.",{"src":6707,"caption":6708},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb82ace34ffce4c42a9ee9473c53b633e","Green Mill Sunken Gardens 1914. Chicago Examiner. Public domain.",{"src":6710,"caption":6711},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4a8221cfe67447eb8b3156b740724c09","Original signage. Photographer: Robert Loerzel.",{"caption":6713,"src":6714},"Photographer: Deb Frels","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F5efc7aae71004369a20b1bf84e2f6793","\u003Cp>The longtime jazz club, located in Chicago’s Uptown neighborhood, has been open since the early 20th century.\u003C/p>",[2398],[6718,6805],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":6719,"meta":6720,"children":6721,"responsiveStyles":6803},"builder-5080aa4b55fe4c56a571f5df5e374db7",{"previousId":5676},[6722,6730,6753,6763,6773,6783,6793],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6723,"meta":6724,"component":6725,"responsiveStyles":6728},"builder-512081f6b8e84463895ca2c547ae4283",{"previousId":5689},{"name":741,"options":6726,"isRSC":561},{"text":6727,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The Green Mill Cocktail Lounge is a longtime jazz club located in Chicago’s Uptown neighborhood. Open since the early 20th century, the lounge is a piece of Chicago's history and a significant part of the city’s cultural and architectural landscape. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>History\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The venue originated in the 1890’s as Pop Morse’s Roadhouse, a rowdy bar on what was then the northern edge of the city. After a series of new owners, it was expanded and rebranded around 1914 as the Green Mill Gardens, taking inspiration from Paris’s Moulin Rouge (French for \"Red Mill\")—substituting \"green\" to avoid being associated with Chicago’s “red light” district fifteen miles to the south near today’s South Loop neighborhood. During its early years, Green Mill Gardens included extensive outdoor seating, lavish dining, and a real green mill atop its roof. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Green Mill is widely documented to have continued serving alcohol during Prohibition with gangster Jack “Machine Gun” McGurn having a financial interest in the club during the 1920s. A trapdoor behind the bar, built to access underground storage tunnels, reportedly doubled as an escape hatch used by patrons during police raids.  \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Present Day\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>After parts of the larger venue were sold off, today the Green Mill is part of a larger mixed-use complex on Broadway. Though modest in scale, the bar’s interior retains many period details, including an Art Deco-style back bar, ornate plaster details, and vintage murals that evoke its 1920s character. The iconic green neon “Green Mill Cocktail Lounge” sign was added around the mid-20th century and remains one of the most recognizable neon signs in the city.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The original entrance to Green Mill Gardens now serves as the doorway to a restaurant just north of the Green Mill. Above that establishment’s doorway, you can still spot a windmill carved into the stone—a reminder of the site’s past. While often blocked by modern signage, the venue’s original name remains etched in place at the top of the doorway. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Green Mill continues to be one of the city’s most popular venues hosting numerous renowned performers, regular jazz sets, and the long-running Uptown Poetry Jam, which began in the 1980s.\u003C/p>",{"large":6729},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6731,"meta":6732,"component":6733,"responsiveStyles":6751},"builder-2290384e29334464acddd5b2b8a36e8e",{"previousId":5705},{"name":767,"options":6734,"isRSC":561},{"factList":6735},[6736,6739,6742,6745,6748],{"body":6737,"title":772,"icon":6738},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 16px;\">As another nod to Paris, the Green Mill was briefly renamed the Montmartre Café before being ordered to close in 1926 for violating Prohibition. It reopened within a year.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6740,"title":772,"icon":6741},"\u003Cp>In 1927, the courtyard of the Green Mill Gardens was demolished, and the space was used for the construction of the Uptown Theatre. The green mill atop the building was also removed around this time.  \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6743,"title":772,"icon":6744},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Billie Holiday, Benny Goodman and Al Jolson all played at the Green Mill. \u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6746,"title":772,"icon":6747},"\u003Cp>The Green Mill is one of the oldest continuously operating bars in Chicago. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Uptown Square Historic District, designated in 2000.  \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6749,"title":772,"icon":6750},"\u003Cp>A fundraiser supporting those affected by the Eastland Disaster was held at the Green Mill, raising thousands of dollars. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":6752},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6754,"meta":6755,"component":6757,"responsiveStyles":6761},"builder-46758cb87fdb40d78a10855c93015a4b",{"previousId":6756},"builder-8bdb3200d1374b49818238e37482209a",{"name":846,"options":6758,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6759},{"data":6760,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6762},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":6764,"meta":6765,"component":6767,"responsiveStyles":6771},"builder-25ab9111167349918f7b4b72fb2df55d",{"previousId":6766},"builder-ac84a054c96146fc8d5f185e21d69088",{"name":821,"options":6768,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":6769,"headline":1083,"button":6770,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":6772},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6774,"meta":6775,"component":6777,"responsiveStyles":6781},"builder-073bce6280ad4e69a8cdf4d4a0c038bd",{"previousId":6776},"builder-324bfff9e1584ec9b2c18d76056c6a61",{"name":846,"options":6778,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6779},{"data":6780,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6782},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6784,"meta":6785,"component":6787,"responsiveStyles":6791},"builder-2c50afacc98e4bb7b42e6eb160189c2d",{"previousId":6786},"builder-8f2ab5d48da24e5aa943dd13b15672d6",{"name":846,"options":6788,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6789},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":6790},{},{"large":6792},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":6794,"id":6795,"meta":6796,"component":6797,"responsiveStyles":6801},"Building 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cards","builder-1abb430d474c47fb96abd2154c5a0ada",{"previousId":5767},{"name":846,"options":6798,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":6799},{"entry":924,"model":850,"ownerId":851,"data":6800},{},{"large":6802},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":6804},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":6806,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":6807,"responsiveStyles":6808},"builder-pixel-h1fkzvpwt7",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":6809},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"deviceSize":577,"location":6811},{"path":668,"query":6812},{},{},1756228568229,1756226651859,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/green-mill-jazz-club","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff1288a6639c74390a5c7b454f35387ad",[],{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":6820,"previewUrl":6821,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":6822,"firstPublished":6823,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":6824,"createdDate":6825,"createdBy":1291,"meta":6826,"variations":6830,"name":6831,"@originModelId":948,"id":6832,"query":6833,"data":6836,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/museum-of-science-and-industry","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe26babbcd6344f1b84429e9ded92514a",1716469500800,1723134396436,1716468830211,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":6827,"componentsUsed":6828,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":6829},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/museum-of-science-and-industry?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=a3f8fd3720b221919167efad8926a8c79f1928cfa3a974dc00b5f0acdac44b6a&builder.overrides.a3f8fd3720b221919167efad8926a8c79f1928cfa3a974dc00b5f0acdac44b6a=a3f8fd3720b221919167efad8926a8c79f1928cfa3a974dc00b5f0acdac44b6a&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Museum of Science and Industry","a3f8fd3720b221919167efad8926a8c79f1928cfa3a974dc00b5f0acdac44b6a",[6834],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":6835,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/museum-of-science-and-industry",{"googleMapLink":6837,"architect":6838,"description":6840,"useType":6841,"title":6831,"officialName":6842,"buildingName":6842,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":3616,"streetAddress":6843,"style":6844,"neighborhood":6845,"state":6846,"imageList":6849,"query":6858,"url":6835,"forceUpdatedURLOn":6860,"blocks":6861},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/JEBvSgRaKCSh3Di56",[6839],"D.H. Burnham & Co.","\u003Cp>As visitors approach Chicago’s Griffin Museum of Science and Industry, they feel as though they’re entering a grand Neo-Classical temple.\u003C/p>",[2718],"Griffin Museum of Science and Industry","5700 S. Lake Shore Dr.",[396],"Hyde Park",{"deviceSize":577,"location":6847},{"path":668,"query":6848},{},[6850,6852,6854,6856],{"src":6851,"alt":6831,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa73a6dfc13fa453b84b2f510199ed469",{"src":6853,"alt":6831},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F42ed1135ad1746feb7d0a3864c1e78f4",{"src":6855,"alt":6831},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb984925abcfe45d59b3f4156a1c8f7e0",{"src":6857,"alt":6831},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F46d7a53ead0b491c93dbe2242670cde0",[6859],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":6835,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:12:56.751Z",[6862,6958],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6863,"meta":6864,"children":6865,"responsiveStyles":6956},"builder-4078d744a3414aa084c1fd3cc8a6ad13",{"previousId":996},[6866,6874,6894,6907,6915,6932,6940,6948],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6867,"meta":6868,"component":6869,"responsiveStyles":6872},"builder-6f84e57ef3d04481ab1f5b5add821880",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":6870},{"text":6871,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>The large Ionic \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/column/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">columns\u003C/a> flanking its main entrance communicate an air of formality and importance. Designed and built for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, it’s one of just two buildings that remain, serving as an example of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Daniel Burnham’s\u003C/a> vision of a classically inspired White City.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The World’s Fair of 1893 was in many ways a coming-out party for Chicago. As a relatively young city, this was an early opportunity to host visitors from around the world and establish a reputation as a center of culture and commerce. As Director of Works for the fair, Burnham used architecture and design to do just that. By ensuring that key buildings were reminiscent of Greece and Rome, he gave the fair historical credibility in the minds of its visitors.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Commissioning Neo-Classical or Beaux Arts buildings was certainly not a difficult proposition, because both were part of a design language familiar to many of the architects invited to participate in the project. Many were trained at the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts, an influential architecture and art school in Paris. The school taught design principles based on the influence of ancient Greek and Roman forms. And though Burnham wasn’t trained there, he saw the advantages and beauty of this Classical Revival style.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Originally built to serve as the Palace of Fine Arts, The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) is organized in the form of a cross with a large \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/dome/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">dome \u003C/a>rising above its center. True to the Beaux Arts style, it is perfectly symmetrical and adorned in classical ornamentation including Ionic columns, garlands and caryatids, the draped, female figures that serve as columns.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A MORE PERMANENT SOLUTION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>As with many of its White City neighbors, the building's exterior walls were originally composed of a material called “staff,” a combination of plaster of Paris, glue and hemp fiber that was painted white. But the interior of the Palace of Fine Arts differed in one important way. Because it served as home to several priceless works of art, those contributing the art to be displayed insisted that the structure be made fireproof. To accommodate this very reasonable request, a solid substructure was created using \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">steel\u003C/a> and brick.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the late 1920s—due entirely to the initiative and philanthropy of Julius Rosenwald—an exterior restoration took place in order to create a building more suitable for a permanent museum. The plan was to remove all the staff and replicate the building’s exterior in a lasting material. The project was delayed when a dispute arose concerning whether to use \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a> or \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a>. Though limestone was thought to be a more attractive choice, terra cotta was projected to be less expensive. Ed Kelly, president of the South Park Board, estimated that terra cotta would save $300,000 in construction costs. But in the end, 28,000 tons of Indiana limestone was used to recreate all of the museum’s Beaux Arts detailing.\u003C/p>",{"large":6873},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6875,"meta":6876,"component":6877,"responsiveStyles":6892},"builder-50b5eaa2765d4ab0ac56cad5ad0e105e",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":6878},{"factList":6879},[6880,6883,6886,6889],{"body":6881,"title":772,"icon":6882},"\u003Cp>When MSI opened in 1933, only 10 percent of the building was occupied by exhibits. Unoccupied space was rented to the University of Chicago Hospitals for medical record storage. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6884,"title":772,"icon":6885},"\u003Cp>The friezes of Griffin MSI’s exterior were designed by artist Philip Martiny and are inspired by those of the Parthenon in Athens.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6887,"title":772,"icon":6888},"\u003Cp>Though Julius Rosenwald was largely responsible for the MSI’s restoration in the late 1920s, he emphatically declined to have the museum named after himself. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":6890,"title":772,"icon":6891},"\u003Cp>After the Fair, the Palace of Fine Arts housed the \"Field Columbian Museum\"—now known as the Field Museum of Natural History—which moved to its present building in 1920.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":6893},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6895,"meta":6896,"component":6897,"responsiveStyles":6905},"builder-9888dffefccb427994bf3cd15b7b9c66",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":6898},{"headline":791,"testimonials":6899},[6900],{"quote":6901,"attribution":6902,"title":3517,"image":6903},"MSI serves as a gateway to the South Side of Chicago and is perched at the far end of the 1893 World’s Fair's original Midway Plaisance. I love that the building strikes a balance between old and new. It gives us a rare look at what the architecture of the Fair truly looked like, yet has been adapted for one of the top cultural institutions in the city. And I always smile when I see the caryatids—female figures carved into the columns throughout the exterior—which are definitive proof that women belong in the often male-dominated field of science!","Kathryn Duval",{"alt":6902,"src":6904},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F369deccbe2b34cb5b5d116620b678d32",{"large":6906},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6908,"component":6909,"responsiveStyles":6913},"builder-705bb9a1eadc40fab3ee5469e1a9c66e",{"name":846,"options":6910},{"symbol":6911},{"data":6912,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6914},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":6916,"meta":6917,"component":6918,"responsiveStyles":6930},"builder-ae9314a5fa7d4c06a5c99ecbec491ce2",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":6919},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":6920,"headline":1224,"button":6929,"copy":623},[6921,6923,6925,6927],{"encyclopediaArticle":6922},{"@type":19,"id":2788,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6924},{"@type":19,"id":1925,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6926},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":6928},{"@type":19,"id":3207,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":6931},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6933,"component":6934,"responsiveStyles":6938},"builder-42544be093ac4559b91b3a347e411c39",{"name":846,"options":6935},{"symbol":6936},{"data":6937,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":6939},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6941,"component":6942,"responsiveStyles":6946},"builder-8495b3f2cc284c0c8f2786e07bbe65cd",{"name":846,"options":6943},{"symbol":6944},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":6945},{},{"large":6947},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6949,"component":6950,"responsiveStyles":6954},"builder-953aa3ac573547f89dad28f5f86be787",{"name":846,"options":6951},{"symbol":6952},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":6953},{},{"large":6955},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":6957},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":6959,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":6960,"responsiveStyles":6961},"builder-pixel-pf1jmicdm89",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":6962},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":6964,"previewUrl":6965,"data":6966,"modelId":935,"query":7091,"published":559,"screenshot":7093,"firstPublished":7094,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":7095,"createdDate":7096,"createdBy":1291,"meta":7097,"variations":7101,"name":6978,"id":7102,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/harold-washington-library",{"googleMapLink":6967,"forceUpdatedURLOn":6968,"architect":6969,"query":6971,"description":6974,"useType":6975,"officialName":6977,"title":6978,"url":6973,"buildingName":6978,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":6979,"streetAddress":6980,"style":6981,"neighborhood":712,"state":6982,"imageList":6985,"blocks":6990},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/zut1fhzeEoTYRc7E6","2024-08-08T22:12:44.304Z",[6970],"Hammond, Beeby & Babka",[6972],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":6973,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/harold-washington-library","\u003Cp>When it comes to Chicago’s iconic skyline, it isn’t always easy to make a mark and stand out from the crowd. But that isn’t something the Harold Washington Library has struggled to do. \u003C/p>",[6976],"Library","Harold Washington Library Center","Harold Washington Library","1991","400 S. State St.",[1439],{"deviceSize":577,"location":6983},{"path":668,"query":6984},{},[6986,6988],{"src":6987,"alt":6977,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F89f1050eed8a483b9d1e03ebf3eedb72",{"src":6989,"alt":6977},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F85524a7412264ae0911a3e9fbd4cb243",[6991,7086],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":6992,"meta":6993,"children":6994,"responsiveStyles":7084},"builder-36f76e103dec4ce5bd36c46ac6e40e1b",{"previousId":2724},[6995,7003,7020,7033,7052,7060,7068,7076],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6996,"meta":6997,"component":6998,"responsiveStyles":7001},"builder-7b7750212fd54c21a33a5c881fa9b566",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":6999},{"text":7000,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>The building’s massive footprint and abundant exaggerated ornamentation practically scream, “Look at me!” All of that ornamentation does more than just decorate the structure’s exterior, though. The Harold Washington Library wants our attention for a practical purpose too. Boldly \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/postmodern/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Postmodern\u003C/a>, it wants to tell a story. The building playfully displays dozens of symbols that communicate its function, celebrate its location and pay homage to its architectural predecessors. Some might say you can read it like a book.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>DECODING THE SYMBOLIC ORNAMENTATION OF HAROLD WASHINGTON LIBRARY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Harold Washington Library's collection of ornamentation is purposeful and productive. If you look a little closer and dig a little deeper, it will tell you exactly what it is and the reason for its location. For example, enormous owls, which serve as oversize \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/acroteria/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">acroteria\u003C/a>, perch at each corner of the building's \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/pediment/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">pediment\u003C/a> and above its main State Street entrance. The owls represent wisdom and serve as clever advertisement for the 70 miles of bookshelves living inside.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A LIBRARY THAT LOOKS LIKE A LIBRARY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1987, a design competition was announced in Chicago. The winning team would create a replacement for the old central library—now the Cultural Center. The competition was highly publicized and somewhat controversial. Critics complained that the competition’s design and build format required entrants to be firms who would manage all aspects of design and construction. But the city hoped this format would keep construction of the new project on time and on budget.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Five finalists were chosen, the public weighed in and the jury deliberated. Ultimately, the SEBUS Group, led by architect Thomas Beeby of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/hammond-beeby-and-babka/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Hammond, Beeby, & Babka\u003C/a>, took home the jury’s prize. While the other four designs resembled corporate office buildings of the 1980s, Hammond, Beeby, & Babka's stood apart. Jury Chairman Norman Ross said, “This is a building you can trust. … This looks like a library. This is it.”\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>TRANSFORMING THE SOUTH LOOP FROM VICE TO NICE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The library’s completion marked the beginning of a transformation for the South Loop. During years prior, south State Street was riddled with vice. But today, it’s a thriving residential community and several universities maintain a presence there. Tens of thousands of students attend branches of Columbia College, DePaul University, Roosevelt University and Robert Morris College.\u003C/p>",{"large":7002},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7004,"meta":7005,"component":7006,"responsiveStyles":7018},"builder-5e1a9ababcf64b0b929a26f7ffe134c5",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":7007},{"factList":7008},[7009,7012,7015],{"body":7010,"title":772,"icon":7011},"\u003Cp>The 10-story Harold Washington Library appears to have masonry load-bearing walls, however it is actually constructed on a reinforced concrete frame through the eighth floor with a steel frame on its uppermost floors.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7013,"title":772,"icon":7014},"\u003Cp>The Harold Washington Library was named after Chicago’s first African-American mayor who held office and served the city from April 29, 1983, to November 25, 1987.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7016,"title":772,"icon":7017},"\u003Cp>The Harold Washington Library contains the remnants of the book collection donated by England's Queen Victoria following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":7019},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7021,"meta":7022,"component":7023,"responsiveStyles":7031},"builder-a7e886b9383d407a955cc54d6e66846d",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":7024},{"headline":791,"testimonials":7025},[7026],{"quote":7027,"attribution":7028,"title":7029,"image":7030},"The Harold Washington Library could possibly be called the ‘Elephant in the Room.’ It certainly cannot be ignored! No matter what CAF tour is being given, rarely will visitors cross State and Jackson without asking about the extremely imposing red brick structure one block to the south. They either love it or hate it, but almost all will learn to greatly appreciate how the architects have designed a unique building specifically for Chicago.","Susan Pappas","CAC Docent, Class of 2005",{"alt":7028},{"large":7032},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":7034,"meta":7035,"component":7036,"responsiveStyles":7050},"builder-39dc00a7ed9d486a991b29f73907673b",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":7037},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":7038,"headline":1224,"button":7049,"copy":623},[7039,7042,7044,7047],{"encyclopediaArticle":7040},{"@type":19,"id":7041,"model":831},"b8e14482be90a9a3b9d89361c985b651347e6268bd8d32891c06a6e14f0268ac",{"encyclopediaArticle":7043},{"@type":19,"id":1771,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":7045},{"@type":19,"id":7046,"model":831},"03735cb4c2e429f03aa5ada38f22e5501a0587203a90e9986f8147e29d985165",{"encyclopediaArticle":7048},{"@type":19,"id":4888,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":7051},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7053,"component":7054,"responsiveStyles":7058},"builder-f9b801227da944869af475227bc1f96d",{"name":846,"options":7055},{"symbol":7056},{"data":7057,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7059},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7061,"component":7062,"responsiveStyles":7066},"builder-50348b0fe1c8428c836caa44b7c1e756",{"name":846,"options":7063},{"symbol":7064},{"data":7065,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7067},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7069,"component":7070,"responsiveStyles":7074},"builder-b30cf573678b4c3e8c6e953432c38a34",{"name":846,"options":7071},{"symbol":7072},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":7073},{},{"large":7075},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7077,"component":7078,"responsiveStyles":7082},"builder-05ba5d0ad6a845dfbc6fb3cf23cecee6",{"name":846,"options":7079},{"symbol":7080},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":7081},{},{"large":7083},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":7085},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":7087,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":7088,"responsiveStyles":7089},"builder-pixel-sz7bhdhvell",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":7090},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[7092],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":6973,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3597850717234fffacc582283b392db9",1716914555606,1723219572073,1716580298564,{"lastPreviewUrl":7098,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":7099,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":7100},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/harold-washington-library?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=5d30832fee4f47bfaa5563dc98aee7ba&builder.overrides.5d30832fee4f47bfaa5563dc98aee7ba=5d30832fee4f47bfaa5563dc98aee7ba&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"5d30832fee4f47bfaa5563dc98aee7ba",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":7104,"previewUrl":7105,"data":7106,"modelId":935,"query":7231,"published":559,"screenshot":7233,"firstPublished":7234,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":7235,"createdDate":7236,"createdBy":1291,"meta":7237,"variations":7241,"name":7116,"id":7242,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/holy-name-cathedral",{"googleMapLink":7107,"forceUpdatedURLOn":7108,"query":7109,"architect":7112,"description":7114,"useType":7115,"officialName":7116,"title":7116,"url":7111,"buildingName":7116,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":7117,"streetAddress":7118,"style":7119,"neighborhood":1849,"state":7120,"imageList":7123,"blocks":7130},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/S5qMBedDgwPBWcYn9","2024-08-08T22:12:44.788Z",[7110],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":7111,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/holy-name-cathedral",[7113],"Patrick C. Keely","\u003Cp>Built after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, Holy Name Cathedral is a fitting seat for one of the largest and most influential Roman Catholic archdioceses in the United States.\u003C/p>",[3136],"Holy Name Cathedral","1875","735 N. State St.",[4513],{"deviceSize":577,"location":7121},{"path":668,"query":7122},{},[7124,7126,7128],{"src":7125,"alt":7116,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8e11c955898b408c9115f40cb1fa6149",{"src":7127,"alt":7116,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fab82eb735e71442bb38c9f4d2be48191",{"src":7129,"alt":7116,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8bee5e15e0a4404e9f441a51d27e5cc9",[7131,7226],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":7132,"meta":7133,"children":7134,"responsiveStyles":7224},"builder-bc9410c949544228b86d6c5566a98d5b",{"previousId":2724},[7135,7143,7160,7172,7192,7200,7208,7216],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7136,"meta":7137,"component":7138,"responsiveStyles":7141},"builder-479c8d2f50574059a04c01d35d04c713",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":7139},{"text":7140,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Its towering \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/gothic-revival/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Gothic Revival \u003C/a>design, by a noted East Coast ecclesiastical architect, served as a template for many neighborhood parishes. It’s stood as an awe-inspiring island, despite nearly 150 years of constant change on Chicago’s Near North Side.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A MODEL FOR NEIGHBORHOOD PARISHES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Keely designed more than 600 churches, including every 19th-century Roman Catholic cathedral in New England. His design for Holy Name Cathedral draws on the great Gothic churches of Europe, with an asymmetrical plan and strong verticality. The tall tower, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/pinnacle/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">pinnacles\u003C/a> and pointed \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/arch/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">arches\u003C/a> all draw the eye up toward the heavens. The vertical emphasis continues in the interior, where bundle piers and dark wooden tracery evoke the Tree of Life. This Gothic Revival style established the primary architectural vocabulary for the majority of Chicago’s hundreds of parishes.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>REBUILDING FOR THE AGES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Holy Name has grown and changed over the years since its dedication. Henry Schlacks moved the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/apse/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">apse\u003C/a> and added 15 feet to the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/nave/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">nave\u003C/a> in 1914. Later, repairs were made to foundational defects that caused part of the building to sag. Major ceiling repairs, an attic fire and the subsequent restoration kept the church closed for most of 2008 and 2009. Since reopening, the congregation has increased, reflecting the general prosperity of the Near North Side, and the continuing power of the church in one of America’s most Catholic cities.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>OUT OF THE ASHES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago’s first Catholic church was dedicated mere months after the city was formally established. The Catholic population grew exponentially from that day forward.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>After the Great Chicago Fire destroyed both the Cathedral of St. Mary (Madison and Wabash streets) and the Church of the Holy Name (site of the present Cathedral), a new cathedral was needed. Finding few qualified architects in a young Chicago that was busy rebuilding, the commission went to Patrick Charles Keely in 1874. Keely was a prominent Irish-born, East Coast architect. After four years of worship in a burnt-out house, the new Holy Name Cathedral was dedicated in 1875.\u003C/p>",{"large":7142},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7144,"meta":7145,"component":7146,"responsiveStyles":7158},"builder-769a3c7ffb9046cd962a52b637086551",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":7147},{"factList":7148},[7149,7152,7155],{"body":7150,"title":772,"icon":7151},"\u003Cp>The bronze and glass screen in the vestibule represents the Tree of Life and was designed by artist Albert J. Friscia.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7153,"title":772,"icon":7154},"\u003Cp>The church ceiling is ornamented with 23,000 pieces of wood that were individually installed after a portion of the ceiling collapsed in 2008.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7156,"title":772,"icon":7157},"\u003Cp>Above the sanctuary’s altar hangs the Resurrection Crucifix, sculpted by artist Ivo Demetz.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":7159},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7161,"meta":7162,"component":7163,"responsiveStyles":7170},"builder-6626e5b67e974a5e91f15dc39ca361a1",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":7164},{"headline":791,"testimonials":7165},[7166],{"quote":7167,"attribution":4241,"title":7168,"image":7169},"Holy Name Cathedral is home for the 3.3 million-strong Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago and its archbishop. 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Keely’s first design, Holy Name serves as the beacon to area Catholics, with a design that descends from the historic Middle Ages period of church art, including a Gothic tower and an impressive nave on the interior.","CAC Docent, Class Of 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Leavitt St.",[7270,7272,7274,7276,7278],{"caption":1447,"source":668,"alt":7247,"src":7271},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7e64fb4a6b9f496db719ea3d81b581fb",{"src":7273,"caption":1447,"alt":7247},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc8eca7fe95314e1987416acce7434d55",{"alt":7247,"caption":1447,"src":7275},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3a41fd9c77ff45c78670b29b5665edbf",{"alt":7247,"caption":1447,"src":7277},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F5efe849afbcf419da418d3e5f9223fe8",{"caption":1447,"src":7279,"alt":7247},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6375968fec354cf8a0470264002ce47c",[7281],"Louis H. Sullivan",[7283,7377],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":7284,"meta":7285,"children":7286,"responsiveStyles":7375},"builder-175fc2e4ac2a4c07a20a7c2f2be35743",{"previousId":2724},[7287,7295,7312,7327,7351,7359,7367],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7288,"meta":7289,"component":7290,"responsiveStyles":7293},"builder-2861c5077afb41299a13bf125be3f163",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":7291},{"text":7292,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Louis Sullivan designed just two houses of worship in his entire career. The only one still intact is Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Chicago. It looks as if it might have been plucked from a small town in southern Russia. Set on a quiet street in the Ukrainian Village, it’s a rare gem that conceals an intimate, ornate interior redolent with incense.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A PROVINCIAL CATHEDRAL\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The founders of Chicago’s first Orthodox congregation were largely immigrants from southern Russia. When they decided to build a church, they didn’t look for inspiration from the grandiose buildings of urban northern Russia. Instead, they sought the comfort of a familiar style, derived from the small rural churches of their native lands.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Key elements of this Russian Provincial style include:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>An octagonal \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/dome/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">dome\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>A bell tower centered over the front entrance\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Roof peaks surmounted by the distinctive three-barred Russian cross\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch4>SULLIVAN’S IN THE DETAILS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Armed with funding from Russian Czar Nicholas II, the congregation engaged \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/louis-sullivan/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Louis H. Sullivan\u003C/a> to design the cathedral. He drew on Byzantine and Russian Provincial styles, but included his own distinctive touches. Abstract decorative designs are carved and painted in the woodwork, betraying the influence of the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Interpreting traditional styles through a contemporary lens allowed Sullivan to create what he hoped would be considered one of the most unique and poetic buildings in the country. He was likely influenced by the theories of architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet-le-Duc believed that the best revival of a historic building or style isn’t necessarily a precise replication of something that once was, but an adaptation designed to maximize appeal to modern viewers.\u003C/p>",{"large":7294},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7296,"meta":7297,"component":7298,"responsiveStyles":7310},"builder-739ac1b6145444a1bb2c988edf94887b",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":7299},{"factList":7300},[7301,7304,7307],{"body":7302,"title":772,"icon":7303},"\u003Cp>Sullivan was so personally invested in his work on Holy Trinity that to ease a funding shortfall, he requested only half of his normal commission.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7305,"title":772,"icon":7306},"\u003Cp>A church in the Siberian village of Tatarskaya may be a main source of inspiration for the design of Holy Trinity.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7308,"title":772,"icon":7309},"\u003Cp>The interior is an intimate and flexible space, lavishly painted with iconography and without permanent seats.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":7311},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":7313,"meta":7314,"component":7315,"responsiveStyles":7325},"builder-f3a4a81df88a4e64ac949760ca33aaef",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":7316},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":7317,"headline":1083,"button":7324,"copy":623},[7318,7320,7322],{"encyclopediaArticle":7319},{"@type":19,"id":2938,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":7321},{"@type":19,"id":6476,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":7323},{"@type":19,"id":3207,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":7326},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7328,"component":7329,"responsiveStyles":7349},"builder-9f8a330183414c529fb03bac83e3331a",{"name":846,"options":7330},{"symbol":7331,"inheritState":14},{"data":7332,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":7333},{},{"name":859,"folders":7334,"meta":7335,"priority":857,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"query":7337,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdateBy":561,"data":7338,"firstPublished":854,"previewUrl":858,"@version":459,"createdDate":854,"modelId":892,"createdBy":687,"variations":7347,"published":559,"metrics":7348,"ownerId":851,"lastUpdated":856},[],{"hasLinks":51,"componentsUsed":7336,"kind":896,"lastPreviewUrl":897},{"City 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La Salle Street (demolished)",[3263],{"deviceSize":577,"location":7404},{"path":668,"query":7405},{},[7407,7410,7413,7416,7418],{"src":7408,"alt":7399,"caption":7409,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4cf80d2962da4ded96ece8641960ba9e","Home Insurance Building, exterior.",{"src":7411,"alt":7399,"caption":7412},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6abbc09d697e4ef9a6e9d2fe2a92a17c","William Le Baron Jenney",{"src":7414,"alt":7399,"caption":7415},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd4a63daaa7474c81bf389148bd0266b9","Home Insurance Building Interior. Ryerson & Burnham Archives Archival Image Collection.",{"src":7417,"alt":7399,"caption":7415},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3ff2e7a49e7f458bb493290cd62a4cac",{"src":7419,"alt":7399,"caption":7420},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb6ec852948d54bbfa09b7a0b7803e25c","Home Insurance Building during demolition. Ryerson & Burnham Archives Archival Image Collection.",[7422,7494],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":7423,"meta":7424,"children":7425,"responsiveStyles":7492},"builder-2eabbb97897144d48d3134f634fda54c",{"previousId":2724},[7426,7434,7451,7460,7468,7476,7484],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7427,"meta":7428,"component":7429,"responsiveStyles":7432},"builder-7189436d407a4adf94aff6effeed5426",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":7430},{"text":7431,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>In architectural history, one structure stands as the leader of a new era—the Home Insurance Building. Completed in 1885 on LaSalle Street between Adams and Monroe, it holds the distinction of being among the world's first skyscrapers. A marvel of engineering and a testament to human ingenuity, this iconic tower forever altered the city skyline.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>REBUILDING OF A CITY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>During the late 19th century, unprecedented population growth and the concentration of new corporate headquarters in cities prompted architects and engineers to envision new solutions for urban expansion. Post-1871 Great Chicago Fire, the city was eager to rebuild quickly with a focus on iron and stone building materials rather than wood.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Home Insurance Building emerged as a response to these challenges, introducing a departure from traditional low-rise structures. Designed by architect William Le Baron Jenney, this 10-story structure employed innovative engineering techniques and architectural features that laid the foundation for skyscrapers of the future.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE IRON-FRAME SKELETON\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Home Insurance Building revolutionized high-rise construction with its pioneering use of cast iron technology. Jenney implemented an innovative system which relied on a cast iron frame “skeleton” to bear the weight of the building, rather than traditional load-bearing walls. This design feature allowed for dramatically increased height, structural stability, and design flexibility.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>With a height of 138 feet, the Home Insurance Building soared far above its contemporaries, epitomizing the term \"skyscraper.\" Its metal frame allowed for an innovative curtain wall composed of non- structural stone sheathing, with large window panes to maximize natural light in the interior spaces.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE IMPACT OF THE FIRST SKYSCRAPER\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Despite being demolished in 1931, the Home Insurance Building evokes the endless possibilities of architectural innovation. It helped to usher in the age of the skyscraper and its legacy remains intact as an architectural trailblazer in Chicago and around the world.\u003C/p>",{"large":7433},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7435,"meta":7436,"component":7437,"responsiveStyles":7449},"builder-8cde1329459741f0982cad0f3d9706e7",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":7438},{"factList":7439},[7440,7443,7446],{"body":7441,"title":772,"icon":7442},"\u003Cp>Two additional floors were added to the Home Insurance Building in 1891.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7444,"title":772,"icon":7445},"\u003Cp>Before practicing architecture in Chicago, William Le Baron Jenney served as an engineer in the Civil War, designing metal bridges for the Union Army.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7447,"title":772,"icon":7448},"\u003Cp>Several of Jenney’s buildings still stand in Chicago, including the Manhattan Building, the Second Leiter Building, and Greater Union Baptist 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Jensen","William LeBaron Jenney","\u003Cp>In 1869, a primarily German community on the city's west side petitioned to have a new park at North and California Avenues named after Alexander von Humboldt, a famous German scientist and explorer.\u003C/p>","Humboldt Park",[4187],"1869, 1907","1400 N. Sacramento Ave.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":7530},{"path":668,"query":7531},{},[7533,7536,7539,7542,7545],{"src":7534,"alt":7524,"caption":7535},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F29bf73d990e543619ac936ab2ba71b7b","Humboldt Park boat house. Photo by Emily Barney, licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC 2.0.",{"src":7537,"alt":7524,"caption":7538,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F343d339ba48f41a492e9ee1ebb3a3a34","Humboldt Park field house. Photo by Eric Wolf.",{"src":7540,"alt":7524,"caption":7541},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa010208a8cf54dc68a3db9b758bafade","Humboldt Park boat house. Photo by Eric Wolf.",{"src":7543,"alt":7524,"caption":7544},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8d96de9922a044a29eb4c64bb696e04e","Humboldt Park. Photo by Emily Barney, licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC 2.0.",{"src":7546,"alt":7524,"caption":7535},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa45fb7b85d2944e5b1c1553c0e276454",[7548,7638],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":7549,"meta":7550,"children":7551,"responsiveStyles":7636},"builder-a9bee9e32fde4c8caa1126c30e58fba4",{"previousId":2724},[7552,7560,7577,7589,7604,7612,7620,7628],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7553,"meta":7554,"component":7555,"responsiveStyles":7558},"builder-df295b30d1d94226b4f8a31c6c32c358",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":7556},{"text":7557,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>Dedication day events for the new Humboldt Park were trilingual—said in German, Swedish and English—and drew in about 20,000 people. Humboldt never visited Chicago, but the use of his name can be credited to ethnic politics. When a statue of Humboldt was installed in 1892, the neighborhood was still heavily German and Scandinavian. Later, Polish immigrants moved in, resulting in the installation of an equestrian statue of political exile Thaddeus Kosciuszko at the park’s entrance, which was later moved to Solidarity Drive. The Polish were followed by a wave of Italian Americans and German and Russian Jews before Puerto Ricans began settling in the neighborhood in droves around the 1960s. Like the groups before them, the Puerto Ricans made their mark on the park, naming a road inside after Luis Muños Marín, Puerto Rico’s first elected governor.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Covering more than 200 acres, Humboldt Park was the biggest of three parks built by the West Park Commission. The Chicago & Pacific Railroad was persuaded to run adjacent to the property, creating the railroad suburb of Humboldt. Farther northeast, the town of Maplewood sprang up on another rail line. A boulevard connected the two points, with nodes named Logan Square and Palmer Square.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>William Le Baron Jenney was appointed planner and landscape architect of all three of the West Park Commission’s parks: Humboldt, Douglas and Garfield parks. His concepts—winding, paved carriage drives, lagoons for drainage and carefully placed architectural elements—were influenced by his studies of landscape engineering in Paris, as well as by his working relationship with landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who he met during the Civil War. The park gave form to the flat topography and created interest that would encourage residential development. However, construction on the park was slow, and Jenney’s design can only been seen in about 80 acres in the northeast corner of the park.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>JENNEY TO JENSEN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>When neighborhood resident Jens Jensen became superintendent of the West Park system in 1895, Jenney’s work on the parks was superseded. Jensen’s interest in the Midwest environment, native plantings and the Progressive movement changed the way Chicagoans experienced parks. Humboldt Park was Jensen’s laboratory for his new ideas. By reshaping one of Jenney’s lagoons into a river, Jensen emphasized the natural prairie surrounding the city. Narrowing the water feature draws visitors through a variety of landscapes, including open meadows and varying densities of trees and shrubs, before finally culminating in multiple brooks lined with stone outcroppings. This feature changed over time, but it was reconnected with its past with a Chicago Park District restoration starting in 2004. Native wetland plants, prairie grasses and wildflowers, combined with recirculating water, were re-introduced. A wind turbine and solar panels provide the power for the water pumps. In a way, Jensen brought the country to the city for working class people who could not leave the city for the country.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>ROSES AND RECREATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1895, stables designed by architects Frommann and Jebsen were built in Humboldt Park, at Division Street and Sacramento Avenue. The distinctive Queen Anne-style turrets stand out on the otherwise German-influenced building. In 1998, Harboe Architects restored the building, which now houses the National Museum of Puerto Rican Arts & Culture.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>A sunken rose garden in Humboldt Park near Division Street was one of Jensen’s least favorite works; he called it “a folly of my youth.'” Today, however, it is a prominent and much loved component of the park’s landscape. A conservatory stood in the location until 1906, when it was replaced by the garden. In 1908, the garden was the site of a sculpture exhibition hosted by the Municipal Art League to educate the public to appreciate modern art. Adjacent to the garden was a hitching arena for carriages, where large terra cotta pots flanked a water fountain used by horses and people, common at the time.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In 1907, Jensen’s relationship with architects Schmidt, Garden and Martin brought their Prairie style boathouse to a park between the lagoon and since demolished music court. It offered majestic views of the pond and drew in visitors to the nearby band shell and amphitheater layout. Today the music court is a parking lot and the boathouse has been restored.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When the Prairie Style fell out of favor, a Georgian and English Tudor style fieldhouse designed by architects Michaelson and Rogstad was built. The 1928 structure is U-shaped with turrets on both ends. Today, it serves as a Chicago Park District gymnasium that faces a human-made beach.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>HUMBOLDT'S FUTURE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>And what happened to the railroad that served the town of Humboldt and the park? The tracks were raised to the top of a concrete structure in 1913. Recently, the tracks were converted into part of a new park called The 606, Chicago’s first elevated linear park. The 606 connects the neighborhoods of Humboldt Park, Logan Square, Wicker Park and Bucktown over a nearly three-mile route.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In addition, the Chicago Parks Foundation is leading a re-visioning of the 1908 Humboldt Park Formal Gardens, employing garden designer Piet Oudolf, of Lurie Garden fame.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>For more than 140 years, the park and Humboldt neighborhood have gone through many cycles of urban change, including recent gentrification, but excellent examples of architectural and landscape design continue to grace the area.\u003C/p>",{"large":7559},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7561,"meta":7562,"component":7563,"responsiveStyles":7575},"builder-6a74e11c1300454eb1163ffd1c26d9d9",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":7564},{"factList":7565},[7566,7569,7572],{"body":7567,"title":772,"icon":7568},"\u003Cp>Jens Jensen had a short commute. While serving as superintendent of the West Park system, he lived across the street from his office in the Humboldt Park stables. A parkway marker on Sacramento Boulevard, south of Division Street, honors him.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7570,"title":772,"icon":7571},"\u003Cp>Two bison sculptures guard Humboldt Park’s formal garden, in the same way the lions guard the front of the Art Institute of Chicago. All the sculptures were created by Edward Kemeys.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7573,"title":772,"icon":7574},"\u003Cp>A likeness of Norse-Icelandic explorer Leif Erikson honors the Norwegian community on the northwest end of the park.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":7576},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7578,"meta":7579,"component":7580,"responsiveStyles":7587},"builder-c8f511556b544fb9b03a75ecc7a47327",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":7581},{"headline":791,"testimonials":7582},[7583],{"quote":7584,"attribution":4730,"title":4731,"image":7585},"I stand on the Boathouse promenade, taking in the pleasure ground before me, observing ducks and herons. I move down the bank of the Prairie River, observing swallows and red wing blackbirds. I am in awe of Jensen’s laboratory, four miles from the city center. Every sculpture reminds me of another immigrant group, we who built this city.",{"alt":4730,"src":7586},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F1584fde5893b4338ad5f3be34f51c411",{"large":7588},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":7590,"meta":7591,"component":7592,"responsiveStyles":7602},"builder-6dbfa268c9ec498db173b6fcbe05e763",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":7593},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":7594,"headline":1224,"button":7601,"copy":623},[7595,7598],{"encyclopediaArticle":7596},{"@type":19,"id":7597,"model":831},"92bb357450b1429a1c49e7c4d17cd6494b7e9b7c455d9a92b498edd96ba5a473",{"encyclopediaArticle":7599},{"@type":19,"id":7600,"model":831},"841ec26b989f4e3a86521c716026202a",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":7603},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7605,"component":7606,"responsiveStyles":7610},"builder-c26c743c5e114374968883cd8a84c6a8",{"name":846,"options":7607},{"symbol":7608},{"data":7609,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7611},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7613,"component":7614,"responsiveStyles":7618},"builder-f1f56d6ad1324c19b7b576c478a036f1",{"name":846,"options":7615},{"symbol":7616},{"data":7617,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7619},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7621,"component":7622,"responsiveStyles":7626},"builder-e89d0b1254cb4559ae876bc9238bf0e3",{"name":846,"options":7623},{"symbol":7624},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":7625},{},{"large":7627},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7629,"component":7630,"responsiveStyles":7634},"builder-a0352e497a104d9095472d69510f7ac6",{"name":846,"options":7631},{"symbol":7632},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":7633},{},{"large":7635},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":7637},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":7639,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":7640,"responsiveStyles":7641},"builder-pixel-qopbkmez26l",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":7642},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[7644],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":7519,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fae9b552adbc444dcb2fe17b0ffd51dca",1716917677561,1723220056734,1716578654010,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":7650,"componentsUsed":7651,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":7652},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/humboldt-park?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=42c14d2fc1164392b49aa15a94009238&builder.overrides.42c14d2fc1164392b49aa15a94009238=42c14d2fc1164392b49aa15a94009238&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"42c14d2fc1164392b49aa15a94009238",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":7656,"previewUrl":7657,"data":7658,"modelId":935,"query":7804,"published":559,"screenshot":7806,"firstPublished":7807,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":7808,"createdDate":7809,"createdBy":1291,"meta":7810,"variations":7814,"name":7667,"id":7815,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/inland-steel",{"googleMapLink":7659,"forceUpdatedURLOn":7660,"architect":7661,"query":7662,"description":7665,"officialName":7666,"title":7667,"useType":7668,"url":7664,"buildingName":7667,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":7669,"streetAddress":7670,"style":7671,"state":7672,"neighborhood":712,"imageList":7675,"blocks":7684},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/cNv8vvCRcPMbnwbs6","2024-08-08T22:12:46.641Z",[1986],[7663],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":7664,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/inland-steel","\u003Cp>Don’t let the Inland Steel Building fool you. It’s an architectural giant disguised as a modest office building. \u003C/p>","Inland Steel Building","Inland Steel",[701],"1958","30 W. Monroe St.",[708],{"deviceSize":577,"location":7673},{"path":668,"query":7674},{},[7676,7678,7680,7682],{"src":7677,"alt":7666,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F38b83da8bed8450cafeb4a7f9c4a7a3b",{"src":7679,"alt":7666},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6ba0ff5beb704a929d08f1848b6285be",{"src":7681,"alt":7666,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6e2cd03db46b41988b5b88e5c6604d65",{"src":7683,"alt":7666,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6239eb36503d42939c35f3086e489479",[7685,7799],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":7686,"meta":7687,"children":7688,"responsiveStyles":7797},"builder-bc82d259acff4618afb7d0374b78064d",{"previousId":2724},[7689,7698,7718,7746,7765,7773,7781,7789],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7690,"meta":7691,"component":7692,"responsiveStyles":7696},"builder-d9a8f37e9d41482382d9646752ba76f9",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":7693},{"text":7694,"padding":7695,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Architects and architecture buffs have admired the sophisticated, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/mid-century-modernism/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mid-Century Modern\u003C/a> design of this Chicago classic for generations.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The 19-story office tower’s sleek \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> combines shimmering aquamarine glass and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/stainless-steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">stainless steel\u003C/a>. Its innovative use of the metal pays homage to the building's namesake, the Inland Steel Company. Founded in Chicago in 1893, the company grew to become the eighth-largest steel producer in the United States by the 1950s.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>To celebrate this success, Inland Steel commissioned a new corporate headquarters in Chicago's Loop in 1954. They wanted a building with a modern design to highlight the enduring power of the steel industry and showcase their product as well as other postwar technologies. Architects Walter Netsch and Bruce Graham of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skidmore-owings-merrill/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\u003C/a> obliged.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE INLAND STEEL BUILDING: A COLLECTION OF CHICAGO FIRSTS\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>First fully air-conditioned building\u003C/li>\u003Cli>First indoor, underground parking facility\u003C/li>\u003Cli>First to use two-inch thick, dual-glazed glass to help with climate control\u003C/li>\u003Cli>First building constructed on steel pilings\u003C/li>\u003Cli>First building with automated window washing and mail distribution systems\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch4>AN OPEN PLAN AESTHETIC\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Inland Steel’s column-free interior demonstrates the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Miesian\u003C/a> design concept of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/universal-space/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">universal space\u003C/a>. Each level boasts 177 feet by 58 feet of unobstructed, usable space. This open plan aesthetic was truly innovative at the time of the building’s completion. It provided unmatched, flexible square footage to tenants.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/clear-span-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">clear-span construction\u003C/a> is made possible by 14 exterior supporting \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/column/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">columns\u003C/a>, 60-foot \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/girder/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">girders\u003C/a> and an adjacent 25-story service tower. The windowless tower, also clad in stainless steel, separates operational support from the professional offices. It is home to the building's essential systems including its lavatories, seven elevators, staircases and vertical circulation.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The wide-open floor plan of the Inland Steel office tower is partly responsible for the building’s enduring popularity. Today, inhabitants are still able to adapt the space to accommodate their specific needs.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>USHERING IN AN ERA OF MODERN DESIGN IN CHICAGO\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>When completed in 1958, Inland Steel was the first building constructed in Chicago's Loop in more than 20 years. Its sleek sophisticated design ushered in a new era of modernity in the city. The primarily glass \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> is completely devoid of ornamentation. This must have been a surprising change for Chicagoans accustomed to the richly ornamented \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a>, brick and stone facades of the past.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The office tower seemingly floats above its glass-enclosed, transparent lobby—staying true to a Mid-Century Modern aesthetic. Housed inside the lobby is Radiant I, an abstract, contemporary sculpture. Artist Richard Lippold was commissioned by the Inland Steel Company to create a work specifically for the space. Composed of metal rods and wires, it spans a shallow reflecting pool. The lobby’s open aesthetic allows a privately-owned work of art to be experienced and appreciated by the public.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Inland Steel building’s elegant design has aged well. Many of our tour guests are surprised to discover that it's much older than it appears. It was a pioneer in the mid-20th century, and its design remains fresh and current today.\u003C/p>","no-bottom",{"large":7697},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7699,"meta":7700,"component":7701,"responsiveStyles":7716},"builder-7bf31b9eea5643b19aec1bb51a166846",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":7702},{"factList":7703},[7704,7707,7710,7713],{"body":7705,"title":772,"icon":7706},"\u003Cp>The security desk inside the building’s lobby was designed by Frank Gehry. It weighs 14,000 pounds and is made of emerald-colored glass that references the building’s tinted exterior windows.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7708,"title":772,"icon":7709},"\u003Cp>Inland Steel’s office and service towers are visually linked by the same pattern of vertical and horizontal lines.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7711,"title":772,"icon":7712},"\u003Cp>DeStefano Keating + Partners, the architects of neighboring building One South Dearborn, had such reverence for the Inland Steel building that they set their building back on its site to provide a glimpse at Inland Steel’s northern facade.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7714,"title":772,"icon":7715},"\u003Cp>Because Inland Steel was producing carbon steel almost exclusively at the time of the construction, the stainless steel for the building had to be purchased from another steel company.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":7717},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":7719,"id":7720,"meta":7721,"children":7723,"responsiveStyles":7744},"related videos","builder-54e42c72e62944ec9fcecc996c7b0856",{"previousId":7722},"builder-56118d92ce914601a2f1675037061c8d",[7724,7735],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7725,"meta":7726,"component":7728,"responsiveStyles":7733},"builder-25020376f33345348a9edab88b8abfef",{"previousId":7727},"builder-ef1cc597844941c68797b51ed941c786",{"name":3796,"options":7729},{"headline":7730,"videoEmbed":7731,"videoCaption":7732},"Inland Steel Building: Open and Flexible","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/cl6fL_wtCrM?si=SlI4KS6KwWKcM1FT\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","Skidmore, Owings & Merrill is an architecture, urban planning and interior design firm founded in Chicago in 1936. In 1958, SOM moved its offices into the Inland Steel Building after designing the corporate headquarters for the Inland Steel Company. SOM Managing Partner Richard F. Tomlinson II talks about how office culture changed with the introduction of open floor plans. ",{"large":7734},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7736,"meta":7737,"component":7739,"responsiveStyles":7742},"builder-871d41054ce24eeca1aa10e22c8f8915",{"previousId":7738},"builder-721e52857c1b466d88c800149cde6c18",{"name":741,"options":7740},{"padding":1180,"text":7741},"\u003Ch4>related videos:\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4WdNKI2f2Y\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Inland Steel Building: Design of the Corporate Headquarters\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tS8dQ01Nnf4\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Inland Steel Building: Modernist Concepts\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0Vlw5bAczI\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Inland Steel Building: Steel Tower U.S.A.\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":7743},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":7745},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":7747,"meta":7748,"component":7749,"responsiveStyles":7763},"builder-1dde0a7c7d734c7fb632ab8ce2e13c10",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":7750},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":7751,"headline":1224,"button":7762,"copy":623},[7752,7754,7757,7759],{"encyclopediaArticle":7753},{"@type":19,"id":834,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":7755},{"@type":19,"id":7756,"model":831},"65b6b199f106fdae55e9d506c3543177171cae6858da27f690ef3b803c5e2841",{"encyclopediaArticle":7758},{"@type":19,"id":1777,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":7760},{"@type":19,"id":7761,"model":831},"08766a3ea4c311511ba51f538214deca2b157a758d609a0d04d08e050e3ab23a",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":7764},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7766,"component":7767,"responsiveStyles":7771},"builder-b8be3d9faa364c90a5b74ab5b74d8f86",{"name":846,"options":7768},{"symbol":7769},{"data":7770,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7772},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7774,"component":7775,"responsiveStyles":7779},"builder-d38822f842d045ef9934cfe485f60aa2",{"name":846,"options":7776},{"symbol":7777},{"data":7778,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7780},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7782,"component":7783,"responsiveStyles":7787},"builder-9770a0e76ccd494d8fca5b5228cae970",{"name":846,"options":7784},{"symbol":7785},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":7786},{},{"large":7788},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7790,"component":7791,"responsiveStyles":7795},"builder-d94d4f75c5d14c658ba261e3172fc356",{"name":846,"options":7792},{"symbol":7793},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":7794},{},{"large":7796},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":7798},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":7800,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":7801,"responsiveStyles":7802},"builder-pixel-ya1qjz3vid",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":7803},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[7805],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":7664,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F90a5edebf10c4273a80a4dc4cf2d9446",1716918062824,1723220090338,1716578015545,{"lastPreviewUrl":7811,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":7812,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":7813},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/inland-steel?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=8a2a1726df8d4b73bd147251375e98f4&builder.overrides.8a2a1726df8d4b73bd147251375e98f4=8a2a1726df8d4b73bd147251375e98f4&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"8a2a1726df8d4b73bd147251375e98f4",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":7817,"previewUrl":7818,"data":7819,"modelId":935,"query":7944,"published":559,"screenshot":7946,"firstPublished":7947,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":7948,"createdDate":7949,"createdBy":1291,"meta":7950,"variations":7954,"name":7822,"id":7955,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/jackson-park",{"architect":7820,"buildingName":7822,"description":7823,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":7824,"googleMapLink":7825,"imageList":7826,"neighborhood":7836,"officialName":7822,"originalCompletionDate":7837,"query":7838,"state":7841,"streetAddress":7844,"style":7845,"title":7822,"url":7840,"useType":7846,"blocks":7847},[7821],"Frederick Law Olmsted","Jackson Park","\u003Cp>On the south side of Chicago, Jackson Park sits quietly, regally, on the shores of our blue lake—a jewel in the crown of Chicago parks. But the quiet it brings to urban Chicago belies a very busy past and a complex emerging future.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:47.324Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/9QyvE1sLsL3mQbnt9",[7827,7830,7832],{"alt":7822,"caption":7828,"source":668,"src":7829},"Osaka Garden. Photo by Melody Joy Kramer, licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fddfa6b776f054eb7b3e95fbcf3a1ff08",{"alt":6831,"caption":6831,"src":7831},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fba003c103af04e4c8abeb488c6c9da3b",{"alt":7833,"caption":7834,"src":7835},"The Statue of the Republic in Jackson Park","The Statue of the Republic","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Faea5c17323e04881b23e298e57607c5f","Woodlawn","1883",[7839],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":7840},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/jackson-park",{"deviceSize":577,"location":7842},{"path":668,"query":7843},{},"6401 S. Stony Island Ave.",[],[4187],[7848,7939],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":7849,"meta":7850,"children":7851,"responsiveStyles":7937},"builder-36b33ebb318a42c1b08f4112e27ba578",{"previousId":2724},[7852,7860,7877,7889,7905,7913,7921,7929],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7853,"meta":7854,"component":7855,"responsiveStyles":7858},"builder-9c4a05d054ec4239b42beb71502eb02d",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":7856},{"text":7857,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>AN ENORMOUS CHALLENGE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Jackson Park’s story begins in the late 1860s, just after the Civil War. The Illinois legislature passed a bill calling for the building of a system of parks and parkways spread across the entire city of Chicago. To make this dream a reality, three separate park commissions were founded for the creation of these monumental parks and boulevards in different sections of the city. The southern section, called South Park, was to be the centerpiece. Frederick Law Olmsted—known in Chicago circles as the lead designer of the village of Riverside, Illinois—contacted the South Park commissioners, signaling his interest in designing the park.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Olmsted was well-known by this time as the man who designed Central Park in New York. He was the first man to apply the term “landscape architecture” to his work. This new work in Chicago would be even bigger than Central Park and more complex in design. The challenge was enormous and made up of three parts: a 393-acre park along the lake (now Jackson Park), a 372-acre prairie park inland (now Washington Park), and a 300-foot wide one-mile strip linking the two (now the Midway Plaisance). Olmsted was ultimately chosen as the designer.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When contemplating where the park, and then the Fair, would be sited Olmsted said, \"There is but one object of scenery near Chicago of special grandeur or sublimity, and that, the lake, can be made by artificial means no more grand or sublime. The lake, may, indeed, be accepted as fully compensating for the absence of sublime or picturesque elevations of land.\"\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Olmsted was able to design the inland park before tragedy struck. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/the-great-chicago-fire-of-1871/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Great Chicago Fire of 1871\u003C/a> put any further plans for superfluous things like parks on hold as the city of Chicago was focused on rebuilding. It would not be until 1890 that Olmsted, older and nearing the end of his life, would return to Chicago and finish Jackson Park.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>OLMSTED'S LEGACY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1890, the United States Congress decided that Chicago would host the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/worlds-columbian-exposition-of-1893/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">World’s Columbian Exposition\u003C/a>. While not held until 1893, the exposition was to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the “New World.” The fair commissioners, along with Director of Works \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Daniel Burnham\u003C/a>, decided they needed a preeminent landscape architect to design the grounds and assist in placing the monumental buildings throughout. Olmsted was invited and accepted the commission.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Water was the initial unifying motif of the South Park design, originally proposed in Olmsted’s 1869 plan. In Jackson Park, Olmsted was finally able to realize the entirety of that motif. Before the fair, Jackson Park was a marshy, uninviting wind-swept dune. Out of this environment, Olmsted sculpted a series of basins and lagoons along the beautiful blue lake. His objective in creating the fair environment was to elicit the intense emotion that beauty and nature evoke. He achieved this and more. The fair was an unbridled success and Chicagoans are still gifted with the legacy of Olmsted’s creative mind.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A BRIGHT FUTURE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Today, Chicagoans and visitors enjoy the bucolic beauty, quiet and nature of the park. In the very near future Jackson Park will be home to the new \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/evolving-chicago/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-obama-presidential-center/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Obama Presidential Center\u003C/a>. It’s an honor for a former president to be gifted with this incomparable park as the site of his legacy.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In 2016, the park received a gift from artist Yoko Ono, a sculpture titled Skylanding. This piece, consisting of 12 stainless steel lotus petals, symbolizes peace and the meeting of earth and sky. It’s located on Olmsted’s Wooded Island, where the Japanese Phoenix Pavilion welcomed weary fairgoers during the Columbian Exposition. She, like Olmsted so long ago, reflected on how very moved she was by the beauty of Lake Michigan. Anyone who visits the park immediately understands this feeling.\u003C/p>",{"large":7859},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7861,"meta":7862,"component":7863,"responsiveStyles":7875},"builder-6a0778e529704969a86fc31ecc36bd93",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":7864},{"factList":7865},[7866,7869,7872],{"body":7867,"title":772,"icon":7868},"\u003Cp>Excavators regularly find artifacts from the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Jackson Park.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7870,"title":772,"icon":7871},"\u003Cp>The park is one of just two in Chicago designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. The other is Washington Park.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":7873,"title":772,"icon":7874},"\u003Cp>Jackson Park was chosen to be the site of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 even though it was seven miles south of downtown. The reason? Downtown was too messy and polluted!\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":7876},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7878,"meta":7879,"component":7880,"responsiveStyles":7887},"builder-33b37a70edd84893af8f382b9b6b54a8",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":7881},{"headline":791,"testimonials":7882},[7883],{"quote":7884,"attribution":6010,"title":5399,"image":7885},"One can make the case that Jackson Park is the most beautiful place on the Chicago lakefront. When Olmsted sculpted Jackson Park from the scrubby, windswept dunes of the shore to form the landscape for the Columbian Exposition, he was using and enhancing the beauty he was given to elevate the emotional experience of fairgoers form all parts of the world. This is Olmsted's legacy to us today.",{"alt":6010,"src":7886},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F2caad5fa51b04b56aa2d9f5a039e8a9f",{"large":7888},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":7890,"meta":7891,"component":7892,"responsiveStyles":7903},"builder-666ab07180344bb2bdaa2e852c37f0f8",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":7893},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":7894,"headline":1224,"button":7902,"copy":623},[7895,7898,7900],{"encyclopediaArticle":7896},{"@type":19,"id":7897,"model":831},"8cab9bcc7d41782192f34fcd5d4348e13f45dc9778cd760707aedf0af515a5f7",{"encyclopediaArticle":7899},{"@type":19,"id":4584,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":7901},{"@type":19,"id":6627,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":7904},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7906,"component":7907,"responsiveStyles":7911},"builder-adfb6f05fd5648a99525257cd850189d",{"name":846,"options":7908},{"symbol":7909},{"data":7910,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7912},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7914,"component":7915,"responsiveStyles":7919},"builder-9c14067926e04373a2d26afd0280c959",{"name":846,"options":7916},{"symbol":7917},{"data":7918,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":7920},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7922,"component":7923,"responsiveStyles":7927},"builder-47b773c375904040849086a8f5bd9e45",{"name":846,"options":7924},{"symbol":7925},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":7926},{},{"large":7928},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":7930,"component":7931,"responsiveStyles":7935},"builder-428b29de95f241fd8caafb239fc2c58d",{"name":846,"options":7932},{"symbol":7933},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":7934},{},{"large":7936},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":7938},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":7940,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":7941,"responsiveStyles":7942},"builder-pixel-4jza6i126rq",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":7943},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[7945],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":7840},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F896080a4b03e400c9684349acf10dfde",1716918882024,1723220562934,1716577468728,{"componentsUsed":7951,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":7952,"symbolsUsed":7953},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/jackson-park?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=ea46a64d90374e78a2080df0896ccfe2&builder.overrides.ea46a64d90374e78a2080df0896ccfe2=ea46a64d90374e78a2080df0896ccfe2&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"ea46a64d90374e78a2080df0896ccfe2",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":7957,"previewUrl":7958,"data":7959,"modelId":935,"query":8078,"published":559,"screenshot":8080,"firstPublished":8081,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":8082,"createdDate":8083,"createdBy":1291,"meta":8084,"variations":8088,"name":7962,"id":8089,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/john-johnson-publishing-company",{"architect":7960,"buildingName":7962,"description":7963,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":7964,"googleMapLink":7965,"imageList":7966,"neighborhood":4957,"officialName":7984,"originalCompletionDate":7985,"query":7986,"state":7989,"streetAddress":7992,"style":7993,"title":7962,"url":7988,"useType":7994,"blocks":7995},[7961],"John Warren Moutoussamy","John Johnson Publishing Company","\u003Cp>In May 1972, prominent Chicagoans gathered to dedicate the new headquarters of the Johnson Publishing Company—the first downtown Chicago high-rise commissioned by a Black-owned corporation and designed by a Black architect.  \u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:47.861Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/W2LFt7Q2KNGkv6fQA",[7967,7970,7973,7976,7979,7981],{"alt":7962,"caption":7968,"source":668,"src":7969},"Credit: Bolotin on Wikimapia","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F326067d83fbe4dbfadfb71a0522535ac",{"alt":7962,"caption":7971,"src":7972},"Johnson Publishing Co Test Kitchen photo credit Lee Bey Architectural Photography","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff40babd88eb047beaebca757ef003849",{"alt":7962,"caption":7974,"src":7975},"Photo of the lobby today. Credit: Darris Lee Harris via Crain's Chicago Business","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe399307654444fc4afa9a083fafba1a8",{"alt":7962,"caption":7977,"src":7978},"Photo of the rooftop today. Credit: Darris Lee Harris via Crain's Chicago Business","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7dc244919e054999a5739f435107f5c6",{"alt":7962,"src":7980},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F0b6b2efe929141279e51b462fabc134f",{"alt":7962,"caption":7982,"src":7983},"Photo credit: docomomo U.S.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9d483cd4668f41f5b4d8fc7b130d8e32","Johnson Publishing Company ","1972",[7987],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":7988},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/john-johnson-publishing-company",{"deviceSize":577,"location":7990},{"path":668,"query":7991},{},"820 S. Michigan Avenue ",[1606],[701],[7996,8073],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":7997,"meta":7998,"children":7999,"responsiveStyles":8071},"builder-265966bf0f434c9ba88eac14abcf922c",{"previousId":2724},[8000,8008,8025,8039,8047,8055,8063],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8001,"meta":8002,"component":8003,"responsiveStyles":8006},"builder-1b82e19c40f74474921b0010b6591121",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":8004},{"text":8005,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>After occupying several different locations, Johnson Publishing Company—the parent corporation for both \u003Cem>Ebony\u003C/em> and \u003Cem>Jet\u003C/em> magazines—eventually found its home at 820 S. Michigan, where it stayed until 2010. It was designed by John Warren Moutoussamy, who studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology under Mies van der Rohe. During his career, Moutoussamy was deeply involved in the planning of his alma mater’s modernist campus and in the mid-1960 he joined the architecture firm Dubin, Dubin and Black as the first Black person to be named partner at a large Chicago architecture firm. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>exemplary success and distinguished style\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>While Chicago’s downtown was being rebuilt with glass and steel office towers in the late 1960s, John H. Johnson did not want “one of those ‘shirt front’ glass and steel buildings” and asked Moutoussamy to design a unique and modern building that conveyed Johnson Publishing Company’s exemplary success and distinguished style. The result is a building which has an openly expressed structure, open floor plans, and an absence of ornament—all traditional hallmarks of the International style. However, the building is unusual in its separation of the columns, horizontal spans, and windows into three separate planes, which breaks from the International Style, which usually treats the front façade as a flat plane.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Standing at 11 stories with 110,000 square feet of office space, the building cost $8 million. Wide expanses of recessed windows extend across the full 40-foot wide façade, with the windows on the 10th and 11th floor recessed even further back to create outdoor terraces for executive offices and the employee dining room. The façade was originally clad in walnut travertine, but similar to the Aon Building, the travertine was too porous to withstand Chicago winters and was replaced in 2005 with granite of an almost identical color.  \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>rich with style\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The interior of the building was a glimpse into Black culture in the years following the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. Each floor was rich with bold textures, stand-out colors, and lively geometric patterns among the contemporary furniture, sculptures, and art. Although the vibrant interiors were removed when the building was sold in 2017, the iconic Ebony Test Kitchen was saved from demolition by Landmarks Illinois and is now in the collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History & Culture in Washington D.C. While the building is now home to apartments, the interior design incorporates elements of the 1970’s in the lobby, elevator cabs, rooftop deck, and other common areas. Details include the round-cornered wood paneling and stone floors original to the design as well as the use of mirrored wallpaper and leopard-print fabric. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building was granted National Historic Landmark status in 2018, protecting the building’s exterior from any changes and preserving the iconic Jet and Ebony rooftop signage. \u003C/p>",{"large":8007},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8009,"meta":8010,"component":8011,"responsiveStyles":8023},"builder-253f53830ef545a78d9ac0a5c0a4f718",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":8012},{"factList":8013},[8014,8017,8020],{"body":8015,"title":772,"icon":8016},"\u003Cp>John Johnson was the first Black man to appear on the Forbes 400 list in 1982 and in 1996 he was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8018,"title":772,"icon":8019},"\u003Cp>In the 1940’s, banks would not loan money to Black people. With a $500 loan borrowed against his mother’s furniture, John H. Johnson launched his publishing company. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8021,"title":772,"icon":8022},"\u003Cp>The Johnson Publishing Company first operated out of an office in the Supreme Life Insurance Company located on King Drive in Bronzeville. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":8024},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":8026,"meta":8027,"component":8028,"responsiveStyles":8037},"builder-be646f803eb944a583b68ebbe74f7b88",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":8029},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":8030,"headline":1224,"button":8036,"copy":623},[8031,8033],{"encyclopediaArticle":8032},{"@type":19,"id":1774,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8034},{"@type":19,"id":8035,"model":831},"3b093895759050ff2b4081e33913a1801f44a85813484eba096b6911268a05c4",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":8038},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8040,"component":8041,"responsiveStyles":8045},"builder-55558cb6645d49e38119cb5fbe2b976d",{"name":846,"options":8042},{"symbol":8043},{"data":8044,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":8046},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8048,"component":8049,"responsiveStyles":8053},"builder-a8bbdc47d9fd439aa6c48619431b7334",{"name":846,"options":8050},{"symbol":8051},{"data":8052,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":8054},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8056,"component":8057,"responsiveStyles":8061},"builder-9ac604c4dfc04dfa8c650b9fc253b454",{"name":846,"options":8058},{"symbol":8059},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":8060},{},{"large":8062},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8064,"component":8065,"responsiveStyles":8069},"builder-278de71781374c70abd7e27e8b5f4c48",{"name":846,"options":8066},{"symbol":8067},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":8068},{},{"large":8070},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":8072},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":8074,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":8075,"responsiveStyles":8076},"builder-pixel-ejs764l02pq",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":8077},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[8079],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":7988},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6eb6d41cfa9449afb3217abc5334b3ff",1716919112080,1723220754447,1716577072811,{"componentsUsed":8085,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasErrors":51,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":8086,"symbolsUsed":8087},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/john-johnson-publishing-company?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=c99aa055a2e74ca99688641545e3ea2d&builder.overrides.c99aa055a2e74ca99688641545e3ea2d=c99aa055a2e74ca99688641545e3ea2d&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"c99aa055a2e74ca99688641545e3ea2d",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":8091,"previewUrl":8092,"data":8093,"modelId":935,"query":8221,"published":559,"screenshot":8223,"firstPublished":8224,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":8225,"createdDate":8226,"createdBy":1291,"meta":8227,"variations":8231,"name":8102,"id":8232,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/jones-college-prep",{"googleMapLink":8094,"forceUpdatedURLOn":8095,"query":8096,"architect":8099,"description":8101,"title":8102,"useType":8103,"officialName":8104,"url":8098,"buildingName":8102,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":8105,"streetAddress":8106,"style":8107,"neighborhood":712,"state":8108,"imageList":8111,"blocks":8121},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/JvgfppCrh2AubK5A7","2024-08-08T22:12:48.496Z",[8097],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":8098,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/jones-college-prep",[8100],"Perkins+Will","\u003Cp>Head west on Balbo from Michigan Avenue and you’ll see a tall, dynamic stack of red and gray rectangles rising in front of you.\u003C/p>","Jones College Prep",[5081],"William Jones College Preparatory High School","2013","700 S. State St.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":8109},{"path":668,"query":8110},{},[8112,8115,8117,8119],{"src":8113,"alt":8102,"caption":8114,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F949eb60e7c1d447484905b26ca205764","Courtesy of Perkins+Will",{"src":8116,"alt":8102,"caption":8114},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fca0dc06aaccf449ab221aad0877bd76d",{"src":8118,"alt":8102,"caption":8114},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F536c2fd8b6404293873f0fb0d11881a3",{"src":8120,"alt":8102,"caption":8114},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7ef5c4bc7b73440d87099416cb12cf6d",[8122,8216],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":8123,"meta":8124,"children":8125,"responsiveStyles":8214},"builder-8aa20df7d3ac49f3bacb6acbd7231f87",{"previousId":2724},[8126,8134,8154,8167,8182,8190,8198,8206],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8127,"meta":8128,"component":8129,"responsiveStyles":8132},"builder-7a893e33614848b0b579642851beef12",{"previousId":2884},{"name":741,"options":8130},{"text":8131,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Jones College Prep is a high-rise school intended as a model for urban campuses.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>HIGH-RISE HIGH SCHOOL\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Designed by Perkins+Will in 1967, Jones Commercial High School stood for many years at State and Harrison streets, a compact school serving a small downtown population. After several name changes over the years, it became known as Jones College in Prep in 2002. As the number of families living downtown and in the South Loop exploded, Jones needed more space. They couldn’t build out like a typical high school, so they had to build up.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Ralph Johnson, global design director for Perkins+Will, led the effort to imagine a new type of school building that could fit on a postage stamp-sized bit of land. His plan for the school put major common areas on the easily accessible lower floors, with student-centered spaces above.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The three-story lobby with floor-to-ceiling glass is flooded with light and provides access to the auditorium, library and lunchroom. These uplifting spaces invite students to congregate and even welcome neighbors from the community for after-hours events. Classrooms occupy the fourth and fifth floors, while the top two floors contain athletic facilities.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>SENSITIVE BY DESIGN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The school stands adjacent to the historic Printers Row District. The design responds to this proximity by incorporating the colors of brick and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">concrete\u003C/a> slabs cladding the school.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Environmental sensitivity was also a key element of the school, which was designed to pursue \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/leed-leadership-in-energy-and-environmental-design/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">LEED Gold certification\u003C/a>. Opaque glass panels on the facade are calibrated to most efficiently regulate natural heat and light from the sun. A “green alley” collects rainwater during storms and releases it slowly to avoid overwhelming the sewer system. The green roof further helps control solar heating and storm water runoff.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The original Jones College Prep buildings, immediately to the north, were planned for demolition. After the new building opened, the previous buildings were instead renovated and reused to expand enrollment at this excellent, in-demand school.\u003C/p>",{"large":8133},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8135,"meta":8136,"component":8137,"responsiveStyles":8152},"builder-2cbc9d3a84df46379101e7d4c2f30e8b",{"previousId":2738},{"name":767,"options":8138},{"factList":8139},[8140,8143,8146,8149],{"body":8141,"title":772,"icon":8142},"\u003Cp>Larry Perkins, founder of Perkins+Will, is the son of Dwight Perkins who designed more than 40 Chicago Public Schools buildings during his time as architect for the district.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8144,"title":772,"icon":8145},"\u003Cp>The athletic facilities on the sixth and seventh floors of Jones College Prep include a swimming pool.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8147,"title":772,"icon":8148},"\u003Cp>The school has a green roof, as well as multiple levels of rooftop terraces including a “reading garden.”\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8150,"title":772,"icon":8151},"\u003Cp>The new Jones College Prep offers 278,000 square feet of space with a capacity for 1,200 students.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":8153},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8155,"meta":8156,"component":8157,"responsiveStyles":8165},"builder-7fab1fe87e8d4d89910f6afd54e36e3f",{"previousId":2759},{"name":789,"options":8158},{"headline":791,"testimonials":8159},[8160],{"quote":8161,"attribution":8162,"title":5399,"image":8163},"Jones College Prep, designed by Perkins+Will, opened in the fall of 2013 and provides 1200 urban, selective enrollment students with an energy efficient, visually inspiring environment for learning. As architect Ralph Johnson says, ‘The facade expresses the puzzle of the interior.’","Claudia Winkler",{"alt":8162,"src":8164},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ffab1e5767c4a4b13ada4ea7e39eba315",{"large":8166},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":8168,"meta":8169,"component":8170,"responsiveStyles":8180},"builder-2990d7a03bae47ab832c232b12246a6a",{"previousId":2932},{"name":821,"options":8171},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":8172,"headline":1224,"button":8179,"copy":623},[8173,8175,8177],{"encyclopediaArticle":8174},{"@type":19,"id":2632,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8176},{"@type":19,"id":1076,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8178},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":8181},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8183,"component":8184,"responsiveStyles":8188},"builder-353add7dc6864760960d7c079572423f",{"name":846,"options":8185},{"symbol":8186},{"data":8187,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":8189},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8191,"component":8192,"responsiveStyles":8196},"builder-296a9b996ea6411eb1313cc360b33b76",{"name":846,"options":8193},{"symbol":8194},{"data":8195,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":8197},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8199,"component":8200,"responsiveStyles":8204},"builder-7c3f7253787349bba71e59fe3058a15d",{"name":846,"options":8201},{"symbol":8202},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":8203},{},{"large":8205},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8207,"component":8208,"responsiveStyles":8212},"builder-75bd47f7d4bf49bc831c68f39cb2c2fc",{"name":846,"options":8209},{"symbol":8210},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":8211},{},{"large":8213},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":8215},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":8217,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":8218,"responsiveStyles":8219},"builder-pixel-pnkrluwpnd",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":8220},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[8222],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":8098,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7c248b7142874847b680c8b3687bb967",1716919245940,1723220813252,1716576627324,{"lastPreviewUrl":8228,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":8229,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":8230},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/jones-college-prep?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=24e957715c7f4d2aa67a04d52d715f57&builder.overrides.24e957715c7f4d2aa67a04d52d715f57=24e957715c7f4d2aa67a04d52d715f57&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact 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Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"24e957715c7f4d2aa67a04d52d715f57",{"lastUpdatedBy":687,"folders":8234,"previewUrl":8235,"data":8236,"modelId":935,"query":8363,"published":559,"screenshot":8365,"firstPublished":8366,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":8367,"createdDate":8368,"createdBy":1291,"meta":8369,"variations":8373,"name":5358,"id":8374,"rev":950},[],"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/lincoln-park",{"googleMapLink":8237,"forceUpdatedURLOn":8238,"query":8239,"architect":8242,"description":8246,"title":5358,"officialName":5358,"useType":8247,"url":8241,"buildingName":5358,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":8248,"streetAddress":8249,"style":8250,"state":8251,"neighborhood":5358,"imageList":8254,"blocks":8270},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/ma6kYHDGiQsbvDKJ8","2024-08-08T22:12:50.291Z",[8240],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":8241,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/lincoln-park",[8243,8244,6539,8245,2541],"Alfred Caldwell","Dwight Perkins","Swain Nelson","\u003Cp>Lincoln Park is the Chicago Park District's largest park, running along the lakefront from Ohio Street to Hollywood Avenue.\u003C/p>",[4187],"1860-2010","2045 N Lincoln Park W",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":8252},{"path":668,"query":8253},{},[8255,8258,8261,8264,8267],{"src":8256,"alt":5358,"caption":8257,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Febec297f18c740539311c115ad68ad33","Pavilion in Lincoln Park designed by Studio Gang. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers.",{"src":8259,"alt":5358,"caption":8260},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fdb6a0ba1249d4b27ab60d21cf41a7bec","Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers.",{"src":8262,"alt":5358,"caption":8263},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6522e9a8dbc741719dcb90618f826be6","Lincoln Park Conservatory. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers.",{"src":8265,"alt":5358,"caption":8266},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fb577e46d24944b5984c97e2375400e3d","Abraham Lincoln: The Man (also called Standing Lincoln) is one of many sculptures found in Lincoln Park.",{"src":8268,"alt":5358,"caption":8269},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff3a4fa7cf462411f8c46ff038af2075c","View of Chicago skyline from Lincoln Park. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers.",[8271,8358],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":8272,"meta":8273,"children":8274,"responsiveStyles":8356},"builder-469171bcd59f4a8eb2fd36ce7d1126e3",{"previousId":2724},[8275,8283,8302,8312,8324,8332,8340,8348],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8276,"component":8277,"responsiveStyles":8281},"builder-4f773646e50b4f46985b948175f6e5fb",{"name":741,"options":8278},{"padding":8279,"text":8280},"half-top","\u003Ch4>BODIES OF WORK\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Lincoln Park did not have an auspicious beginning. In the 1860s, the city set aside 60 acres as Lake Park. It was renamed Lincoln Park in 1865 after Lincoln’s assassination. Up to that point, the land was being used as a city cemetery. People who died from cholera and Confederate prisoners from Camp Douglas were among the hundreds buried there.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>As the neighborhood became more residential, there was increased pressure to remove the corpses, due to health concerns. There was a fear that the standing water in the graves flowed into nearby Lake Michigan and presented a health risk. The stench from the shallowly buried bodies in the cemetery wasn’t appealing to the new residents, either.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Thousands of bodies were disinterred and moved to other cemeteries, including \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/graceland-cemetery/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Graceland\u003C/a> and Oak Woods. But many bodies were left behind. One researcher estimates that thousands of bodies are still buried in Lincoln Park. Occasionally remains will be discovered during the course of new construction.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>As the city grew north, Lincoln Park expanded to approximately 1,200 acres. It is now one of Chicago’s most heavily used parks, with 20 million visitors a year.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>GEMS IN THE PARK\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago has a long tradition of siting museums in their parks, as seen with the Art Institute and the Museum of Science of Industry. Lincoln Park is no different. In 1894, the Chicago Academy of Arts and Sciences moved into the park. It relocated in 1999 and is now called the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum. In the late 19th century, conservatories became popular as people became concerned with the effects of industrialization. The Lincoln Park Conservatory was completed in 1895 and was described as a “paradise under glass.” It provides a tropical respite even in the dead of winter. The Chicago History Museum opened in the park in 1932. The original building was a Works Progress Administration project designed by Graham, Anderson Probst and White.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>But to many, Lincoln Park’s most famous institution is the Lincoln Park Zoo. The zoo started off small, with the gift of two swans from New York City’s Central Park. The first purchase was a bear cub for $10 in 1874. Today, the zoo is home to more than 1,100 animals. It is one of the last free zoos in the state and attracts about 3.5 million visitors a year. One of its most famous residents was Bushman, one of the largest gorillas in captivity. His death in 1951 attracted hundreds of mourners including the mayor.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>PONDS, PATHS AND PAVILIONS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Lincoln Park has been shaped by a succession of prominent landscape architects. The initial design by Swain Nelson – who also laid out the original roads for Graceland Cemetery – featured winding pathways and small ponds. The Waterfowl Lagoon in Lincoln Park Zoo remains from this design. In the early 1900s, architect Ossian Cole Simonds was recruited to expand on Nelson’s design after completing an expansion of Graceland Cemetery. By landfill, he doubled the size of Lincoln Park. He also redesigned older sections to produce “the quiet sylvan conditions so much needed and desired by city dwellers.\"\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Perhaps the most striking landscape feature is the Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool north of the zoo. Caldwell trained under landscape architect Jens Jensen. The Lily Pond reflects the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/prairie-style/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Prairie Style\u003C/a> with striated stonework and emphasizes indigenous plantings. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Another highlight is Café Brauer, a 1908 masterpiece of architect Dwight Perkins, one of the leaders of the Prairie School. Perkins also designed the Kovler Lion house in the zoo. Finally, in 2008, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/studio-gang-architects/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Studio Gang\u003C/a> supervised the restoration of the South Pond, just south of Café Brauer. The firm’s goal was to create a slice of prairie in the city by transforming the area into a wildlife urban habitat. The restoration is crowned with a striking outdoor pavilion made of curved laminated strips of Douglas fir.\u003C/p>",{"large":8282},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8284,"component":8285,"responsiveStyles":8300},"builder-d3d81fd9a6b14656bdf29d0afba588d3",{"name":767,"options":8286},{"factList":8287},[8288,8291,8294,8297],{"title":772,"icon":8289,"body":8290},{"alt":775},"\u003Cp>Lincoln Park is filled with statues of presidents, generals, governors, playwrights, authors— and a dentist. Greene Vardiman Black is considered the father of modern dentistry. He created new amalgams, designed his own instruments, wrote definitive textbooks and was a Northwestern Dental School dean.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":8292,"body":8293},{"alt":775},"\u003Cp>Chicago’s Theater on the Lake began as a health facility called the Chicago Daily News Fresh Air Fund Sanitarium. At the time, doctors believed that lakefront breezes could help babies suffering from tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. About 30,000 children were treated at the sanitarium every summer until 1939.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":8295,"body":8296},{"alt":775},"\u003Cp>The first 18 sea lions housed at Lincoln Park Zoo made a break for freedom before the sea lion house was completed in 1889. Records show 17 were found in a nearby Clark Street restaurant. The eighteenth made it to Lake Michigan and was never heard from again.\u003C/p>",{"title":772,"icon":8298,"body":8299},{"alt":775},"\u003Cp>Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer was the brainchild of Montgomery Ward editor Robert May, who in 1939 used a reindeer—his daughter’s favorite animal at the Lincoln Park Zoo—as inspiration to write a variation of the “Ugly Duckling” story. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":8301},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8303,"component":8304,"responsiveStyles":8310},"builder-e2b33c88643142feb2b1eedc1db391c5",{"name":789,"options":8305},{"headline":1755,"testimonials":8306},[8307],{"quote":8308,"attribution":3180,"title":3181,"image":8309},"One of my favorite views in Lincoln Park is at the north end of the South Pond. Behind you is Café Brauer. Ahead of you is the restored South Pond framed by a spectacular downtown skyline. The pairing of the restored prairie with Chicago skyscrapers is 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S. Alschuler","\u003Cp>Located where Fort Dearborn once stood, the London Guarantee & Accident Building is one of four structures that have anchored the Michigan Avenue Bridge since the 1920s. 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Michigan Ave.",[396],[3290],[8414,8512],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8415,"meta":8416,"children":8418,"responsiveStyles":8510},"builder-06c1043cfc90456a9d2b323e680f1bda",{"previousId":8417},"builder-a0957490266a4b9aaaf9d3242ccbabe2",[8419,8427,8436,8451,8464,8478,8486,8494,8502],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8420,"component":8421,"responsiveStyles":8425},"builder-c27e4f26e7d84d93995e469a3e65f2b2",{"name":3796,"options":8422},{"headline":8423,"videoEmbed":8424},"LondonHouse Chicago","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/1k7-lOdtwDc?si=GlNCLD4KdVUaMARC\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"large":8426},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8428,"meta":8429,"component":8431,"responsiveStyles":8434},"builder-d008e78f049e4dc480899a5142c8dacb",{"previousId":8430},"builder-1c56ce935c3d4d2eb364ed5163d50e10",{"name":741,"options":8432},{"text":8433,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>The 1920s was a period of significant growth for Chicago. Industry was booming in the wake of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893. The thriving economy created an upsurge in infrastructure and the construction of new skyscrapers, with designs reminiscent of those seen in the “White City” at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. The London Guarantee Building was part of this boom.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Designed by Alfred S. Alschuler, the building was completed in 1923 for the London Guarantee & Accident Company, a British insurance firm. Its design is the epitome of the Beaux-Arts style, filled with classical references like Corinthian columns and Roman figures engraved in the stone façade.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building’s most prominent feature is the cupola that sits atop the 22-story tower. The structure is comprised of a ringed colonnade (sequence of columns) and a domed top that rise several additional stories above the main building. The effect is purposefully dramatic and serves to counterbalance the grandeur of its neighbor across the river, the Wrigley Building.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>EVOLVING PURPOSE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The London Guarantee Building was home to a multitude of tenants throughout the 20th century.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the early 1950s, the London House Jazz Club opened its doors on the building’s first floor. It was one of the foremost jazz clubs in the country and hosted musicians like Oscar Peterson, Frank Sinatra, Ramsey Lewis, Barbara Carroll and many others. As rock and roll began to eclipse jazz, the famous nightclub and restaurant closed its doors in the early 1970s.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Stone Container Corporation signed a long-term lease in the space in 1960. Decades later, Crain Communications acquired the building. As the building changed hands, it also changed names. People often referred to the structure by its principal tenant at the time, which caused confusion among Chicago residents and visitors alike.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>REVITALIZED ANCHOR\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Toward the end of the 20th century, the building was no longer the thriving hub it once was. It remained largely empty until the Oxford Capital Group acquired the building in 2013. Two years later, the corporation announced its plans to launch one of the most ambitious downtown restoration projects in recent years. Taking a titular cue from the departed jazz club, the 452-room LondonHouse Chicago hotel opened in spring 2016. Major changes included a 22-story glass addition containing ballrooms and meeting spaces designed by Goettsch Partners, and an extremely popular 3-level rooftop lounge.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building’s transition from insurance mecca to jazz joint to successful hotel demonstrates its ability to stay relevant over nearly a century. The London Guarantee and Accident Building is still an anchor of the Michigan Avenue Bridge, but it has also cemented itself as a mainstay of Chicago’s future.\u003C/p>",{"large":8435},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8437,"meta":8438,"component":8440,"responsiveStyles":8449},"builder-c71268018f0c4574bc70a106b6f9eec6",{"previousId":8439},"builder-01e9a86a8d1742eb9329f186292b754d",{"name":767,"options":8441},{"factList":8442},[8443,8446],{"body":8444,"title":772,"icon":8445},"\u003Cp>A Michigan Avenue property owner refused to sell his small piece of land to the London Guarantee Company before the headquarters was built. As a result, Alschuler had to design the building around it. When the building corporation later obtained a 198-year lease to the parcel, Alschuler designed a five-story section that makes the façade continuous.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8447,"title":772,"icon":8448},"\u003Cp>A sculpture of Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, is located above the main entrance as a nod to the fact that the building's namesake firm sold maritime insurance.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":8450},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8452,"meta":8453,"component":8455,"responsiveStyles":8462},"builder-efcbd3f5f6724f1b8e58154b09fcfb8b",{"previousId":8454},"builder-7416b59d8820499193fe1931bf6b7e96",{"name":789,"options":8456},{"headline":791,"testimonials":8457},[8458],{"quote":8459,"attribution":8460,"title":3971,"image":8461},"The London House Hotel, perched on the edge of the Chicago River, is a monolith of a reminder of the historic old Fort Dearborn that once stood on this site. Drawing your eyes upward with all its classical details, your eyes stop atop the dome.","Monica Rodriguez 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On State Street (formerly Marshall Field’s) ",[8540,8544,8548,8552],{"caption":8541,"src":8542,"alt":8543},"Marshall Field and Company Building","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fefc20421055b4d749404ae72b726cb4e","image from across the street of a large tall tan building with a green exterior clock hanging from its corner",{"caption":8545,"alt":8546,"src":8547},"Marshall Field","Black and white image of a man with white hair and a mustache wearing a suit and looking to his right","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F17bbf93a997d4b45b5580259b912cf71",{"alt":8549,"src":8550,"caption":8551},"Bronze sign that reads \"Marshall Field and Company\" ","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc261af06198449e0a0a49b0deacd2d83","Marshall Field and Company Sign 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Under Field’s leadership, the company revolutionized the retail industry with innovations such as an in-store restaurant (the Walnut Room) and the emphasis on customer service with the motto, “Give the lady what she wants.” \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Field's flagship store on State Street, was constructed between 1902-1906 with sections added in 1907 and 1914. Daniel Burnham designed the two primary sections along State Street in the Beaux Arts style and for a time it was the largest store in the world with 73 acres of floorspace.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>While the exterior is clad in terra cotta, brick, and granite, the interior features several atria, one of which includes a stunning Louis Comfort Tiffany vaulted mosaic half-barrel ceiling. Crafted by a group of 50 artisans over 18 months, the Tiffany ceiling is more than 6,000 square feet and contains 1.6 million pieces of iridescent glass (two pieces per square inch). It is the largest glass mosaic of its kind and was inlayed under Tiffany’s direct supervision. The dome is an example of the artist’s famous glass making method known as the “favrile” process. Favrile is a type of firing which allows glass to be created, in conjunction with materials used, in an unlimited range of color and texture. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>At one time, 4 Tiffany globes were suspended from the Tiffany ceiling. They were removed, put in storage, then pulled out to use in a furniture display where they were subsequently damaged. Two were repaired and now hang in the building, one is still broken, and the 4th is located in Target headquarters. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>On State Street, the clocks are the most identifiable feature of the store’s exterior. They weigh more than 7 tons each with a clockface of 46 inches. The clocks are electric and controlled by a master clock in the 2nd sub-basement of the building. Before the installation of the clocks in 1897, people met in front of Field’s, sometimes leaving notes stuck to the doors or tucked into the corners of windows to communicate when they were late. Marshall Field decided that clocks would inspire people to be more prompt and the phrase “meet me under the clock” became a common Chicago saying.    \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":8573},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8575,"meta":8576,"component":8578,"responsiveStyles":8593},"builder-b37d762f792c4132a15d368dda4b214d",{"previousId":8577},"builder-45b3908f0c6b4a5eaf2bd90439518f78",{"name":767,"options":8579},{"factList":8580},[8581,8584,8587,8590],{"body":8582,"title":772,"icon":8583},"\u003Cp>Inside the store is a lost staircase that was uncovered during a renovation in 2003. Now a shortcut to the lower level, the ornate Florentine Renaissance staircase was meticulously refurbished.  \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8585,"title":772,"icon":8586},"\u003Cp>On November 3, 1945, The Saturday Evening Post cover, painted by Norman Rockwell, featured a man on a ladder setting the Marshall Field’s clock. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8588,"title":772,"icon":8589},"\u003Cp>Marshall Field’s was the first store in the world to offer a bridal registry, a concept introduced in 1924. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8591,"title":772,"icon":8592},"\u003Cp>Marshall Field's original store was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. 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Randolph St.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":8710},{"path":668,"query":8711},{},[8713,8715,8717,8719,8721,8723,8725,8727],{"src":8714,"alt":8704,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F37cf88865c0f49bc972e3ddf52fb6b6a",{"src":8716,"alt":8704},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0b56241979d84abe987d0ecb14096540",{"src":8718,"alt":8704},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F911e4fc6b1cf4639a1785be05b5ab966",{"src":8720,"alt":8704},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F1f16064044b24e4b9cec27b2907a2369",{"src":8722,"alt":8704},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe3f9f5ff900f4c239b314cbefe43ac88",{"src":8724,"alt":8704},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fbcfef27a2cf44e7186f47a41d0a8fd2c",{"src":8726,"alt":8704},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7d29897265c74d178542baa3d20e1254",{"src":8728,"alt":8704},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F795610e3187c4eaaaad7565324ab666e",[8730,8821],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8731,"meta":8732,"children":8733,"responsiveStyles":8819},"builder-90ec3ec096fe4575a62f4c61149c731b",{"previousId":8417},[8734,8742,8762,8775,8783,8795,8803,8811],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8735,"meta":8736,"component":8737,"responsiveStyles":8740},"builder-c1c55767f68c4c09bd9748777231e2d6",{"previousId":8430},{"name":741,"options":8738},{"text":8739,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Its whimsical, curving layout encourages active recreation. The story of how the park came to be provides an interesting look at how Chicago’s downtown has evolved.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>FROM FUNCTIONAL TO FUN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago may still be a mighty industrial city, but the days of downtown factories are long past. Rail yards once occupied much of the land south of the river, but shrank steadily through the 1900s. In 1953, a parking garage was built on the land where Maggie Daley Park stands today. Daley Bicentennial Plaza was built on top of the garage as a green roof in 1976.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Daley Bicentennial Plaza was a formal, rectilinear landscape featuring a wildflower garden, tennis courts and an ice skating rink. Frank Gehry’s sinuous, metallic BP Bridge lured curious visitors to cross Columbus Drive, only to find a timeworn park out of step with the glitz and excitement of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/millennium-park/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Millennium Park\u003C/a> and the growing Lakeshore East neighborhood.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A LANDSCAPE OF WONDER\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Crucial repairs to the leaks in the underground parking garage created an opportunity for reinvention. Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, known for innovative and inviting landscape work in New York City, won the international competition to design the outdoor space. The firm re-imagined the park as a place for active recreation at all times of the year, and renamed it in memory of Mayor Richard M. Daley’s late wife.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Once the garage’s waterproof membrane was replaced, a new landscape was created. Lightweight geofoam was used to shape the park without overburdening the garage. Curves, hills and valleys provide unique vistas and easy movement through the space while shielding visitors from harsh sun, wind and traffic noise. A quarter-mile-long skating ribbon (ice skating in winter), a collection of themed play areas and 40-foot climbing walls are just a few of the park’s attractions.\u003C/p>",{"large":8741},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8743,"meta":8744,"component":8745,"responsiveStyles":8760},"builder-3ed7e17bac7e49448b1b3649e5ea2d25",{"previousId":8439},{"name":767,"options":8746},{"factList":8747},[8748,8751,8754,8757],{"body":8749,"title":772,"icon":8750},"\u003Cp>Enough geofoam was used in Maggie Daley Park to fill at least 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8752,"title":772,"icon":8753},"\u003Cp>Much of the geofoam used in the Maggie Daley Park project was reused from Daley Bicentennial Plaza.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8755,"title":772,"icon":8756},"\u003Cp>Chicagoans of a certain age may remember driving through what is now part of Maggie Daley Park, before the infamous S-curve in Lake Shore Drive was rerouted between 1984 and 1986.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8758,"title":772,"icon":8759},"\u003Cp>The existing Cancer Survivors' Garden was incorporated into the park—a fitting tribute to Maggie Daley’s brave, nine-year fight against cancer.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":8761},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8763,"meta":8764,"component":8765,"responsiveStyles":8773},"builder-538e70ca5d0b4e2992955895f5d6bd4a",{"previousId":8454},{"name":789,"options":8766},{"headline":791,"testimonials":8767},[8768],{"quote":8769,"attribution":8770,"title":3181,"image":8771},"Maggie Daley Park is a unique addition to Chicago's urban landscape, enhancing the city’s liveability and playfulness. 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Dearborn St.",[3263],{"deviceSize":577,"location":8855},{"path":668,"query":8856},{},[8858,8860,8862,8864],{"src":8859,"alt":8849,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F11acefbd13e346c3abbd425e96904243",{"src":8861,"alt":8849},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa14c9c20557e4b8fa2fe25433a38d338",{"src":8863,"alt":8849},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F720d0f08908f4bd5b2a4c3fd3e82029e",{"src":8865,"alt":8849},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fcc95e9dc5c374f9b8ce4f12baba6407f",[8867,8963],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8868,"meta":8869,"children":8870,"responsiveStyles":8961},"builder-4b6b15d6bbb24d6e8fee21cb1db2c2b5",{"previousId":8417},[8871,8879,8896,8908,8929,8937,8945,8953],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8872,"meta":8873,"component":8874,"responsiveStyles":8877},"builder-513babe28a644feeb98deef7c62a3219",{"previousId":8430},{"name":741,"options":8875},{"text":8876,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>As with any new technology, designers experiment and learn from each other in the pursuit of new solutions. Architect and engineer \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/william-le-baron-jenney/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">William Le Baron Jenney\u003C/a> wrestled with rapidly changing technologies and forms required for this brand-new building type.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>HOW TALL SHOULD IT LOOK?\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The thing with tall buildings is that they tend to look extremely tall. In the 21st century, we’ve become accustomed to soaring skyscrapers, even celebrating engineering feats that make supertall towers possible. But in the late 1880s, when architects and engineers were just beginning to experiment with \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skeleton-frame-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">skeleton frame construction\u003C/a>, the general public was not so sure about the safety of tall buildings.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Should buildings be tall? Should buildings look tall? Jenney wrestled with these questions while designing the Manhattan Building. In the end, he made a design choice: to downplay its height by dividing its \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> into horizontal sections and including setbacks. This was likely done to appease onlookers at a time when buildings this tall were still shocking.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A LITTLE BIT OF EVERYTHING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Manhattan Building’s facade demonstrates Jenney’s design experimentations. He used a variety of forms, materials, fenestration patterns and ornamentation. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/granite/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Granite\u003C/a>, pressed brick, cast iron and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> all make an appearance on the building. The variety of windows and projecting bays provide a staccato rhythm to the facade, while a series of string courses demonstrate where floors break.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Though his aesthetic experimentations may leave a bit to be desired, his structural experimentations are viewed as truly innovative. In order to minimize the load and impact on adjacent buildings, the foundations of the Manhattan Building are \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/cantilever/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">cantilevered\u003C/a> out from the edges of the structure. After the Manhattan, cantilevers in a structure's foundation were used more frequently.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":8878},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8880,"meta":8881,"component":8882,"responsiveStyles":8894},"builder-7265a751e2bc407e8300f877188e2c41",{"previousId":8439},{"name":767,"options":8883},{"factList":8884},[8885,8888,8891],{"body":8886,"title":772,"icon":8887},"\u003Cp>Jenney tucked small grotesque figures into the underside of the bay windows of the Manhattan Building to delight and surprise pedestrians who walked along the sidewalk and looked up at the hulking building.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8889,"title":772,"icon":8890},"\u003Cp>The Manhattan Building sits at the corner of Congress Parkway and Dearborn Street, serving as an introduction to some  of Chicago's oldest skyscrapers.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":8892,"title":772,"icon":8893},"\u003Cp>Jenney was a bridge builder during the Civil War who marched with Sherman into Atlanta.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":8895},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8897,"meta":8898,"component":8899,"responsiveStyles":8906},"builder-bd2cbf16a94a4ea09dff6d6d642c0cde",{"previousId":8454},{"name":789,"options":8900},{"headline":791,"testimonials":8901},[8902],{"quote":8903,"attribution":4565,"title":4566,"image":8904},"The Manhattan Building is a marvel of architecture and engineering. The 1891 building holds William Le Baron Jenney’s genius at the peak of his career. The building uses wind-bracing in the walls, an innovative foundation, bay windows with fanciful detailing to enliven the facade and steel beams to strengthen the corners of the building.",{"alt":4565,"src":8905},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0fab927c665c4c0fbdc04b7139e2aaee",{"large":8907},{"display":674,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":8909,"meta":8910,"component":8911,"responsiveStyles":8927},"builder-1ad8bef29389480eaad90ac56fb72386",{"previousId":8467},{"name":821,"options":8912},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":8913,"headline":1224,"button":8926,"copy":623},[8914,8916,8918,8920,8922,8924],{"encyclopediaArticle":8915},{"@type":19,"id":6330,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8917},{"@type":19,"id":1082,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8919},{"@type":19,"id":7597,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8921},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8923},{"@type":19,"id":8035,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":8925},{"@type":19,"id":1223,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":8928},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8930,"component":8931,"responsiveStyles":8935},"builder-d7b702296fe74b1a990c498a7eb105fc",{"name":846,"options":8932},{"symbol":8933},{"data":8934,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":8936},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8938,"component":8939,"responsiveStyles":8943},"builder-26e95b8ef7cd4d4fb85bfbdeb0e41110",{"name":846,"options":8940},{"symbol":8941},{"data":8942,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":8944},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8946,"component":8947,"responsiveStyles":8951},"builder-f3cfd51ec35a44e7903f999fb0ab6d4d",{"name":846,"options":8948},{"symbol":8949},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":8950},{},{"large":8952},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":8954,"component":8955,"responsiveStyles":8959},"builder-b43e222d2a874669ae679b9583a5aabb",{"name":846,"options":8956},{"symbol":8957},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":8958},{},{"large":8960},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":8962},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":8964,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":8965,"responsiveStyles":8966},"builder-pixel-jspe94jrwf8",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":8967},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[8969],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":8847,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fafd3f7ff7cd54632b19cd6b209936ae2",1716490767590,1723221194882,1716489779880,{"lastPreviewUrl":8975,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":8976,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":8977},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/manhattan-building?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=9fb5f764fa4057b3c0e23f5f77108d543678e5bd2b8d90a5071fc6b04ff6f7a9&builder.overrides.9fb5f764fa4057b3c0e23f5f77108d543678e5bd2b8d90a5071fc6b04ff6f7a9=9fb5f764fa4057b3c0e23f5f77108d543678e5bd2b8d90a5071fc6b04ff6f7a9&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials 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the site of the world’s first human-made nuclear reaction stands a large glass bubble.\u003C/p>",[6976],"Mansueto Library","Joe and Rika Mansueto Library","2011","1100 E. 57th St.",[984],{"deviceSize":577,"location":8999},{"path":668,"query":9000},{},[9002,9006],{"src":9003,"alt":9004,"caption":9005,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F976a679aff634d3f8d75edb134db7de7","Large glass domed library in a city environment","Photo by Tom Rossiter. Courtesy University of Chicago. ",{"src":9007,"alt":8993,"caption":9005},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F23b48f6e8e054a9c9ba934e625b6ecfa",[9009,9100],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9010,"meta":9011,"children":9012,"responsiveStyles":9098},"builder-66f661c064ed43cba75e04a60631d4fc",{"previousId":8417},[9013,9021,9038,9051,9066,9074,9082,9090],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9014,"meta":9015,"component":9016,"responsiveStyles":9019},"builder-6747ff02da984d7c85967010a2dfaff5",{"previousId":8430},{"name":741,"options":9017},{"text":9018,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Was it mutated by the radioactive remnants long rumored to remain there? Probably not. Still, it's safe to say that the University of Chicago’s Mansueto Library looks like no other library. The unadorned oval glass dome encloses a light-filled reading and work area, and there's hardly a bookshelf in sight. Volumes are stored in an enormous repository below ground and tended entirely by machines.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>PRESERVING THE PAST, BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Mansueto Library was born out of the university’s commitment to continue collecting physical publications and keep them available on campus rather than in offsite “dark storage.” But where to store them? The obvious place was next to the existing main library. The Regenstein, which is Brutalist in style, is just north of the university’s original main \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/gothic-revival/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Gothic Revival\u003C/a> quadrangle. However, giving up some of the last open space in the heart of campus wasn’t a popular option, at least not initially.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Enter architect \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/helmut-jahn/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Helmut Jahn\u003C/a>. Jahn proposed storing the books underground, making the least possible intrusion on the remaining open space. A reading room at ground level could cap off the new library and provide a pleasant space for students to study. Based on this idea, the university selected Jahn to design the project in 2006.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>“ARCHI-NEERING”\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Jahn’s project required architects and engineers to collaborate closely, using complex digital models to assist during the design process in order to ensure both technical and aesthetic success. The 55-foot-deep building was outfitted with an automated storage and retrieval system that could manage up to 3.5 million volumes. The domed reading room is 240 feet long, 120 feet wide, and 35 feet high and can accommodate 180 students, plus staff work areas.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The simple grid supporting the dome is an unornamented Modernist form, but not the rectilinear kind championed by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe\u003C/a>. The glass panes are not all clear. In upper sections, a white frit pattern blocks a significant amount of heat, light and damaging UV rays, maintaining a pleasant interior atmosphere. During the day, working students are afforded stunning views of the surrounding campus. At night, the glowing dome showcases the studious visitors to passersby. At all times of day, the building elevates the act of reading while celebrating the academic rigor for which the university is known.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":9020},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9022,"meta":9023,"component":9024,"responsiveStyles":9036},"builder-79878893f35d4ce7a8bb2b6cd33b641e",{"previousId":8439},{"name":767,"options":9025},{"factList":9026},[9027,9030,9033],{"body":9028,"title":772,"icon":9029},"\u003Cp>The capacity of the Mansueto Library is nearly 80% of the 4.5 million-volume capacity of the adjacent, and much larger, Regenstein Library.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9031,"title":772,"icon":9032},"\u003Cp>The robotic retrieval system in the Mansueto Library can reach and return most volumes to the circulation desk within five minutes.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9034,"title":772,"icon":9035},"\u003Cp>Even if the Mansueto Library collection were accessible to people, browsing them would be pointless. Volumes are stored in bins organized by the time they are returned and their ever-changing locations are tracked by computer.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":9037},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9039,"meta":9040,"component":9041,"responsiveStyles":9049},"builder-5a9bc1e33de1469d9f764579f04d9a34",{"previousId":8454},{"name":789,"options":9042},{"headline":791,"testimonials":9043},[9044],{"quote":9045,"attribution":9046,"title":2916,"image":9047},"Mansueto Library on the University of Chicago campus is a sculpture, a work of art, an inspired design. If you look closely you will see that the building is slightly skewed, angled to the northwest. This almost imperceptible placement fully relates to its context. Pointing north to the Henry Moore sculpture, Nuclear Energy, recognizing the world’s first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction that occurred at the university. To the south, it reveals a view of the early collegiate Gothic buildings, firmly placing Mansueto within its unique context but remaining uniquely of the 21st century.","Rebecca 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Carousel":427},"https://architecture-org-web.cacwebadmin.workers.dev/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/marina-city?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CeditProjects%2CmodifyMcpServers%2CmodifyProjectSettings%2CconnectCodeRepository%2CcreateProjects%2CindexDesignSystems&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=5047c45524ab20b64c32f14cea330a68afac5affdb21fef1f90ecefc3206695d&builder.overrides.5047c45524ab20b64c32f14cea330a68afac5affdb21fef1f90ecefc3206695d=5047c45524ab20b64c32f14cea330a68afac5affdb21fef1f90ecefc3206695d&builder.options.locale=Default","91e07826a5d3dfe461a6b68e6450f030cd599f72055f5ead1a03200199461d1f",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},[9129],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":9130},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/marina-city",{"address":9132,"architect":9133,"buildingName":9121,"description":9135,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":9136,"googleMapLink":9137,"imageList":9138,"neighborhood":712,"officialName":9121,"originalCompletionDate":9147,"query":9148,"seo":9150,"state":9153,"streetAddress":9156,"style":9157,"themeId":51,"title":9121,"url":9130,"useType":9158,"blocks":9159},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/4X4rES9MjpJg3yE97",[9134],"Bertrand Goldberg Associates","\u003Cp>“In our 'cities within cities' we shall turn our streets up into the air, and stack the daytime and nighttime use of our land.\" —Bertrand Goldberg\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:21.735Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/3vDqP3dzDcUcYvyp6",[9139,9141,9143,9145],{"src":9140},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa13c2e6e60cb462c8ae675633735d1f9",{"caption":1149,"src":9142},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb8fc7e6e37f6486f9e490f89d051af1f",{"src":9144},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4bca8996a8074187861562bf86b4ae52",{"src":9146},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9889648cff954b6f8fec56fff6d184f9",1967,[9149],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":9130},{"seo":9151},{"title":9152},"Marina City ",{"deviceSize":577,"location":9154},{"path":668,"query":9155},{},"300 N State St",[708],[1310],[9160,9167,9180,9193,9219,9235,9243,9251,9259,9267],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9161,"component":9162,"responsiveStyles":9165},"builder-02c6e46a470e43ae97675f1971f65d58",{"name":741,"options":9163,"isRSC":561},{"text":9164,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Downtown Chicago (sometimes referred to as the Loop) is now one of the fastest growing residential neighborhoods in the Chicagoland area. But downtown living hasn’t always been so trendy. When architect \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/bertrand-goldberg/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Bertrand Goldberg\u003C/a> envisioned Marina City, it was an urban experiment designed to draw middle-class Chicagoans back to the city after more than a decade of suburban migration.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>By creating a city within a city, Goldberg hoped the convenience of living and playing close to work would help make Marina City a success. After all, the mixed-use development was so much more than just those two “corncob towers.” When completed in 1967, it included two residential towers, plus an office building, a theater, parking for your car or boat and plenty of retail space. But were Chicagoans ready to move back to the city from the outlying suburbs?\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>MARINA CITY: AN EXPERIMENT IN URBAN LIVING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>If Goldberg’s intention for Marina City was to get residents living close to work, it should be considered a wild success. When the development opened, eight percent of residents worked within the development and 80 percent could walk to work.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Marina City was certainly a vision for a new way of living in the 1960s. And the vision was one Chicagoans embraced then and still do today. There are now many residential mixed-use developments in the Loop. Marina City was a concept and development very much ahead of its time.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>1967 MARINA CITY AMENITIES\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Theater\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Gym\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Swimming Pool\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Ice Rink\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Bowling Alley\u003C/li>\u003Cli>19-floor Parking Garage \u003C/li>\u003Cli>Retail Shopping and Restaurants\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Marina \u003C/li>\u003Cli>Laundry Facilities\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Panoramic Views of the City\u003C/li>\u003Cli>360-Degree open-roof deck on top of each building\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch4>MID-CENTURY MODERNISM WITH ORGANIC INSPIRATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Forward-thinking architect Bertrand Goldberg was a student of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe\u003C/a>, and the influence of Mies’ \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/mid-century-modernism/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Modernist \u003C/a>principles can be seen in his work. But his own ideas of modular, prefabricated, curved forms are also highlighted in the design of Marina City. Goldberg believed that since no right angles exist in nature, none should exist in architecture. That belief is clearly at work in the 65-story residential towers’ design.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Goldberg compared the bays on Marina Towers to the petals of a sunflower. They radiate from the building’s strong central core and provide stunning balcony views for each wedge-shaped residential unit. The curvilinear \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/reinforced-concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">reinforced concrete\u003C/a> forms became a trademark of Goldberg’s style.\u003C/p>",{"large":9166},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9168,"component":9169,"responsiveStyles":9178},"builder-7eb162eb00734a938292bb27ebdf06bc",{"name":789,"options":9170,"isRSC":561},{"headline":1201,"testimonials":9171},[9172],{"quote":9173,"attribution":9174,"title":9175,"image":9176},"Revolutionary for its time, Marina City dared to be different. Looking at this engineering marvel from any angle affords stunning views of its various geometric shapes playing off one another.","Linda E. Marcus","CAC Docent, Class Of 2001",{"src":9177},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9928c59bf31f417880cab635986d98ab",{"large":9179},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9181,"component":9182,"responsiveStyles":9191},"builder-70cb40655dc94c499d52cf74fdf519a3",{"name":767,"options":9183,"isRSC":561},{"factList":9184},[9185,9187,9189],{"body":9186,"title":772},"\u003Cp>The petal-shaped garage floors and balconies at Marina City are cantilevered from perimeter columns.\u003C/p>",{"body":9188,"title":772},"\u003Cp>The Marina City towers’ central cores were built to full height before most of the habitable structure was raised around them.\u003C/p>",{"body":9190,"title":772},"\u003Cp>Architect Bertrand Goldberg famously considered architectural glass boxes to be \"psychological slums.\"\u003C/p>",{"large":9192},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":7719,"id":9194,"meta":9195,"children":9197,"responsiveStyles":9217},"builder-62fb88d151ab4691b84c24a44c13affd",{"previousId":9196},"builder-3de9b86d2f3146efa92018454c3b3f46",[9198,9208],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9199,"meta":9200,"component":9202,"responsiveStyles":9206},"builder-ab4d96c0aed44c2e9d2392faa5fb4c67",{"previousId":9201},"builder-ef7155cfdf0f42dbaf763dd2fcc05c40",{"name":3796,"options":9203,"isRSC":561},{"headline":9204,"videoEmbed":9205},"Marina City: Parking by Design","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/LMrW1DAJxMI?si=HJjp6MA_iASgWlHH\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"large":9207},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9209,"meta":9210,"component":9212,"responsiveStyles":9215},"builder-0743450f895143f6b14f06ea689cece7",{"previousId":9211},"builder-db8ee253bfb2458d992acc7c3eb51920",{"name":741,"options":9213,"isRSC":561},{"padding":1005,"text":9214},"\u003Ch4>related videos:\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wH37z8b51A0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marina City: Slowing the Urban Exodus \u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3_ioxxnsWs\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marina City: Designing in the Round\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbQkK6oxQBA\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marina City: Revitalizing 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It was created as a collection of first-class office spaces whose primary purpose was to fatten the pockets of real estate investors taking a gamble on Chicago’s then up-and-coming urban center.\u003C/p>","56 W. Adams St.",[4944],[3263],"https://maps.app.goo.gl/jtow9zzi1hNZGuEX6","2024-08-08T22:12:53.625Z",[9301,9303,9305,9307,9309,9311],{"source":668,"src":9302,"alt":9280},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F571d64478e2848129d7284a1b76be392",{"alt":9280,"src":9304},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F44219c0a24624d03b529efdf78b54a45",{"alt":9280,"src":9306},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fdea0d8123a2249aea12307ef2417db7b",{"src":9308,"alt":9280},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F1ecb5cf79229437a88dd63ca3ff44cc8",{"src":9310,"alt":9280},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F88683572b8e6440a8f3f96b3bd099e0f",{"alt":9312,"src":9313,"caption":9314},"Blue graphic on a wall showing an exhibition map","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F66aeb35f10554754b32e1e0b0c4a6d95","Exhibition designed by Seven Generations AE",{"deviceSize":577,"location":9316},{"path":668,"query":9317},{},[9319,9439],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9320,"meta":9321,"children":9322,"responsiveStyles":9437},"builder-649b440272834229915e6e4ffcabfbd3",{"previousId":8417},[9323,9331,9348,9372,9385,9393,9413,9421,9429],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9324,"meta":9325,"component":9326,"responsiveStyles":9329},"builder-08e4d1d407e84830b532f8143876c697",{"previousId":8430},{"name":741,"options":9327,"isRSC":561},{"text":9328,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>CHICAGO: A CITY ON THE MOVE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The late 19th century was a time of explosive growth in Chicago. The introduction of passenger railways into the city combined with the immense popularity of the 1893 World’s Fair led to a population boom. As the city began to earn international recognition, savvy real estate investors like Peter and Shepherd Brooks saw Chicago as a land of financial opportunity.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Brooks invested in several speculative commercial buildings in downtown Chicago, including the Marquette Building. They took a chance, hoping that as the city continued to grow, the demand for office space would increase. The gamble paid off, and the brothers made a fortune.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Common characteristics of many \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/19th-century-commercial/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">19th-Century speculative office buildings\u003C/a> like the Marquette Building include: steel frame, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> cladding to fireproof the building, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/chicago-window/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">large Chicago windows\u003C/a> to increase light and air flow, classically inspired ornamentation, and a lobby with first-class amenities to woo prospective tenants and their clients.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>SKYSCRAPERS: MACHINES THAT MAKE THE LAND PAY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Peter and Shepherd Brooks were based in Boston and rarely traveled to Chicago, instead working closely with a local developer named Owen Aldis. By the time they completed the Marquette Building in 1895, the team had fully realized a plan for creating profitable office buildings.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>One component of this plan was the strategic arrangement of office space around a building's perimeter. With electricity still in its infancy, modern climate control strategies weren't available, so architects designed interior light courts to allow natural light and fresh air to flow freely through occupied space.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/holabird-and-roche/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Architects William Holabird and Martin Roche\u003C/a> put a spin on the traditional interior light court by designing the plan of the Marquette in the shape of a capital \"E.\" They positioned office space along the backbone, as well as the upper and lower arms of the \"E.\" The building's systems then occupied the middle arm of the \"E.\" Holabird & Roche’s architectural plan greatly increased the building’s available exterior-facing space and consequently its profitability.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE MARQUETTE’S DECLINE, DECAY AND RESTORATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Early on, the Marquette Building was wildly profitable. However, by the mid-20th century occupancy declined and the building’s owners were no longer able to afford much of its costly upkeep. In the 1950s, the original terra cotta cornice was removed. This was a common practice at the time, as it was more economical to remove decorative cornices than to restore, fix, or maintain them.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>During an economic boom in 2001, the building's new owners, the MacArthur Foundation, began a multi-year process of replacing the Marquette’s monumental \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/cornice/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">cornice\u003C/a>. The replica cornice on the building today is composed of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/gfrc-glass-fiber-reinforced-concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">GFRC (glass fiber reinforced concrete)\u003C/a> and spans 400 feet in length. It was installed in 10-foot segments, each weighing more than 3,000 pounds.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Replacing the cornice of the Marquette restored the building to Holabird & Roche’s original design. Architecture enthusiasts are fortunate to have this historic landmark still standing with pride along one of Chicago’s major commercial corridors.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Please note that the Marquette Building includes artistic depictions of Native American figures, created by white artists to romanticize a story of displacement and genocide. The Chicago Architecture Center strives to call out practices of cultural appropriation both in an historical context and in our communities today.\u003C/p>",{"large":9330},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9332,"meta":9333,"component":9334,"responsiveStyles":9346},"builder-1b40d2e86a644ba48dc77822ce779152",{"previousId":8439},{"name":767,"options":9335,"isRSC":561},{"factList":9336},[9337,9340,9343],{"body":9338,"title":772,"icon":9339},"\u003Cp>Forward-thinking developer Owen Aldis insisted that the Marquette Building be piped for electricity and gas long before it was widely available.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9341,"title":772,"icon":9342},"\u003Cp>The Marquette Building features Chicago windows. This three-part design has a rectangular, fixed central plate glass window flanked by two narrow, working, double-hung sashes.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9344,"title":772,"icon":9345},"\u003Cp>Building agent and developer Owen Aldis was fascinated with Father Jacques Marquette’s history and even translated some of Marquette's diary.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":9347},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":7719,"id":9349,"meta":9350,"children":9351,"responsiveStyles":9370},"builder-9d1d5ced20f14213a9e760cb786cd7e3",{"previousId":9196},[9352,9362],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9353,"meta":9354,"component":9355,"responsiveStyles":9360},"builder-3bdcc624532a420e974454cefa1ceaf3",{"previousId":9201},{"name":3796,"options":9356,"isRSC":561},{"headline":9357,"videoEmbed":9358,"videoCaption":9359},"Marquette Building: Chicago's First Skyscrapers","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ctB-uoWprlQ?si=vNJA5D_tsG_PziSd\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","Many of Chicago's first skyscrapers designed in the decades after the Great Chicago Fire share similar characteristics with the late 19th Century commercial buildings. The Marquette Building is one such example, designed by Holabird & Roche in 1895, which includes a tripartite exterior design with a base, shaft, and capital, and the introduction of the Chicago window. ",{"large":9361},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9363,"meta":9364,"component":9365,"responsiveStyles":9368},"builder-8513c8bf94b84a9b9dc323e202fc5d9a",{"previousId":9211},{"name":741,"options":9366,"isRSC":561},{"padding":1180,"text":9367},"\u003Ch4>related videos on youtube:\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZFAlGld2SM\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marquette Building: A Fight for Preservation\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hI0AvucHZcY\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marquette Building: Preserving History\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZsiBBL0eqU\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marquette Building: The Profitable Skyscraper Formula\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":9369},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":9371},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9373,"meta":9374,"component":9375,"responsiveStyles":9383},"builder-692aa939e9154b31adc82021a1b7c2f7",{"previousId":8454},{"name":789,"options":9376,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":9377},[9378],{"quote":9379,"attribution":9380,"title":7029,"image":9381},"The Marquette Building is one of Chicago’s special gems. When you walk into the lobby for the very first time, you have the impression that it is an art gallery rather than an office building. The exquisite, detailed mosaic panels depicting the journey of Father Marquette are awe inspiring, while the sculptured heads present images of a period in Chicago’s early history. Truly, this building ranks among Chicago’s legacy of great architecture!","Adina Van Buren",{"alt":9380,"src":9382},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9f349c8ba2da404483b146d48865f96a",{"large":9384},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9386,"component":9387,"responsiveStyles":9391},"builder-637239a8fa7c41ecb322bb41d344776c",{"name":846,"options":9388,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":9389},{"data":9390,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":9392},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":9394,"meta":9395,"component":9396,"responsiveStyles":9411},"builder-d9fe0235c86c4f838972671a4a316a71",{"previousId":8467},{"name":821,"options":9397,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":9398,"headline":1224,"button":9410,"copy":623},[9399,9402,9404,9407],{"encyclopediaArticle":9400},{"@type":19,"id":9401,"model":831},"558d84f2135a778aa521fee0a13ef9569ae6620f69ab4ffea444bafde3255b76",{"encyclopediaArticle":9403},{"@type":19,"id":4989,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":9405},{"@type":19,"id":9406,"model":831},"c1486fbd9e1f2e6c02a3079c424075fa48ba9128fb953fd04bb9ff87f7ba830b",{"encyclopediaArticle":9408},{"@type":19,"id":9409,"model":831},"7a9dad0422da68905f921d87c949977f099491dc7d99f3cb491c17d2f79b739a",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":9412},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9414,"component":9415,"responsiveStyles":9419},"builder-0ba959aa77b14003b424fd21330562d6",{"name":846,"options":9416,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":9417},{"data":9418,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":9420},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9422,"component":9423,"responsiveStyles":9427},"builder-efe8c6ff4fa241db9e42925c9bfa5d9a",{"name":846,"options":9424,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":9425},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":9426},{},{"large":9428},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9430,"component":9431,"responsiveStyles":9435},"builder-8b8b622efe4e465c88a34e070d046242",{"name":846,"options":9432,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":9433},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":9434},{},{"large":9436},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":9438},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":9440,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":9441,"responsiveStyles":9442},"builder-pixel-cw9zv7muhsv",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":9443},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1750688613222,1716489226742,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/marquette-building","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F776fe390adeb443e83bd518220091f33",[],{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":9451,"previewUrl":9452,"data":9453,"modelId":935,"query":9579,"published":559,"screenshot":9581,"firstPublished":9582,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":9583,"createdDate":9584,"createdBy":1291,"meta":9585,"variations":9589,"name":9462,"@originModelId":948,"id":9590,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/mccormick-tribune-campus-center",{"googleMapLink":9454,"forceUpdatedURLOn":9455,"architect":9456,"query":9458,"description":9461,"title":9462,"useType":9463,"officialName":9462,"url":9460,"buildingName":9462,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":9464,"streetAddress":9465,"style":9466,"neighborhood":5069,"state":9467,"imageList":9470,"blocks":9483},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/eUWxnQCmKmAJrPir7","2024-08-08T22:12:54.109Z",[3747,9457],"Office of Metropolitan Architecture (OMA)",[9459],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":9460,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/mccormick-tribune-campus-center","\u003Cp>A bold contemporary student center, surrounded by icons of Mid-Century Modernism, unites a Southside campus.\u003C/p>","McCormick Tribune Campus Center",[5081],"2003","3201 S. State St.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":9468},{"path":668,"query":9469},{},[9471,9473,9475,9477,9479,9481],{"src":9472,"alt":9462,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0c0d1501060d49fcbcd6a8842ecc696b",{"src":9474,"alt":9462,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F86ce9dee0bcc401a8e1ed110d5454442",{"src":9476,"alt":9462,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fc3ba31b218ee4d7ca64b39fc24c0ade8",{"src":9478,"alt":9462,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F05dc85ddb9c54a739be65eb1c6f027de",{"src":9480,"alt":9462,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F035a588ac064490bb971fd452264909b",{"src":9482,"alt":9462},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fab74ec8d334545a5ad443bb6eda0dce1",[9484,9574],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9485,"meta":9486,"children":9487,"responsiveStyles":9572},"builder-856fd453302b44aebaef096982ff8f58",{"previousId":8417},[9488,9496,9513,9525,9540,9548,9556,9564],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9489,"meta":9490,"component":9491,"responsiveStyles":9494},"builder-33a743b69cd3455eafa97b35623d7213",{"previousId":8430},{"name":741,"options":9492},{"text":9493,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>In the middle of the greatest concentration of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s\u003C/a> \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/international-style/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">International Style\u003C/a> buildings in Chicago you will find the McCormick Tribune Campus Center, designed by Rem Koolhaas of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA). Built on the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) campus, the Campus Center stands in sharp contrast with the designs of Mies, while honoring his legacy at the same time.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Prior to the construction of the Campus Center, only two buildings had been added to the IIT campus since the 1960s. The campus was declining, both in prestige and in the number of enrolled students.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The L, Chicago’s elevated train line, divides the campus both physically and psychologically by separating the residential area from the academic buildings. In an attempt to rejuvenate the school and join the two parts of the campus, an international competition was held in 1998 to build a campus center on the plot of land below the L. The winning entry by OMA opened in 2003 and is a hub for student life on campus. It is the first U.S. building designed by Koolhaas.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A VIOLIN CRUSHED BY A TUBE?\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The shape of the Campus Center is sometimes described jokingly by the students as a violin crushed along its center by a tube above. The tube, an elliptical \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/stainless-steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">stainless steel \u003C/a>encasement around the L, acts as a shield to muffle the noise of the train.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The one-story building below is an explosion of color and material. Its bold exterior is Koolhaas’ unmistakable response to Mies’ austere \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/crown-hall/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Crown Hall\u003C/a>, which lies a block south of the Campus Center. Inside, a mosaic of bold colors designates the building’s separate functions.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Iconography also plays a big part in Koolhaas’ design. He hired New York graphic designer Michael Rock to create two-and-a-half-inch-round icons that indicate student activities and denote specific functional areas. These icons are a unifying element throughout the building and make up large graphic images, like pixels in a dot matrix. One image is an 18-foot-high portrait of Mies on the west facade doors.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>PRESERVING THE COMMONS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Campus Center sits next door to the historic Commons Building, which was built in 1953 and designed by Gene Summers, an architect in Mies’ office. Koolhaas’ original design imagined the incorporation of the building into the Campus Center. He intended to turn two of the Commons’ exterior walls into interior walls within the Campus Center. Preservationists were outraged at this proposal and asked that at least 12 feet separate the two buildings. The final design is a compromise between the two proposals. The clear glass eastern facade of the Campus Center physically connects, while visually separating, the two buildings.\u003C/p>",{"large":9495},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9497,"meta":9498,"component":9499,"responsiveStyles":9511},"builder-a697def6d0dc45aba2c5a9eff3619bf2",{"previousId":8439},{"name":767,"options":9500},{"factList":9501},[9502,9505,9508],{"body":9503,"title":772,"icon":9504},"\u003Cp>Koolhaas employed a team of students to track movement across the McCormick Tribune Campus Center project site and turned the map of heavily traveled paths into the walkways through the building.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9506,"title":772,"icon":9507},"\u003Cp>The roar of the trains without the tube hits a jarring 110 decibels. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9509,"title":772,"icon":9510},"\u003Cp>Koolhaas had to make many design compromises to avoid cost overages in the McCormick Tribune Campus Center. For example, areas of the ceiling are unpainted drywall with only plaster covering the joints and screw holes.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":9512},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9514,"meta":9515,"component":9516,"responsiveStyles":9523},"builder-8b5352fadde54a6eb5480c5f9a5fa1b6",{"previousId":8454},{"name":789,"options":9517},{"headline":791,"testimonials":9518},[9519],{"quote":9520,"attribution":5123,"title":5124,"image":9521},"The McCormick Tribune Campus Center manages to incorporate all of the basic functions of a student union: food, fun, gathering place, radio station, copy center, bookstore, student offices, computers, coffee kiosks and an auditorium, while paying homage to the Miesian Commons Building at the northeast corner. It is visually intriguing, acoustically amazing (you barely hear the trains passing overhead) and great fun to explore on a tour.",{"alt":5123,"src":9522},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff2959cfdd2024993ac116adb912c246c",{"large":9524},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":9526,"meta":9527,"component":9528,"responsiveStyles":9538},"builder-d569f3244121482fb86efa1085902e31",{"previousId":8467},{"name":821,"options":9529},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":9530,"headline":1224,"button":9537,"copy":623},[9531,9533,9535],{"encyclopediaArticle":9532},{"@type":19,"id":5878,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":9534},{"@type":19,"id":830,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":9536},{"@type":19,"id":1777,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":9539},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9541,"component":9542,"responsiveStyles":9546},"builder-3a1f6b8fde5345ee852ccb2ebaa2ec78",{"name":846,"options":9543},{"symbol":9544},{"data":9545,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":9547},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9549,"component":9550,"responsiveStyles":9554},"builder-918e9d18d32741369ecf56f406e36291",{"name":846,"options":9551},{"symbol":9552},{"data":9553,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":9555},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9557,"component":9558,"responsiveStyles":9562},"builder-f82847399a734a0a9a07bf1669558313",{"name":846,"options":9559},{"symbol":9560},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":9561},{},{"large":9563},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9565,"component":9566,"responsiveStyles":9570},"builder-268501cb28254fdb83147c019153113f",{"name":846,"options":9567},{"symbol":9568},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":9569},{},{"large":9571},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":9573},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":9575,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":9576,"responsiveStyles":9577},"builder-pixel-gfrou9szjcg",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":9578},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[9580],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":9460,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fdac1ea5e129a4d8e87ebe8920a756944",1716488309948,1723221661977,1716487579502,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":9586,"componentsUsed":9587,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":9588},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/mccormick-tribune-campus-center?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=c0b4ae93ffc149adc33722c6e850f28f86f1735f32f7bb984e3bf45935b877d0&builder.overrides.c0b4ae93ffc149adc33722c6e850f28f86f1735f32f7bb984e3bf45935b877d0=c0b4ae93ffc149adc33722c6e850f28f86f1735f32f7bb984e3bf45935b877d0&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact 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Anderson, Probst & White","\u003Cp>The Merchandise Mart, situated on the Chicago River, occupies more than 4 million square feet (approximately 372,000 square meters) on a lot the size of two and a half city blocks. \u003C/p>",[701],"Merchandise Mart","222 W. Merchandise Mart Plaza",[3262],{"deviceSize":577,"location":9608},{"path":668,"query":9609},{},[9611,9613,9616],{"src":9612,"alt":9604,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F85c79b266db846edac2ba6c8f2876ea1",{"src":9614,"alt":9604,"caption":9615},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F1a3900bb4e7e4e8b959e54294653915f","Photo by Jaysin Trevino, licensed under CC BY 2.0.",{"src":9617,"alt":9604},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ffba6c21bcf1a4c209e08cf9bb3c831d8",[9619,9718],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9620,"meta":9621,"children":9622,"responsiveStyles":9716},"builder-f185a0304f5d4a46a0755e5ba1ba5d8e",{"previousId":8417},[9623,9631,9654,9667,9684,9692,9700,9708],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9624,"meta":9625,"component":9626,"responsiveStyles":9629},"builder-4042c0d761bc49df9e6e808f88215225",{"previousId":8430},{"name":741,"options":9627},{"text":9628,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Upon completion in 1930, the Merchandise Mart was the largest building in the world and served as Marshall Field’s wholesale warehouse, where retailers could buy stock.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>ANOTHER CHICAGO EXAMPLE OF ART DECO\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Designed by Alfred P. Shaw for the architecture firm Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, the Merchandise Mart is one of many \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/art-deco/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Art Deco\u003C/a> buildings in Chicago that reflect the optimism of the 1920s. The steel-framed structure is clad in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a>, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> and bronze, and its ornamentation displays many of the style’s popular motifs. The recessed vertical windows with dark \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/spandrel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">spandrels\u003C/a> emphasize the building’s verticality and balance out its horizontal mass. Rows of decorative chevrons (zigzags) and octagonal towers at each corner of the building are common motifs used during the Art Deco era.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE MART\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Merchandise Mart began as a wholesale warehouse store for Marshall Field that included rental space for other wholesalers. The idea was to unite the sales of furniture, fabric and other decorative materials under one roof. However, it wasn’t the financial success investors expected. The Great Depression forced Field & Company out of the wholesale market. In 1945, the building was sold to a group headed by Joseph P. Kennedy for about a third of its original cost.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Kennedy family held onto the property for more than three decades and sold the building in 1998 to Vornado Realty Trust. Soon thereafter, the building received \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/topic/retrofitting-buildings/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">retrofits\u003C/a> to implement energy efficiency measures and to integrate real -time data into its operations. Although it’s still a designer showcase venue today, more than one quarter of the building is leased by tech companies including Motorola Mobility and tech startup incubator 1871.\u003C/p>",{"large":9630},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9632,"meta":9633,"component":9634,"responsiveStyles":9652},"builder-fe900c7afa764990af59ff0ba78b51ff",{"previousId":8439},{"name":767,"options":9635},{"factList":9636},[9637,9640,9643,9646,9649],{"body":9638,"title":772,"icon":9639},"\u003Cp>In 1953, Joseph Kennedy commissioned the “Merchandise Mart Hall of Fame,” consisting of eight bronze busts atop tall pillars. The busts represent neither royalty nor presidents, but America’s foremost merchants.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9641,"title":772,"icon":9642},"\u003Cp>The Merchandise Mart  earned a Gold LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) certification by the U.S. Green Building Council.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9644,"title":772,"icon":9645},"\u003Cp>The Merchandise Mart was one of the first buildings in the city to be built over railway air rights.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9647,"title":772,"icon":9648},"\u003Cp>The Merchandise Mart was built above tunnels that moved ashes to the lakefront where they were used as fill at the Grant Park and Burnham Park landfills.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9650,"title":772,"icon":9651},"\u003Cp>The Mercandise Mart site was originally a Native American trading post.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":9653},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9655,"meta":9656,"component":9657,"responsiveStyles":9665},"builder-fffb022f59584164aeb96dc1534263bf",{"previousId":8454},{"name":789,"options":9658},{"headline":791,"testimonials":9659},[9660],{"quote":9661,"attribution":9662,"title":5567,"image":9663},"Named a Gold LEED certified building after 85 years of existence, and now a center of cutting-edge tech innovation for Chicago, the Merchandise Mart hosts incubator space for tech start-ups and is home to thousands of square feet for Motorola, one of the original tech pioneers.","Dave Utech",{"alt":9662,"src":9664},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fc836943c5f694c13bf5386d68d9c7f00",{"large":9666},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":9668,"meta":9669,"component":9670,"responsiveStyles":9682},"builder-5f16d2a23b0b4b7eacb14b062ff9a1e0",{"previousId":8467},{"name":821,"options":9671},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":9672,"headline":1224,"button":9681,"copy":623},[9673,9675,9677,9679],{"encyclopediaArticle":9674},{"@type":19,"id":3367,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":9676},{"@type":19,"id":2788,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":9678},{"@type":19,"id":1774,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":9680},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":9683},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9685,"component":9686,"responsiveStyles":9690},"builder-9cfcb18c41e849999b275f8c2627faed",{"name":846,"options":9687},{"symbol":9688},{"data":9689,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":9691},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9693,"component":9694,"responsiveStyles":9698},"builder-26bf1c714dfd4de8afd404fb68f433ab",{"name":846,"options":9695},{"symbol":9696},{"data":9697,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":9699},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9701,"component":9702,"responsiveStyles":9706},"builder-8cef2ce17b3849c193c9cff47eb6f9ac",{"name":846,"options":9703},{"symbol":9704},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":9705},{},{"large":9707},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9709,"component":9710,"responsiveStyles":9714},"builder-b52509d357564dffa1d48029f6a41dc2",{"name":846,"options":9711},{"symbol":9712},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":9713},{},{"large":9715},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":9717},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":9719,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":9720,"responsiveStyles":9721},"builder-pixel-cj8uow67km9",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":9722},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[9724],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":9599,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F946391d89afa48f1b6b8fda1497661ee",1716480053819,1723221770174,1716479057478,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":9730,"componentsUsed":9731,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":9732},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/merchandise-mart?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=912a817b81ac41ccc18411fa397fa9da5c0a72cfd1842987ea5c6d271551ee5e&builder.overrides.912a817b81ac41ccc18411fa397fa9da5c0a72cfd1842987ea5c6d271551ee5e=912a817b81ac41ccc18411fa397fa9da5c0a72cfd1842987ea5c6d271551ee5e&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact 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Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"912a817b81ac41ccc18411fa397fa9da5c0a72cfd1842987ea5c6d271551ee5e",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":9736,"previewUrl":9737,"data":9738,"modelId":935,"query":9912,"published":559,"screenshot":9914,"firstPublished":9915,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":9916,"createdDate":9917,"createdBy":1291,"meta":9918,"variations":9922,"name":9749,"@originModelId":948,"id":9923,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/michigan-avenue-bridge-dusable-bridge",{"googleMapLink":9739,"forceUpdatedURLOn":9740,"query":9741,"architect":9744,"description":9748,"title":9749,"useType":9750,"officialName":9751,"url":9743,"buildingName":9749,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":9752,"streetAddress":9753,"style":9754,"state":9755,"neighborhood":1849,"seo":9758,"imageList":9760,"blocks":9770},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/rnpEjZKiQDNn857B7","2024-08-08T22:12:55.445Z",[9742],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":9743,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/michigan-avenue-bridge-dusable-bridge",[9745,9746,9747],"Edward H. Bennett","Hugh Young","Thomas G. Pihlfelt","\u003Cp>The place where Michigan Avenue crosses the Chicago River is one of the most iconic urban spaces in the world.\u003C/p>","Michigan Avenue Bridge (DuSable Bridge)",[4508],"DuSable Bridge (Michigan Avenue Bridge)","1920","N. Michigan Ave. and E. Wacker Dr.",[396],{"deviceSize":577,"location":9756},{"path":668,"query":9757},{},{"seo":9759},{"title":9749},[9761,9764,9766,9768],{"src":9762,"alt":9763,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9bf28ec46e8a4503b502086cf365c7a0","DuSable Bridge",{"src":9765,"alt":9763},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4e304e0ea99141288f5fee482e9e6bf6",{"src":9767,"alt":9763},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F43b162a6953a4b7d911eb04f28ece982",{"src":9769,"alt":9763,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F24c4d2c3615a4b1f8baa97b01f7646e4",[9771,9907],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9772,"meta":9773,"children":9774,"responsiveStyles":9905},"builder-3df8aeca6b1145e4a10f3550773ee5e1",{"previousId":8417},[9775,9783,9792,9801,9824,9837,9854,9881,9889,9897],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9776,"meta":9777,"component":9778,"responsiveStyles":9781},"builder-2cc169f3e59a40b2a06799fc0efa598d",{"previousId":8430},{"name":741,"options":9779},{"text":9780,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>Looking up at some of Chicago’s famous buildings, pedestrians and motorists might not notice the bridge they’re crossing—but they should. The DuSable Bridge is all at once a beautiful work of public art and a great feat of civil engineering.\u003C/p>",{"large":9782},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9784,"meta":9785,"component":9787,"responsiveStyles":9790},"builder-0d197b27d2a448549ed3c9a90fb4b252",{"previousId":9786},"builder-48441b2a8bfa435d9284ad0983a81cbe",{"name":741,"options":9788},{"text":9789,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>COMPLETING BURNHAM’S PLAN OF CHICAGO\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>There wasn’t always a bridge here. The 1909 Plan of Chicago recommended that Michigan Avenue be widened and extended north of the river. But this didn’t happen until 1920, making it one of the later bridges built across the main branch of the river. Its completion began a transformation of Michigan Avenue allowing it to become the elegant boulevard we know today.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Like \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Daniel Burnham\u003C/a> and Edward Bennett's 1909 Plan of Chicago itself, the bridge’s design is Beaux Arts. It has a distinctly Parisian flair. Thomas Pihlfeldt, Hugh Young and Edward Bennett designed it to resemble the Alexander III Bridge over the Seine in Paris.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The four bridge houses provide a canvas for \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/bas-relief/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">bas-relief\u003C/a> sculpture depicting pivotal moments in Chicago history:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>The arrival of French explorers James \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/marquette-building/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marquette\u003C/a> and Louis Joliet\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The first settlers, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable and John Kinzie\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Battle of Fort Dearborn\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Rebuilding after the Chicago Fire of 1871\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":9791},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9793,"meta":9794,"component":9796,"responsiveStyles":9799},"builder-ebae7e74d3af40d39acb49daed951196",{"previousId":9795},"builder-5aed1d3925e54914a49d200819e92d9a",{"name":741,"options":9797},{"padding":1180,"text":9798},"\u003Ch4>A MONUMENT IN MOTION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Like most bridges over the Chicago River, the DuSable Bridge is movable, which allows boats to pass underneath. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/trunnion-bascule-bridge/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Trunnion bascule bridges\u003C/a>, like this one, are distinctive features of Chicago's infrastructure. They’re movable bridges with counterweights that lift by rotating around large, fixed axles called trunnions. The enormous underground counterweights balance the bridge’s leaves and allow relatively small motors to open and close the bridge.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>DuSable’s two double-deck leaves carry both Michigan Avenue and a lower-level service road over the river, allowing for two levels of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. When the bridge was first constructed, it was said to be the only double-deck bridge built with highways on both levels.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>At one time, the bridge opened thousands of times per year. Now, to minimize disruptions to traffic on the Magnificent Mile, it only opens on a limited seasonal schedule.\u003C/p>",{"large":9800},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9802,"meta":9803,"component":9804,"responsiveStyles":9822},"builder-5cc0f8d629014d57ab5d27e7ecfceb59",{"previousId":8439},{"name":767,"options":9805},{"factList":9806},[9807,9810,9813,9816,9819],{"body":9808,"title":772,"icon":9809},"\u003Cp>Each leaf weighs 3,400 tons, but due to the fine balance of the counterweights, two 108-horsepower motors are able to open and close the bridge.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9811,"title":772,"icon":9812},"\u003Cp>Before the bridge was built, Michigan Avenue north of the river was known as Pine Street.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9814,"title":772,"icon":9815},"\u003Cp>The McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum (the southwest bridge house) is open to the public as a museum where visitors can see the gears that operate the bridge.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9817,"title":772,"icon":9818},"\u003Cp>In 1922, gangster Vincent “The Schemer” Drucci jumped the opening bridge in his car in an attempt to evade the cops. But pursuing police thwarted the attempt by following behind and jumping an even greater gap.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":9820,"title":772,"icon":9821},"\u003Cp>The bridge was officially named the DuSable Bridge on October 15, 2010.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":9823},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9825,"meta":9826,"component":9827,"responsiveStyles":9835},"builder-99e37fe7dc9148a2bd1e1260fc35c8cc",{"previousId":8454},{"name":789,"options":9828},{"headline":791,"testimonials":9829},[9830],{"quote":9831,"attribution":9832,"title":3181,"image":9833},"I think of it as the gateway to Chicago. How many times do you see that iconic view of the city, looking west from the lake, with the bridge right in the center, or vanishing point, of the composition? The bridge is the symbol of the expansion that became the Magnificent Mile, the finishing flourish to Michigan Avenue and an elegant, and utilitarian, expression of The Plan of 1909.","Constance Rajala",{"alt":9832,"src":9834},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F365e8c7244a74f3d954a3fd9792bf13d",{"large":9836},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":9838,"meta":9839,"component":9840,"responsiveStyles":9852},"builder-f2cab5b527c3466d97fc1751b7bd9b74",{"previousId":8467},{"name":821,"options":9841},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":9842,"headline":1224,"button":9851,"copy":623},[9843,9846,9848],{"encyclopediaArticle":9844},{"@type":19,"id":9845,"model":831},"2b6e8a1f60e4e480257fe2d91c9a941e790850532cd206f361800d565d7e0a92",{"encyclopediaArticle":9847},{"@type":19,"id":6627,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":9849},{"@type":19,"id":9850,"model":831},"552e99903538ea377ead2933efe5891e34268409179baec416a009cb7802cfaa",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":9853},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9855,"component":9856,"responsiveStyles":9879},"builder-1cc892c6c2dc496999a606a8796da9ef",{"name":846,"options":9857},{"symbol":9858,"inheritState":14},{"data":9859,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":9860},{},{"name":859,"lastUpdateBy":561,"ownerId":851,"@version":459,"variations":9861,"published":559,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"metrics":9862,"modelId":892,"priority":857,"data":9863,"createdDate":854,"query":9875,"meta":9876,"folders":9878,"firstPublished":854,"lastUpdated":856,"previewUrl":858,"createdBy":687},{},{"impressions":894,"clicks":894},{"environment":27,"blocks":9864,"inputs":9874},[9865],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":863,"meta":9866,"component":9867,"responsiveStyles":9872},{"previousId":844},{"name":866,"options":9868},{"headline":49,"useDate":51,"subheading":1246,"copy":1247,"button":9869,"pinnedTour":9870},{"title":871,"label":872,"url":50},{"@type":19,"id":9871,"model":21},"c9fa84b3335f451b9c265abe03813f51",{"large":9873},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},[],[],{"componentsUsed":9877,"lastPreviewUrl":897,"kind":896,"hasLinks":51},{"City 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Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"5cae6a591e9815061ea787f3427486e14df8791c59e6a167b96f434b4b44db18",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":9925,"previewUrl":9926,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":9927,"firstPublished":9928,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":9929,"createdDate":9930,"createdBy":1291,"meta":9931,"variations":9935,"name":9936,"@originModelId":948,"id":9937,"query":9938,"data":9941,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/millennium-park","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa873d31e73364c68941bcce9ab2f6743",1716473860126,1723134003009,1716472580399,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":9932,"componentsUsed":9933,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":9934},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/millennium-park?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=50ca4288d08b9bc4c87f7602163ad00ee653b2c490ba594b019af251b6d3f059&builder.overrides.50ca4288d08b9bc4c87f7602163ad00ee653b2c490ba594b019af251b6d3f059=50ca4288d08b9bc4c87f7602163ad00ee653b2c490ba594b019af251b6d3f059&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Millennium Park","50ca4288d08b9bc4c87f7602163ad00ee653b2c490ba594b019af251b6d3f059",[9939],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":9940,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/millennium-park",{"googleMapLink":9942,"architect":9943,"themeId":51,"description":9951,"title":9936,"officialName":9952,"useType":9953,"buildingName":9936,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":9954,"streetAddress":9955,"neighborhood":712,"state":9956,"seo":9959,"imageList":9962,"query":9978,"url":9940,"forceUpdatedURLOn":9980,"blocks":9981},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/fJn954Do2TT1xSFv9",[9944,9945,9946,9947,9948,1986,9949,9950],"Anish Kapoor","Carol J.H. Yetken Landscape Architects","Edward Uhlir","Frank O. Gehry and Associates","Juame Plensa","Terry Guen Design Associates","Gustafson Guthrie Nichol and Piet Oudolf","\u003Cp>“Let’s cover it with a park.”\u003C/p>","Millennium Park (incl. Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Cloud Gate, Crown Fountain, Lurie Garden)",[4187],2004,"201 E. Randolph St.",{"deviceSize":577,"location":9957},{"path":668,"query":9958},{},{"seo":9960},{"title":9961},"Millennium Park ",[9963,9965,9968,9970,9972,9974,9976],{"src":9964,"alt":9936},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F15cc42b3f8244c7cbee29afc41a1a2e0",{"src":9966,"alt":9936,"caption":9967},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F1087381d8d444e449f25fdbdd50edded","Photo by Richard Schneider, licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.",{"src":9969,"alt":9936,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F75e8a40016f24a0b8474143426dadd42",{"src":9971,"alt":9936},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F67e18b1656ab443abf4d62dc6a2ec7cb",{"src":9973,"alt":9936},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F9936085685ba41b2a2dbbb99f89c521a",{"src":9975,"alt":9936},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4af1d154219346249050acce69d6dee9",{"src":9977,"alt":9936},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fcdc0551f2edb437ebd1259698876b1e9",[9979],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":9940,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:12:55.874Z",[9982,10079],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9983,"meta":9984,"children":9985,"responsiveStyles":10077},"builder-09741941623f44b480efc3d49fb969e9",{"previousId":996},[9986,9994,10017,10030,10038,10053,10061,10069],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9987,"meta":9988,"component":9989,"responsiveStyles":9992},"builder-023c7eaec3ad450290e7ae57b900c979",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":9990},{"text":9991,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>The story goes that while Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley was at his dentist's office on Michigan Avenue, he looked out the office window at 900 parked cars and a railroad station and said, “Let’s cover it with a park.”\u003C/p>\u003Cp>While the reality is probably more nuanced and complicated, the idea for an iconic park was born. With more than 4 million people visiting Millennium Park every year, it has become a much-loved destination that has changed the image of Chicago.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>But none of that could have happened had it not been for the foresight of Chicago’s citizens, who lobbied to protect the open space in 1835. As a result, the area east of Michigan Avenue and south of Randolph was designated a “public ground forever to remain vacant of buildings.”\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A PUBLIC ART GALLERY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Because new buildings are forbidden in the park, structures in Millennium Park are either labeled as art or they are buried underground. Distinctive art pieces include:\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>The Pritzker Pavilion, by world-renowned architect Frank Gehry.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Cloud Gate, created by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor and nicknamed“The Bean\" by Chicagoans.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The Crown Fountain, by Spanish artist Jaume Plensa.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>Millennium Park celebrates many qualities Chicago residents love about their city. The Pritzker Pavilion, whose billowing brushed \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/stainless-steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">stainless steel\u003C/a> headdress stands 120 feet high, increases access to outdoor performances like the Grant Park Music Festival. An overhead trellis of crisscrossing steel pipes extends from the stage over the great lawn and provides mountings for a sophisticated sound system. Cloud Gate’s popularity is partly due to its interactive nature. Visitors can walk around and underneath it, see their reflections and maybe even take a selfie. Crown Fountain, a pair of 50-foot glass block towers set in a plaza of black Zimbabwe \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/granite/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">granite\u003C/a>, is a public space where children of all ages enjoy running and splashing in the reflecting pool.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>ROOMS DEFINE THE OUTDOOR SPACES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The park’s art is arranged in a series of smaller “rooms,” a concept first imagined by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Daniel Burnham\u003C/a> and later by Edward Bennett for the landscape of Grant Park in 1909. In Millennium Park, each room communicates a different design idea, transitioning from the French Renaissance edge of Michigan Avenue to the more contemporary architecture to the east.\u003C/p>",{"large":9993},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":9995,"meta":9996,"component":9997,"responsiveStyles":10015},"builder-08193b05d7144e3d9e50ec19a7df6f00",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":9998},{"factList":9999},[10000,10003,10006,10009,10012],{"body":10001,"title":772,"icon":10002},"\u003Cp>Crown Fountain is comprised of two 50-foot-tall glass brick towers that display a cross section of Chicagoans.  One thousand residents’ faces appear in random order on LED screens.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10004,"title":772,"icon":10005},"\u003Cp>Every hour, 11,500 gallons of water flow through Crown Fountain, pumped from a 140-gallon reservoir under the reflecting pool.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10007,"title":772,"icon":10008},"\u003Cp>Cloud Gate (The \"Bean\") cost $23 million to create and transport to the park. The sculpture weighs 110 tons and is made up of 168 stainless steel plates stitched together with tack welds.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10010,"title":772,"icon":10011},"\u003Cp>Millennium Park is a 24.5-acre rooftop garden built over an underground parking garage.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10013,"title":772,"icon":10014},"\u003Cp>Frank Gehry’s Pritzker Pavilion cost $60 million and is made of 870 tons of steel. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":10016},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10018,"meta":10019,"component":10020,"responsiveStyles":10028},"builder-1130553eea08416db1b0a252a70e0b56",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":10021},{"headline":791,"testimonials":10022},[10023],{"quote":10024,"attribution":10025,"title":5567,"image":10026},"In a city of thousands of intersections, Millennium Park is the ultimate intersection and the best place in Chicago to people-watch. It attracts Chicagoans from across economic, racial and social spectrums, as well as people from the suburbs, surrounding states and around the world. The fantastic combination of art and architecture created a new gathering spot in Chicago and has helped raise the city’s global reputation.","Jill Tanz",{"alt":10025,"src":10027},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fabc77082357d4d858aa6e655707965bd",{"large":10029},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10031,"component":10032,"responsiveStyles":10036},"builder-a1a8e47594174472b7d716adfa18635c",{"name":846,"options":10033},{"symbol":10034},{"data":10035,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":10037},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":10039,"meta":10040,"component":10041,"responsiveStyles":10051},"builder-9ed11a9fe64c48a9aa235a1353664ca5",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":10042},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":10043,"headline":1224,"button":10050,"copy":623},[10044,10046,10048],{"encyclopediaArticle":10045},{"@type":19,"id":1777,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10047},{"@type":19,"id":1082,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10049},{"@type":19,"id":6627,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":10052},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10054,"component":10055,"responsiveStyles":10059},"builder-15d63584ecfe49c0bf79899ab2945542",{"name":846,"options":10056},{"symbol":10057},{"data":10058,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":10060},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10062,"component":10063,"responsiveStyles":10067},"builder-2ac0af8468804cebb3dc810106734e70",{"name":846,"options":10064},{"symbol":10065},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":10066},{},{"large":10068},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10070,"component":10071,"responsiveStyles":10075},"builder-2a3be144b6a840deabb61d64942b3025",{"name":846,"options":10072},{"symbol":10073},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":10074},{},{"large":10076},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":10078},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":10080,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":10081,"responsiveStyles":10082},"builder-pixel-dy2x94dyskf",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":10083},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":10085,"previewUrl":10086,"data":10087,"modelId":935,"query":10268,"published":559,"screenshot":10270,"firstPublished":10271,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":10272,"createdDate":10273,"createdBy":1291,"meta":10274,"variations":10278,"name":10090,"@originModelId":948,"id":10279,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/monadnock-building",{"architect":10088,"buildingName":10090,"description":10091,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":10092,"googleMapLink":10093,"imageList":10094,"neighborhood":712,"officialName":10090,"originalCompletionDate":10103,"query":10104,"state":10107,"streetAddress":10110,"style":10111,"title":10090,"url":10106,"useType":10112,"blocks":10113},[10089,4944],"Burnham & Root","Monadnock Building","\u003Cp>As you pass by the Monadnock Building in Chicago’s Loop, you may not recognize it as a transitional moment in architectural history.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:56.310Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/WCTL7cFqXYX6Ngh47",[10095,10097,10099,10101],{"alt":10090,"source":668,"src":10096},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F55f8a6dd9b504d4eac909e6c0f89b272",{"alt":10090,"src":10098},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F8511cca940eb49e890853672528ec688",{"alt":10090,"src":10100},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F41b46364873c4efd9ae90980e56207a3",{"alt":10090,"src":10102},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F8b9d9606c4c044c4bef386479a697c95","1891; 1893",[10105],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":10106},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/monadnock-building",{"deviceSize":577,"location":10108},{"path":668,"query":10109},{},"53 W. Jackson Blvd.",[3263],[701],[10114,10263],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10115,"meta":10116,"children":10117,"responsiveStyles":10261},"builder-556382aa289142118a26fb54bdb97cc8",{"previousId":996},[10118,10126,10134,10141,10164,10172,10185,10210,10237,10245,10253],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10119,"meta":10120,"component":10121,"responsiveStyles":10124},"builder-df4e622d6b614c9981b12dd30822e092",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":10122},{"text":10123,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>But in this building, the shift can be seen from \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/load-bearing-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">load-bearing construction\u003C/a> to \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skeleton-frame-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">skeleton frame construction\u003C/a>. It represents a broad change happening throughout the city during this time.\u003C/p>",{"large":10125},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10127,"meta":10128,"component":10129,"responsiveStyles":10132},"builder-ae949094b3764d0fa69e102e0f841a7f",{"previousId":1477},{"name":741,"options":10130},{"text":10131,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>ONE BUILDING WITH TWO FACADES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Built in two phases, the Monadnock Building functions as one large structure. However, the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facades\u003C/a> of each phase couldn’t look more different. The Monadnock’s northern half wears a daring, stripped-down facade, while its southern half is adorned in traditionally inspired ornamentation that expresses its metal structure. Each half, in its own way, demonstrates the transition happening during its time.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The northern half, completed in 1891 and designed by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Burnham & Root\u003C/a>, has exterior walls that layer brick on top of brick, in the load-bearing tradition. But its construction also reveals technical advances being tested at the time. The building’s undulating bay windows are supported by cantilevered \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">steel\u003C/a>. The visibly thick brick walls—six-feet-thick at the corners—may support the building's weight at the perimeters, but are aided elsewhere by a hidden steel framework.\u003C/p>",{"large":10133},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10135,"component":10136,"responsiveStyles":10139},"builder-90722ff2d31f483a896c33429706dddb",{"name":741,"options":10137},{"padding":8279,"text":10138},"\u003Cp>Though the battered base and projecting bays are reminiscent of bell-shaped papyrus columns used in ancient Egyptian temples, the building's lack of ornamentation bucked trends of the time and hinted at the stripped-down facades that would become popular decades later. In 1892, \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/louis-sullivan/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Louis Sullivan\u003C/a> wrote in “Ornament in Architecture,” “I take it as self-evident that a building, quite devoid of ornament, may convey a noble and dignified sentiment by virtue of mass and proportion.” Many believe he was referencing the recently completed Monadnock. It's clear that the building’s design made quite an impression on the architecture community of the time.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When the second half of the building was designed by \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/holabird-and-roche/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Holabird & Roche\u003C/a> just two years later, experimentation and transition could be seen in its structural systems. The brick and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> facade of the southern portion need not bear the weight of the building. Instead, it is hung on a rigid metal frame that transfers loads to the ground.\u003C/p>",{"large":10140},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10142,"meta":10143,"component":10144,"responsiveStyles":10162},"builder-d559a50343fa4c1f9803c0bf07fd86e1",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":10145},{"factList":10146},[10147,10150,10153,10156,10159],{"body":10148,"title":772,"icon":10149},"\u003Cp>The building once had four 100-foot sections designed to be operated as four separate buildings. Each had its own entrance and was named after one of four mountains in New England: Monadnock, Kearsage, Katahdin and Wachusett.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10151,"title":772,"icon":10152},"\u003Cp>Because of the building's narrow lot, all the vertical circulation—elevators and open staircase—is tucked in the middle of the building with skylights letting in light from above.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10154,"title":772,"icon":10155},"\u003Cp>Root's early designs for the north half of the building called for a radically different design than what was eventually built. He and developer Owen Aldis considered a building that included steel columns, girders and beams with laterally trussed floors.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10157,"title":772,"icon":10158},"\u003Cp>The restoration that began in 1982 was meticulous. One example of the attention to detail is the marble used in the lobby’s hand-carved trim. It comes from the same quarry in Italy where Root got his original supply.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10160,"title":772,"icon":10161},"\u003Cp>Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was enamored with the Monadnock Building and made many sketches of it when he first arrived in Chicago.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":10163},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10165,"component":10166,"responsiveStyles":10170},"builder-418c82470e914cd18a67b3a22b86bd07",{"name":3796,"options":10167},{"headline":10168,"videoEmbed":10169,"videoCaption":668},"Building Tall in the 19th Century","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/3EJidEJa9dA?si=7S8IGt5OXiIFmFSm\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"large":10171},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10173,"meta":10174,"component":10175,"responsiveStyles":10183},"builder-133329fb446343308d0b1b008c83bdf0",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":10176},{"headline":791,"testimonials":10177},[10178],{"quote":10179,"attribution":10180,"title":5399,"image":10181},"If I could show a visitor from Mars just one Chicago skyscraper, it would be the Monadnock. It is an architectural time capsule that bridges building styles, from the old-fashioned, brick-on-brick to modern metal frame construction. Aesthetically, it harkens back to the classicists, while previewing the modernists. It has been meticulously restored. And did I mention that it is just plain beautiful?","Virginia Gerst",{"alt":10180,"src":10182},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb95d92dda0e946668636fe03a4e04262",{"large":10184},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":10186,"meta":10187,"component":10188,"responsiveStyles":10208},"builder-61f92636a0454d73b565f251c94df9be",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":10189},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":10190,"headline":1224,"button":10207,"copy":623},[10191,10193,10195,10197,10199,10201,10203,10205],{"encyclopediaArticle":10192},{"@type":19,"id":2941,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10194},{"@type":19,"id":8035,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10196},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10198},{"@type":19,"id":1925,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10200},{"@type":19,"id":1223,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10202},{"@type":19,"id":2938,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10204},{"@type":19,"id":6627,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10206},{"@type":19,"id":9409,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":10209},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10211,"component":10212,"responsiveStyles":10235},"builder-c4c84cbd59324ba09b963df36091fc5c",{"name":846,"options":10213},{"symbol":10214,"inheritState":14},{"data":10215,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":10216},{},{"ownerId":851,"query":10217,"priority":857,"published":559,"name":859,"lastUpdateBy":561,"createdBy":687,"meta":10218,"lastUpdated":856,"modelId":892,"metrics":10220,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"@version":459,"data":10221,"testRatio":427,"variations":10233,"firstPublished":854,"folders":10234,"createdDate":854,"previewUrl":858},[],{"lastPreviewUrl":897,"componentsUsed":10219,"hasLinks":51,"kind":896},{"City 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Tours Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/monadnock-building?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=f794e9853de1f69a62a6d81774c83b75e4777bd7780ea7b04d24c4391a78ddbd&builder.overrides.f794e9853de1f69a62a6d81774c83b75e4777bd7780ea7b04d24c4391a78ddbd=f794e9853de1f69a62a6d81774c83b75e4777bd7780ea7b04d24c4391a78ddbd&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"f794e9853de1f69a62a6d81774c83b75e4777bd7780ea7b04d24c4391a78ddbd",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":10281,"previewUrl":10282,"data":10283,"modelId":935,"query":10426,"published":559,"screenshot":10428,"firstPublished":10429,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":10430,"createdDate":10431,"createdBy":1291,"meta":10432,"variations":10436,"name":10293,"@originModelId":948,"id":10437,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/navy-pier",{"googleMapLink":10284,"forceUpdatedURLOn":10285,"architect":10286,"query":10288,"description":10291,"officialName":668,"useType":10292,"title":10293,"url":10290,"buildingName":10293,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":561,"streetAddress":10294,"style":10295,"neighborhood":2405,"state":10296,"imageList":10299,"blocks":10312},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/GUizKvgkymSmafBV6","2024-08-08T22:12:57.292Z",[10287],"Charles Sumner Frost",[10289],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":10290,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/navy-pier","\u003Cp>From naval base and university campus to shipping hub and entertainment destination, Navy Pier is Chicago’s hallmark of adaptive reuse. Despite several periods of abandonment and disuse, the pier has continued to evolve and accommodate new demands.\u003C/p>",[1608],"Navy Pier","600 E. Grand Ave.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":10297},{"path":668,"query":10298},{},[10300,10303,10306,10309],{"src":10301,"caption":10302,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb67006020d1b413da3647178cb78fd87","Photo by Hbodine, licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0",{"src":10304,"caption":10305},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa39efe8df45b4a5ba57b8bcf255986c1","Photo licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0",{"src":10307,"caption":10308},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fcf641fc1202c435391363de11cb587d8","View of Navy Pier from the lake",{"src":10310,"caption":10311},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F91c4ef1dffae4df9a3085846eda43ac6","Photo by Marco Verch, licensed under Creative Commons BY 2.0",[10313,10421],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10314,"meta":10315,"children":10316,"responsiveStyles":10419},"builder-79c831d14e644bb89e45d057141d760c",{"previousId":996},[10317,10325,10342,10355,10370,10395,10403,10411],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10318,"meta":10319,"component":10320,"responsiveStyles":10323},"builder-b6020d68616043adbf10fc3f1b21f142",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":10321},{"text":10322,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>a mix of business and entertainment\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>At the turn of the 20th century, millions of passengers and millions of tons of cargo were entering Chicago by water annually. Realizing a need to accommodate this activity, architect Daniel Burnham’s famous \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/1909-plan-of-chicago/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">1909 Plan of Chicago\u003C/a> called for two piers flanking a bustling harbor, at Chicago Avenue and Cermak Road. He believed the piers could serve as both shipping docks and relaxing, lakefront recreation hubs. City planners liked Burnham’s idea so much they proposed building five piers. Architect Charles Sumner Frost was hired to design the first pier, later known as Navy Pier, a few years after Burnham’s death. When it opened in 1916, it consisted of two-story freight and passenger sheds, bookended by a classically designed head house and a large, elegant ballroom. The pier’s metal frame and wood plank flooring was built atop 20,000 wooden piles driven into the lakebed. Named Municipal Pier No. 2, it became a mix of business—with many freight and excursion ships coming through daily—and entertainment for the first few decades of its existence. The pier was a welcome addition to the city for its public use, with its picnic spots, children’s playground and access via streetcar, and for the relief it provided to the congestion on Chicago River docks.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>a storied history\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>As cars became more popular and the Great Depression set in, shipping activity slowed and in turn, the pier became less lively. Plans for the other four piers were nixed by the city. Eventually, buildings were added to the pier so it could serve as a military training center during both World Wars. During WWI, the pier housed soldier barracks and a prison for men who dodged the draft. For WWII, it became a full Naval Base. In 1941, the U.S. Navy turned the pier into a training facility that more than 60,000 service members passed through. Following the war, an influx of veterans enrolling in school under the GI Bill resulted in the creation of a University of Illinois satellite campus on the pier. An estimated 100,000 students took classes there between 1946 and 1965. When the campus moved off the pier, the 3,300-foot-long structure fell into disuse. It wasn’t until 1976, for the celebration of America’s Biennial, that significant activity returned to the pier. The Grand Ballroom underwent reconstruction for the occasion and the pier was given Chicago Landmark status. The launch of ChicagoFest, an annual music festival, boosted activity as well in the late 1970s and early 1980s. But another decade of abandonment occurred when the fest was discontinued.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>21st century resurgence\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1995, VOA and Benjamin Thompson Associates completed a major reconstruction and redesign of the pier. It resulted in the creation of the Children’s Museum, the Crystal Garden, Festival Hall and the Ferris Wheel. Since then, the pier has been used exclusively as an entertainment venue. In 1999, the Chicago Shakespeare Theater moved to the pier, adding one more important entertainment venue. Recently, the pier has experienced another resurgence, with a 2016 redesign by James Corner Field Operations that added a grand staircase leading up to the new 200-foot Centennial Wheel and the Polk Bros. Foundation Park near the entrance, complete with a large participatory fountain and two stages for entertainment. The Yard at Chicago Shakespeare, an innovative theater with nine movable seating towers, is the latest addition to the ever-evolving pier. Plans for the future include more enhancements along the pier and a new, boutique hotel.\u003C/p>",{"large":10324},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10326,"meta":10327,"component":10328,"responsiveStyles":10340},"builder-16ebe413a93b40c492f9afcccee06ecc",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":10329},{"factList":10330},[10331,10334,10337],{"body":10332,"title":772,"icon":10333},"\u003Cp>The Spanish Steps in Rome, Italy inspired the large, sweeping staircase designed by James Corner.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10335,"title":772,"icon":10336},"\u003Cp>The Yard at Chicago Shakespeare is the only theater of its kind in the world.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10338,"title":772,"icon":10339},"\u003Cp>President George H.W. Bush trained as a Navy pilot at Navy Pier.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":10341},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10343,"meta":10344,"component":10345,"responsiveStyles":10353},"builder-4181efb0cc664bae863f6ef5b57756d3",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":10346},{"headline":791,"testimonials":10347},[10348],{"quote":10349,"attribution":10350,"title":4406,"image":10351},"I feel that some Chicagoans who grew up in the city do not give the Pier its due. Interestingly it has been for many years, the number one tourist attraction in the Midwest for good reason. Last year there were 9.3 million visitors. There is something for everyone at the Pier. From fireworks and Shakespeare to the Children’s Museum and the art exhibits in Festival Hall, there is always something to enjoy!","Sabra Goldman",{"alt":10350,"src":10352},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F2f50ec19b06d47cf8d6326e0d48d8782",{"large":10354},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":10356,"meta":10357,"component":10358,"responsiveStyles":10368},"builder-8d9e4b654380441494735642cd9a2445",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":10359},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":10360,"headline":1224,"button":10367,"copy":623},[10361,10364],{"encyclopediaArticle":10362},{"@type":19,"id":10363,"model":831},"83b2739324f081b816b84f1d178adb3ee17660073c7ee88efe75ecdc3d64d566",{"encyclopediaArticle":10365},{"@type":19,"id":10366,"model":831},"a80be0926df685570252f247ca56d3fbcfdc1544e1fc42387bafd43899dd4578",{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":10369},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10371,"component":10372,"responsiveStyles":10393},"builder-ffa2aaf1f1534aa68dc60c8faf9867e3",{"name":846,"options":10373},{"symbol":10374,"inheritState":14},{"data":10375,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":10376},{},{"lastUpdatedBy":687,"testRatio":427,"published":559,"ownerId":851,"folders":10377,"createdBy":687,"data":10378,"variations":10388,"metrics":10389,"@version":459,"modelId":892,"lastUpdated":856,"query":10390,"priority":857,"createdDate":854,"lastUpdateBy":561,"meta":10391,"name":859,"firstPublished":854,"previewUrl":858},[],{"environment":27,"blocks":10379},[10380],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":863,"meta":10381,"component":10382,"responsiveStyles":10386},{"previousId":844},{"name":866,"options":10383},{"headline":49,"useDate":51,"subheading":1246,"copy":1247,"button":10384,"pinnedTour":10385},{"title":871,"label":872,"url":50},{"@type":19,"id":4616,"model":21},{"large":10387},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{},{"impressions":894,"clicks":894},[],{"lastPreviewUrl":897,"componentsUsed":10392,"hasLinks":51,"kind":896},{"City 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427,"City Tours 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Associates",[2136],"Nicholas J. Melas Centennial Fountain",1989,"400 N McClurg Ct.",{"seo":10449},{"description":10450},"The Nicholas J. Melas Centennial Fountain, dedicated in 1989, was commissioned to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD).",[10452,10456,10459],{"src":10453,"alt":10454,"caption":10455},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F21f3bd13669c4d24ac22f83444dc5966","An arc of water shoots across the Chicago River","Nicholas J. Melas Centennial Fountain water cannon.",{"src":10457,"alt":10458,"caption":10445},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd2bb2b09daa4407c956a01b4c1e139f0","Waterfall-like fountain with skyscrapers in the background",{"src":10460,"alt":10461,"caption":10445},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F42d796a5a3a942c896a1f9ab747aa23d","Waterfall-like fountain in front of tall skyscrapers",[10463,10549],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":10464,"meta":10465,"children":10467,"responsiveStyles":10547},"builder-bbea753a34c843c9bfef47f0f18abfde",{"previousId":10466},"builder-79eafbeefa90467cb7d376bf2f54bf65",[10468,10477,10498,10508,10517,10527,10537],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10469,"meta":10470,"component":10472,"responsiveStyles":10475},"builder-59738c27467d43b8a8c6d6844a6c9e04",{"previousId":10471},"builder-aab0d2f402454874a5d52ea0c0315094",{"name":741,"options":10473},{"text":10474,"padding":1180},"\u003Ch4>Commemorating 100 Years\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Nicholas J. Melas Centennial Fountain, dedicated in 1989, was commissioned to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD).\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Named in honor of Melas, who served as president of the MWRD for nearly two decades, the fountain is a celebration of the organization's history as well as a tribute to Chicago's ongoing efforts to manage and protect its vital water resources.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The MWRD was established in 1889, initially known as the Sanitary District of Chicago, with the primary mission of reversing the flow of the \u003Ca href=\"/online-resources/stories-of-chicago/the-chicago-river-from-industry-to-recreation\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chicago River\u003C/a> to protect the city’s water supply from pollution. The Centennial Fountain serves as a reminder of this significant achievement and the continuous work done by the MWRD to safeguard the region’s waterways.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Design Features\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Designed by Chicago architect Dirk Lohan and Associates, the fountain itself is composed of a series of granite steps that descend to the river’s edge, reflecting the river’s natural flow and offering a tranquil setting amid the bustling city. At the top of these steps, a semi-circular basin collects water that is then pumped at high pressure through nozzles to create a dramatic 80-foot arc. The water cannon launches the arc for five minutes every hour on the hour from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. May through October.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Chicago's Relationship With Water\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The fountain serves as a reminder of the crucial role that water management has played in Chicago’s development. The city’s relationship with its waterways has been central to its growth, from the early days of the Illinois & Michigan Canal to the reversal of the Chicago River, which was one of the most ambitious engineering feats of its time.\u003C/p>",{"large":10476},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10478,"meta":10479,"component":10481,"responsiveStyles":10496},"builder-b0c3f661245045959cbae87006d3da94",{"previousId":10480},"builder-3264924599474894a23b00bd331decc6",{"name":767,"options":10482},{"factList":10483},[10484,10487,10490,10493],{"body":10485,"title":772,"icon":10486},"\u003Cp>Due to heavy rain in 2020 which caused the Chicago River to rise, the Centennial Fountain’s controls became submerged requiring extensive repairs \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10488,"title":772,"icon":10489},"\u003Cp>Dirk Lohan, lead architect of the Centennial Fountain, is the grandson of Mies van der Rohe \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10491,"title":772,"icon":10492},"\u003Cp>Melas was an MWRD commissioner who served for 30 years, including 18 years as president of the board of commissioners \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10494,"title":772,"icon":10495},"\u003Cp>A time capsule installed in the fountain in 1989 will be opened in 2089 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In the foreground, a sandy beach is packed with people. Adjacent to the beach is a modern, boat-shaped building with red accents on its roof. To the right of the building, a large area with multiple white tents is set up on what appears to be muddy ground, possibly indicating recent rain or a specific event setup. A paved road with parked cars and a few buses curves around a grassy area in the lower left. A long pier extends into the water from the right, ending at a small lighthouse. In the distance, a large ship is visible on the water.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F9a1bd4df9cdf4361a6eaf09ec8abb49f","Photo Credit: William Kildow; Lawrence Okrent, Tom Rossiter",{"src":10595,"alt":10596,"caption":10593},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F012e8def527e4bf78526ecb47323803b","A ground-level shot frames the John Hancock Center (now 875 North Michigan Avenue) in the background, towering over a foreground building with a nautical design. The foreground building is white with blue trim and features circular windows resembling portholes, and a large red cylindrical structure on its roof. The word \"RESTROOMS\" is visible above an entrance. Several people are walking around the foreground building's patio area. The sky is partly cloudy.",{"alt":10598,"src":10599,"caption":10593}," A vibrant, low-angle shot of the North Avenue Beach boathouse in Chicago under a deep blue sky. The building, designed to resemble a ship, features white walls, blue railings, and two prominent, red-banded cylindrical structures on its roof, mimicking smokestacks. A striped awning covers a central outdoor area between the two \"smokestacks.\" The lower level of the building is open, revealing glimpses of Lake Michigan through its arched supports. Two people and a bicycle are visible on the left side of the lower level. The intense blue of the sky contrasts sharply with the white and red of the building.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F67dd9dba38b04affb7e1dc6a427afdd3",{"src":10601,"alt":10602,"caption":10593},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F386ecef9973346649f0ecc7074542f31"," An interior view of the North Avenue Beach boathouse, showcasing its multi-level, ship-inspired architecture. The ground floor features numerous round, dark tables arranged in rows. White pillars support the upper levels. In the center, a large, dark opening is labeled \"UPPER DECK\" in red text, leading to stairs or a ramp. The walls are white with blue trim and a decorative blue wave pattern. On the upper level, a red wall with a large black opening is visible, resembling the \"smokestack\" exterior. Red and white striped awnings or coverings are visible on either side of the upper level, extending towards the viewer.",{"caption":10593,"src":10604,"alt":10605},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc13b84a9c5e845769e4ad902b1563323"," A wide-angle, twilight shot of North Avenue Beach in Chicago, bathed in a purple hue. The North Avenue Beach boathouse, with its distinctive red-topped \"smokestacks\" and white structure, is centrally located on the left, illuminated by scattered lights. The beach in the foreground appears damp, reflecting some of the sky's light. In the background, the Chicago skyline rises, with several tall buildings glowing with orange and white lights. Streetlights line the beach path, and trees are visible between the boathouse and the city buildings. Two blurred figures are visible on the right side of the frame, possibly walking.",{"src":10607,"alt":10608,"caption":10593},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Ff106609754ba4de2955258cbee304c7a","A sunny, mid-day shot of North Avenue Beach in Chicago, featuring the distinctive boathouse building in the background. The sandy beach in the foreground is populated with sunbathers lying on towels and chairs. A yellow beach umbrella stands out in the middle ground. The boathouse, designed like a ship, has white walls, blue trim, and two prominent red cylindrical structures on its roof. People are visible on the boathouse's upper deck and on the ground level. In the far background, the top of the John Hancock Center (now 875 North Michigan Avenue) is visible, along with other city buildings, under a clear blue sky.","\u003Cp>Originally built in 1940 and redesigned in 1999, the North Avenue Beach House blends historic design with modern amenities, serving millions of Chicago lakefront visitors annually.\u003C/p>","1601 N. Jean-Baptiste Pointe DuSable Lake Shore Drive",[10612,10649,10657,10666,10674,10682,10691],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":10613,"meta":10614,"children":10616,"responsiveStyles":10647},"builder-2477157a9ac348bfb419fc1dc8e4ed81",{"previousId":10615},"builder-20071c3b48d04b71a2e37eb7a1d395f5",[10617,10626],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10618,"meta":10619,"component":10621,"responsiveStyles":10624},"builder-cc4df4f28ba446c0b9ff51185b9cc77f",{"previousId":10620},"builder-2aec3195153b4db58b876bfac03c8a4d",{"name":741,"options":10622,"isRSC":561},{"text":10623,"padding":1180},"\u003Ch4>WPA Project\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Located on one of Chicago’s most popular stretches of lakefront, the North Avenue Beach House combines architectural imagination with urban recreation. Originally built in 1940 as a Works Project Administration (WPA) project during a major expansion of Lincoln Park, the beach house was designed by Emanuel V. Buchsbaum to resemble a sleek Art Moderne ocean liner.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Deterioration of the building had gotten so bad that by the late 1990s, a replacement was urgently needed. The Public Building Commission (PBC) received permission to take down the outdated structure in order to build a better facility to serve many more interests and visitors.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Reimagined\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Working in collaboration with the Chicago Park District, the PBC, and local preservation groups, Wheeler Kearns Architects reimagined the structure while keeping the spirit of the original design. Completed in 1999, the current beach house honors its predecessor while addressing the demands of modern public use. In fact, lead architect Dan Wheeler commented that “Most people did not realize the building was entirely different when it was built—a new site, new form—which we took as a compliment.”\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Concrete now replaces the former timber frame, and a slightly relocated site opens views to the lake previously blocked by infrastructure. The building’s orientation eases congestion and enhances safety while offering expansive public terraces, concessions, restrooms, and a dedicated lifeguard training center. Two prominent \"smokestacks\"—once ornamental—now house stairwells leading to an upper-level promenade with stunning views of Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A Social Hub\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The 22,000-square-foot facility was formally dedicated by Mayor Richard M. Daley in May 2000. Since then, it has served as both a social hub and a public amenity, offering food, fitness, rentals, and waterfront access to more than 6 million visitors annually. Most recently, its restaurant, Castaways, reopened after a renovation with updated interiors, multiple bars, and a rooftop stage for live performances.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>While much has changed since the 1940s, the building remains anchored in Chicago’s architectural legacy and a year-long reminder of summer days in the city. \u003C/p>",{"large":10625},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10627,"meta":10628,"component":10630,"responsiveStyles":10645},"builder-c1629ab441e54d7eb8f5bda9b0011cc4",{"previousId":10629},"builder-d898f567fdc242a0b8bf97203674b84c",{"name":767,"options":10631,"isRSC":561},{"factList":10632},[10633,10636,10639,10642],{"body":10634,"title":772,"icon":10635},"\u003Cp>North Avenue Beach sits atop over 875,000 sq ft of reclaimed land added in the 1930s via WPA landfill projects.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10637,"title":772,"icon":10638},"\u003Cp>In 1940 the Lincoln Park Passerelle, a pedestrian bridge over Lake Shore Drive, opened to help visitors access the beach.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10640,"title":772,"icon":10641},"\u003Cp>The Chicago Lifeguard Service, serving North Avenue Beach, is the largest municipal lifeguard team in the world.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10643,"title":772,"icon":10644},"\u003Cp>According to lead architect Dan Wheeler, “Joe, the senior lifeguard, cried when he entered the new building… it seemed like home.” \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":10646},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":10648},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6756,"meta":10650,"component":10651,"responsiveStyles":10655},{"previousId":1060},{"name":846,"options":10652,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":10653},{"data":10654,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":10656},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":6766,"meta":10658,"component":10660,"responsiveStyles":10664},{"previousId":10659},"builder-04370d1a70094cfdafa38edd74228dc3",{"name":821,"options":10661,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":10662,"headline":1083,"button":10663,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":10665},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6776,"meta":10667,"component":10668,"responsiveStyles":10672},{"previousId":1258},{"name":846,"options":10669,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":10670},{"data":10671,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":10673},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":6786,"meta":10675,"component":10676,"responsiveStyles":10680},{"previousId":1266},{"name":846,"options":10677,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":10678},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":10679},{},{"large":10681},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10683,"meta":10684,"component":10685,"responsiveStyles":10689},"builder-e1fd91f9d4554a638fb5703365c6d7b9",{"previousId":1274},{"name":846,"options":10686,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":10687},{"model":850,"entry":1278,"ownerId":851,"data":10688},{},{"large":10690},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":10692,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":10693,"responsiveStyles":10694},"builder-pixel-ywjt8fyuaoo",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":10695},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"deviceSize":577,"location":10697},{"path":668,"query":10698},{},{},1753378211308,1753378211261,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/north-avenue-beach-house","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6d4d38f4115f4cc8b65ca1fba0d17cb6",[],{"lastUpdatedBy":687,"folders":10706,"previewUrl":10707,"data":10708,"modelId":935,"query":10828,"published":559,"screenshot":10830,"firstPublished":10831,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":10832,"createdDate":10833,"createdBy":1291,"meta":10834,"variations":10838,"name":10717,"@originModelId":948,"id":10839,"rev":950},[],"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/northerly-island",{"googleMapLink":10709,"forceUpdatedURLOn":10710,"architect":10711,"query":10713,"description":10716,"officialName":10717,"useType":10718,"title":10717,"url":10715,"buildingName":10717,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":8706,"streetAddress":10719,"style":10720,"neighborhood":4830,"state":10721,"imageList":10724,"blocks":10734},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/iN2m4RZMce3Wn1Q17","2024-08-08T22:12:58.150Z",[10712,2541],"SmithGroupJJR",[10714],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":10715,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/northerly-island","\u003Cp>Unveiled as an eco-park in 2015, Northerly Island finally resembles the vision Daniel Burnham had for it in 1909. This artificial, but historically significant, spit of land was once used as an airport. Now it’s a refuge from the city’s bustle.\u003C/p>","Northerly Island",[4187],"1521 S. Linn White Dr.",[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":10722},{"path":668,"query":10723},{},[10725,10728,10732],{"src":10726,"alt":10717,"caption":10727,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fc5ead4a81e4e41a28d6cee59bc4c1761","Aerial view of Northerly Island. Photo by Tom Harris.",{"src":10729,"alt":10730,"caption":10731},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F5f954aeeabd1480d8034dfe2dc97cb81","View of the city from Northerly Island","View of the city from Northerly Island. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers.",{"src":10733,"alt":10717,"caption":3004},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F2ce08cad9f9a4ed88d5776445056002c",[10735,10823],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10736,"meta":10737,"children":10738,"responsiveStyles":10821},"builder-51560c6555f440898711e24aea74a441",{"previousId":996},[10739,10747,10764,10775,10783,10797,10805,10813],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10740,"meta":10741,"component":10742,"responsiveStyles":10745},"builder-fca2d092a6944330ada4f2c4a7e737b2",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":10743},{"text":10744,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>ISLAND OF NO LITTLE PLANS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The land known today as Northerly Island was conceived in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/1909-plan-of-chicago/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">1909 Plan of Chicago\u003C/a> as the most northerly in a chain of island parks (the rest of which went unbuilt). Dredging and construction of the space was completed in 1925. By that time, Chicago’s high-flying elites had decided that it should instead serve as a downtown airport. But the onset of the Great Depression kept those plans from taking off for a time. The Adler Planetarium opened at the northern tip of the island in 1930. But crowds really flocked to the island when, in 1933-34, it hosted part of the Century of Progress Exposition, Chicago’s second World’s Fair. Millions of people visited the fair’s colorful Art Moderne buildings to witness visions of future technology. However, these structures were temporary and came down shortly after the fair closed in 1934.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>GLOBAL VISIONS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>A 1938 Works Progress Administration (WPA) project transformed Northerly Island into a peninsula by connecting it to the mainland with an earthen causeway. But the ongoing Great Depression and the ensuing World War stalled any further development until 1945. That year, the newly established United Nations needed a home, and Northerly Island received serious consideration. Ultimately, it lost out to New York City.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Work began on the long-delayed airport in 1946. The narrower southern tip of the peninsula was widened to better accommodate a runway, and it opened in 1948. An air-traffic control tower was built in 1952, and a modern terminal building opened in 1961. Meigs Field, named to honor a prominent local aviation booster, went on to serve both small airlines and general (private) aviation for decades.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THINGS THAT GO ‘X’ IN THE NIGHT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Northerly Island was always Park District property, and the airport’s lease was up in 1996. A series of political compromises kept Meigs Field open for several more years. But one spring night in 2003, Mayor Richard M. Daley ordered the runway destroyed—citing the security threat posed by a downtown airport. Bulldozers gouged giant Xs in the pavement that forced the airport to close and caused reroutes of several in-progress flights. Daley later justified this as the only way to end the protracted debate over closing the airport. For the price of just over 1 million dollars in federal fines and restitution, the city now had a 91-acre peninsula to redesign.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>LAKEFRONT NATURE PRESERVE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>A music pavilion opened at the northern end of Northerly Island in 2007. The elegant modernist airport terminal was pressed into service as a park field house. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/studio-gang-architects/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Studio Gang\u003C/a> and SmithGroupJJR, in partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, released a more ambitious master plan in 2010. It called for the lower 40 acres of the peninsula to be remade into a landscape of gently rolling hills ringing a lagoon. The designers envisioned a serene haven for a diversity of plant, aquatic and animal life.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>After five years of construction, and despite the harsh realities of constrained budgets and a sometimes-stormy Lake Michigan, much of this vision has been realized. A mile loop trail running through the lushly planted hills around the lagoon sometimes appears to be the only human incursion into a landscape resembling pre-settlement Chicago. Dramatic skyline vistas remind visitors that the city is not nearly as far away as it seems in this dreamlike escape to the natural world.\u003C/p>",{"large":10746},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10748,"meta":10749,"component":10750,"responsiveStyles":10762},"builder-9178e3cf1962414eb862818d18ec98e4",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":10751},{"factList":10752},[10753,10756,10759],{"body":10754,"title":772,"icon":10755},"\u003Cp>At the Century of Progress Exposition in 1933-34, the iconic Sky Ride carried visitors to and from Northerly Island in rocket-shaped cars suspended between two enormous 628-foot towers. They were taller than any of Chicago’s skyscrapers at the time.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10757,"title":772,"icon":10758},"\u003Cp>By 1955, Meigs Field was the busiest one-runway airport in the United States.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10760,"title":772,"icon":10761},"\u003Cp>A long section of wooden revetment, made visible in the new lagoon, shows the original edge of Northerly Island before it was expanded for use as an airport.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":10763},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10765,"meta":10766,"component":10767,"responsiveStyles":10773},"builder-92dd702d31604ae3b17b163cb93742f7",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":10768},{"headline":791,"testimonials":10769},[10770],{"quote":10771,"attribution":6010,"title":5399,"image":10772},"Northerly Island is such an interesting piece of Chicago's landscape history! After utilization in many different ways, including as the site of a world's fair and as a small airport, it’s now a nature preserve connecting water, land and city. Architect Jeanne Gang, of Studio Gang, reimagined Northerly Island as a natural Midwest prairie preserve. Much of her original design was realized and a beautiful and unique lakefront space is the result. One can walk or bike to the space for a quiet natural experience in the midst of a large city. What a gift to all who visit!",{"alt":6010,"src":6013},{"large":10774},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10776,"component":10777,"responsiveStyles":10781},"builder-b448d0623f214db19890a6b5a2dce81e",{"name":846,"options":10778},{"symbol":10779},{"data":10780,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":10782},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":10784,"meta":10785,"component":10786,"responsiveStyles":10795},"builder-48bbdc6b90614754a054eb7975c70069",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":10787},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":10788,"headline":10793,"button":10794,"copy":623},[10789,10791],{"encyclopediaArticle":10790},{"@type":19,"id":10363,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":10792},{"@type":19,"id":2629,"model":831},"Architecture encyclopedia references for northerly island 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As the city grew, the facility relocated several times to accommodate an ever-rising amount of mail.\u003C/p>","433 W. Van Buren",{"deviceSize":577,"location":10869},{"path":668,"query":10870},{},[10872],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":10851},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/Hz8vVG2eBMa2vmH37",[3262],[10876,10958],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10877,"meta":10878,"children":10879,"responsiveStyles":10956},"builder-966f20458a264d5fa63883f864f57dcd",{"previousId":996},[10880,10888,10911,10919,10932,10940,10948],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10881,"meta":10882,"component":10883,"responsiveStyles":10886},"builder-03099cf3ba6249efb586897bfa9344c6",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":10884},{"text":10885},"\u003Cp>What we know today as the Old Post Office was completed in two phases between 1921 and 1932 by Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, a successor firm to D.H. Burnham and Co. With its location above railroad tracks along the west bank of the Chicago River and its proximity to Union Station, the Old Post Office is one of the most significant buildings that was a direct result of the 1909 Plan of Chicago.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>at a crossroads of style \u003C/h4>\u003Cp>At the time it was designed, Chicago was at a crossroads of popular architectural styles. The dominant Beaux-Arts style of the 1893 World’s Fair was still strong, however, Art Deco (then known simply as Moderne) was on the rise. The Old Post Office is a unique blend of both—a classically-influenced version of Art Deco.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Spanning over two city blocks, the Old Post Office stretches over railroad tracks and is known for having the Ida B. Wells Drive run through the building from east to west. Most of the building stands at around 190 feet high, translating into 12 floors in the building’s north section and nine floors for the rest of the building. The steel-frame structure features black granite at the base with gray limestone above. Vertical details, including large, tall windows with chevrons and vertical fluting, provide a visual counterpoint to the broad horizontality of the structure.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Inside, the main lobby soars 38 feet in height, featuring white marble-clad walls and stone floors in a checkerboard pattern. It has modernized classical forms and proportions combined with Deco-style details such as eagles and low-relief panels. Gold panels with stylized ornament honoring railroads and other motifs associated with the postal service are found throughout the hall.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>35 million letters and 500,000 sacks of mail and packages daily.\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In the 1930s, the Old Post Office was touted as the largest post office in the world, with more than two million square feet of floor space. It could handle 35 million letters and 500,000 sacks of mail and packages daily. Dozens of trains brought mail in and out of the building, while more than 5,000 trucks entered and exited the building every day. For a time in the 1940s and 1950s, mail helicopters used the roof as a landing pad. In addition to the postal facilities, the building also housed offices for administrative staff, an office for the Sixth Army Corps of Engineers, a cafeteria, sit-down restaurant, employee bank, first aid center, and a branch of the Chicago Public Library exclusively for post office staff.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the 1960’s automated systems were introduced, and by 1996 a new central post office was completed and the Old Post Office building closed. It sat dormant for decades, with its future uncertain.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In 2011, British real estate developer Bill Davies completed the purchase of the dilapidated building and property for $38 million. His proposed redevelopment plan which included the building of 2000-foot tall twin towers that would be the tallest in North America—was never realized, and he sold the building to 601W, a New York City-based real estate company on May 13, 2016. Davies died the following day.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>The Old Post Office Today\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Extensive renovations followed—led by Gensler—and the building opened to office tenants in October 2019. The historic features were immaculately restored, and the interior transformed to accommodate modern office spaces. Today, the Old Post Office boasts more than 2.5 million square feet of multi-use office and event space including a 3.5-acre urban rooftop oasis—the largest of its kind in the city—complete with a running track, pickleball courts, basketball courts, and a stunning skyline view of the city.\u003C/p>",{"large":10887},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10889,"meta":10890,"component":10891,"responsiveStyles":10909},"builder-c644086ad01f44cf9da20e78e5b1cbc2",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":10892},{"factList":10893},[10894,10897,10900,10903,10906],{"body":10895,"title":772,"icon":10896},"\u003Cp>In 1966, the post office came to a halt when a logjam of 10 million pieces of mail clogged the system for nearly a week.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10898,"title":772,"icon":10899},"\u003Cp>The building was used in the filming of Batman Begins in 2004, The Dark Knight in 2007 and Transformers: Dark of the Moon in 2010.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10901,"title":772,"icon":10902},"\u003Cp>Prior to the 1830s, before a formal post office was designated, mail was delivered to the home of trader John Kinzie for distribution.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10904,"title":772,"icon":10905},"\u003Cp>In 1855, the federal government finally constructed a U.S. Post Office at the NW corner of Dearborn and Monroe, it burned down in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":10907,"title":772,"icon":10908},"\u003Cp>With headquarters in Chicago, major mail-order companies such as Sears, Roebuck & Co. and Montgomery Ward greatly contributed to the city’s need for a large postal 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is hardly known for its mountains, so the tall grassy hill along Halsted stands out.\u003C/p>","Palmisano Park",[4187],"2009","2700 S. Halsted St.",[561],"Bridgeport",{"deviceSize":577,"location":10986},{"path":668,"query":10987},{},[10989,10991,10993,10995],{"src":10990,"alt":10979,"caption":716,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff059848c0d6a4ebfb8d56a15e1553b7d",{"src":10992,"alt":10979,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb68b825a4be44fc8a2cb8249029961b0",{"src":10994,"alt":10979,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7bfc8cd727b24a1ebce7272d6765ec32",{"src":10996,"alt":10979,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7b469bee4bfe43caa78ac884c8c79ebb",[10998,11106],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":10999,"meta":11000,"children":11001,"responsiveStyles":11104},"builder-3b36012c404a4f17965be03adf42d643",{"previousId":996},[11002,11010,11018,11025,11045,11059,11072,11080,11088,11096],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11003,"meta":11004,"component":11005,"responsiveStyles":11008},"builder-0f581b41505a4bf4bdcf5c85d76ab9f2",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":11006},{"text":11007,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>A short walk down one of numerous paths reveals an unusual park where a prairie stream gently flows through layers of Bridgeport history.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>STEARNS QUARRY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Before there was a hill, there was a hole. Just a few years after Chicago was established, construction was booming and limestone, an important building material, began to be quarried on the Stearns site. Over 130 years of mining, the hole got bigger, eventually extending 380 feet below street level.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>TRASH TO TREASURE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1970, the city looked at the recently-closed quarry and saw a convenient landfill for construction waste. For nearly 30 years, trucks deposited wood, brick, stone and incinerator ash. When dumping finally ended in the late 1990s, an opportunity to double the amount of park space in Bridgeport presented itself. This idea emerged as the best re-use of the quarry and dump.\u003C/p>",{"large":11009},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11011,"meta":11012,"component":11013,"responsiveStyles":11016},"builder-d419bd6bf4904ebfb228b92bea751174",{"previousId":1477},{"name":741,"options":11014},{"text":11015,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>BUILDING MOUNT BRIDGEPORT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>A landscape architecture firm called Site Design Group was selected to create the unusual park. The landfill was closed and capped with more than 40,000 square feet of clean topsoil, building up a 33-foot hill that offers commanding views of the city. So much of the budget was spent on closing the landfill that trees had to be added later.\u003C/p>",{"large":11017},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11019,"component":11020,"responsiveStyles":11023},"builder-b9e48ecf51c1489c9b7e87288be9b21b",{"name":741,"options":11021},{"padding":1180,"text":11022},"\u003Ch4>AN UNLIKELY FISHING HOLE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Some of the quarry’s steep rock walls were left exposed, which resulted in a dramatic fishing hole. The pier offers catch-and-release fishing in a neighborhood starved for access to nature, and the site’s sunken location sets it far apart from the surrounding city. Henry Palmisano, a fishing advocate and the beloved proprietor of a neighborhood bait shop, passed away during construction of the park, which was named Palmisano Park in his honor.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>A small stream cascades through wetland prairie down to the pond, capable of capturing all the rainwater that falls on the site, diverting it from sewers and nourishing the native plantings that dominate the landscape. The hill, the stream and the pond—served by more than a mile of trails made of reclaimed materials—create a remarkable oasis in one of Chicago’s most densely-built neighborhoods.\u003C/p>",{"large":11024},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11026,"meta":11027,"component":11028,"responsiveStyles":11043},"builder-73c5603a6ad045bb8c79cd57b7b0b076",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":11029},{"factList":11030},[11031,11034,11037,11040],{"body":11032,"title":772,"icon":11033},"\u003Cp>The pond is stocked with bluegill, the State Fish of Illinois, and several other species.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11035,"title":772,"icon":11036},"\u003Cp>The park receives and retains approximately 26 million gallons of rainfall annually, and returns enough groundwater to local aquifers to serve the needs of 200,000 people.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11038,"title":772,"icon":11039},"\u003Cp>The bottom of the pond is 34 feet below street level.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11041,"title":772,"icon":11042},"\u003Cp>Fossils from the quarry can be found in the collection of the Field Museum.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":11044},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11046,"meta":11047,"component":11048,"responsiveStyles":11057},"builder-9579b11f56454356af427bae4722299d",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":11049},{"headline":791,"testimonials":11050},[11051],{"quote":11052,"attribution":11053,"title":11054,"image":11055},"Palmisano Park represents evolution in its neighborhood. During the early years of CAF’s Bridgeport tour, we saw only a massive hole in the ground there. Now it’s a park that includes a very high hill—unusual for Chicago—as well as a hidden pool that’s reminiscent of a prairie wetland. This very small outdoor space is full of surprises for the visitor.","Win Gerulat","CAC Docent, Class of 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Callout":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/pizzeria-uno-and-pizzeria-due?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditLayouts%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CsendPullRequests&builder.user.role.name=Editor&builder.user.role.id=editor&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=7d2ff1b0a038d38a1aec982a21504bd056ffb279cfcd3564d8f6d47c79ce92b6&builder.overrides.7d2ff1b0a038d38a1aec982a21504bd056ffb279cfcd3564d8f6d47c79ce92b6=7d2ff1b0a038d38a1aec982a21504bd056ffb279cfcd3564d8f6d47c79ce92b6&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"Pizzeria Uno and Pizzeria Due","7d2ff1b0a038d38a1aec982a21504bd056ffb279cfcd3564d8f6d47c79ce92b6",[11139],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11140},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/pizzeria-uno-and-pizzeria-due",{"architect":11142,"buildingName":11136,"description":11143,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":11144,"googleMapLink":11145,"imageList":11146,"neighborhood":1333,"officialName":11136,"originalCompletionDate":668,"query":11167,"state":11169,"streetAddress":11172,"style":11173,"title":11136,"url":11140,"useType":11175,"blocks":11176},[561],"\u003Cp>A pair of stately structures in Chicago’s River North neighborhood, Pizzeria Uno and Pizzeria Due are renowned among pizza lovers as the spot to indulge in Chicago's iconic deep dish pizza. The buildings themselves have a fascinating history.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:24.922Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/nSUsNpE3kweeTdZc7",[11147,11151,11155,11159,11162,11165],{"alt":11148,"caption":11149,"source":668,"src":11150},"Pizzeria Due","Pizzeria Due via Google Maps","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fc730d8ed3d6c440ca5b73a3b89aee81b",{"alt":11152,"caption":11153,"src":11154},"619 N. Wabash","619 N. Wabash, Credit: Chicago History Museum, ICHi-039278; A. Whiting Watriss, photographer","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fce7603e67fbd4730b74f61e4da823a7d",{"alt":11156,"caption":11157,"src":11158},"Pizzeria Uno","Pizzeria Uno via Google Maps","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fac07a32bdae24c64989ccddcc7ae5ba9",{"caption":11160,"src":11161},"Pizzeria Uno. Photo credit: Craig Shimala","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F052b27da94334428be425fb07f50fe49",{"caption":11163,"src":11164},"Pizzeria Due. Photo credit: Craig Shimala","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F02ce5b3c8d794577b8f6ccfe84eafa7c",{"caption":11163,"src":11166},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F4a5c1bbd013a45bbb434ef234a05e052",[11168],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11140},{"deviceSize":577,"location":11170},{"path":668,"query":11171},{},"29 E. Ohio and 619 N. Wabash Ave",[11174],"Second Empire",[1608],[11177,11236],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11178,"meta":11179,"children":11180,"responsiveStyles":11234},"builder-54187b910f674e80affd855bc2e15c23",{"previousId":996},[11181,11189,11202,11210,11218,11226],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11182,"meta":11183,"component":11184,"responsiveStyles":11187},"builder-33342dda758842149d45e1243c8b91dc",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":11185,"isRSC":561},{"text":11186},"\u003Cp>The story traces back to Nathan Mears and his wife Elizabeth, who arrived in Chicago from Massachusetts in 1850. Nathan joined his older brother Charles in the lumber industry, becoming a powerhouse in the business as the city boomed.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>flourishing fortunes\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Nathan and his wife built their home at Wabash and Ohio (what was then 621 Cass Street), close to the lumber yards and the bustling Chicago River. As the city flourished, so did Nathan Mears' fortunes. He achieved success in the lumber business, earning respect both in business and politics. His support for the Union during the Civil War and his contributions to aid and infrastructure solidified his status as a founding figure in Chicago's history.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 brought devastation to Mears' empire, destroying many of his business properties as well as his cherished home. Despite the losses, Mears' primary lumberyard at No. 1 Kinzie St. remained intact and was up and running, rebuilding the city even as the ground was still hot.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Rebuilding after the fire \u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Mears family quickly rebuilt their home after the fire at 619 N. Wabash (what is now Pizzeria Due). In 1892, Mears also built and gifted a home at 29 E. Ohio (what is now Pizzeria Uno) to his daughter Lucy and her husband Jonathan Slade. Both buildings are examples of the Second Empire architectural style, which was very popular at the time. Opulent and rich in ornamentation, this style is meant to convey wealth and status. Second Empire was meant to be extravagant and elaborate, conveying wealth and importance. Features include a mansard and flat roof topped with decorative iron called “cresting”, dormer windows with heavy and decorative framing, a solid and flat façade, and heavy massing.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>where deep dish was born\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Nathan Mears passed away just two years after the completion of the home on Ohio Street. Subsequent owners re-purposed both properties, with Ike Sewell converting it into Pizzeria Uno in 1943 and Pizzeria Due in 1955. It was at Pizzeria Uno where the deep dish pizza was born, marking a significant milestone in Chicago's culinary history. While ownership of the buildings changed once again in 2022, the new owners committed to keeping the buildings intact and will continue to serve this unique Chicago dish.\u003C/p>",{"large":11188},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":11190,"meta":11191,"component":11192,"responsiveStyles":11200},"builder-6d441c8ba52c4f6ea87a9e89d92570d9",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":11193,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":11194,"headline":1224,"button":11199,"copy":623},[11195,11197],{"encyclopediaArticle":11196},{"@type":19,"id":1368,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":11198},{"@type":19,"id":1371,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":11201},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11203,"component":11204,"responsiveStyles":11208},"builder-2e0d18150a4d46e687f96195cc7d875c",{"name":846,"options":11205,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":11206},{"data":11207,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":11209},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11211,"component":11212,"responsiveStyles":11216},"builder-b10cb9cbf8a44fcbac2c6ce20ba38f25",{"name":846,"options":11213,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":11214},{"data":11215,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":11217},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11219,"component":11220,"responsiveStyles":11224},"builder-99c66da332ab4a31a4215743c7df8280",{"name":846,"options":11221,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":11222},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":11223},{},{"large":11225},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11227,"component":11228,"responsiveStyles":11232},"builder-aedcbb97d60b41b38e19cbfdf8396205",{"name":846,"options":11229,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":11230},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":11231},{},{"large":11233},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":11235},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":11237,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":11238,"responsiveStyles":11239},"builder-pixel-euifyq4yjgj",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":11240},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":11242,"previewUrl":11243,"data":11244,"modelId":935,"query":11363,"published":559,"screenshot":11365,"firstPublished":11366,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":11367,"createdDate":11368,"createdBy":1291,"meta":11369,"variations":11373,"name":11252,"@originModelId":948,"id":11374,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/poetry-foundation",{"googleMapLink":11245,"forceUpdatedURLOn":11246,"query":11247,"architect":11250,"description":11251,"title":11252,"useType":11253,"officialName":11252,"url":11249,"buildingName":11252,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":8995,"streetAddress":11254,"style":11255,"state":11256,"neighborhood":1849,"imageList":11259,"blocks":11269},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/3G2aPMdaGudMV3AHA","2024-08-08T22:13:12.103Z",[11248],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":11249,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/poetry-foundation",[4071],"\u003Cp>Poetry has her own place in Chicago, quite literally, at the intersection of Dearborn Avenue and Superior Street. \u003C/p>","Poetry Foundation",[1608],"61 W. 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Its flagship initiative, Poetry magazine, is the oldest monthly publication devoted to verse in the English-speaking world. Founded in Chicago by Harriet Monroe in 1912, Poetry aims to print the best poems written today, in whatever style, genre or approach. The magazine is noted for publishing—and in some cases discovering—major poets including T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Robert Frost, Langston Hughes, Marianne Moore, Gwendolyn Brooks, John Ashbery and many others.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>FROM RAGS TO RICHES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Poetry was published on a shoestring budget for most of its history. But in 2001, the magazine received an astounding $200-million pledge from Ruth Lilly, heiress to the Eli Lilly pharmaceutical fortune. Soon after, the Poetry Foundation was formed and the decision was made to build a permanent home for Poetry, which had long housed its collection in the basement of Chicago’s Newberry Library.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The lead architect of the building, John Ronan, who is also a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology, was only 44 years old when the Poetry Foundation awarded him the commission. Ronan beat out prominent competitors including Rafael Viñoly and Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects. Ronan's designs, including this one, typically have complex interlocking forms creating layered solids and voids. It is architecture that unfolds as you walk through it.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A BUILDING AND A GARDEN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Poetry Foundation is a low building—inspired by modernist forms and design principles—and sits on an L-shaped plot. It has subtle layers, including a perforated, oxidized zinc screen leading to a garden that is treated as a room and serves as the entry to the building. The architects describe it as \"a building in dialogue with a garden created through erosion of an implied volume as described by the L-shaped property boundary.\" The building’s physical presence reflects the foundation’s mission—to make poetry visible and accessible—with a central urban site and a transparent building design.\u003C/p>",{"large":11281},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11283,"meta":11284,"component":11285,"responsiveStyles":11297},"builder-874c27ff459741df86185b2f59d8ac8d",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":11286},{"factList":11287},[11288,11291,11294],{"body":11289,"title":772,"icon":11290},"\u003Cp>Donor Ruth Lilly wrote poetry herself. Years before announcing her gift, she had submitted several poems to Poetry, all of which were rejected with thoughtful handwritten notes from the editor, who found them to be good, but not quite up to the standards of the magazine. Ruth Lilly grew fond of the magazine and thus decided to make her enormous gift.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11292,"title":772,"icon":11293},"\u003Cp>The design team for the Poetry Foundation spent months developing the sandblasted concrete for the ground-level floors that extend out into the garden. The concrete incorporates white silica, cement and specks of slag, giving it a warm and complex appearance.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11295,"title":772,"icon":11296},"\u003Cp>The design team for the Poetry Foundation employed a host of acoustic strategies, such as varied surface materials in the performance space, so poets could read without amplification.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":11298},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11300,"meta":11301,"component":11302,"responsiveStyles":11309},"builder-38f045102e464fba850a5702fa3459c6",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":11303},{"headline":791,"testimonials":11304},[11305],{"quote":11306,"attribution":11307,"title":7029,"image":11308},"The Poetry Foundation employs simple materials—zinc, glass and wood—used in a different format, much like words are used in a different format to create poetry.","Ron 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Pavilion","295de4404d4973ce7b02b9b87ddb86be687e7fb98f5b4ce9f4a6a570683bcad8",[11390],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11391},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/pritzker-pavilion",{"architect":11393,"buildingName":11387,"description":11394,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":11395,"googleMapLink":11396,"imageList":11397,"neighborhood":712,"officialName":11387,"originalCompletionDate":11404,"query":11405,"state":11407,"streetAddress":11410,"style":11411,"title":11387,"url":11391,"useType":11413,"blocks":11414},[9947],"\u003Cp>Nestled within the lush surroundings of Millennium Park, Pritzker Pavilion harmoniously fuses architectural brilliance and the power of live music. Designed by Frank Gehry, this iconic outdoor concert venue has become a celebrated Chicago landmark.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:16.920Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/7W7TSJ33Q7zDj1XA8",[11398,11400,11402],{"alt":11387,"caption":716,"source":668,"src":11399},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F5356a1a4dae54fc0b5e89cc0975809d8",{"alt":11387,"src":11401},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fffcfca3a9bf54e2a8c8ed86698133617",{"alt":11387,"src":11403},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fcdbef1d250ba4a8f813e88eea5ca1bce","2004",[11406],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11391},{"deviceSize":577,"location":11408},{"path":668,"query":11409},{},"201 E. Randolph Street",[11412],"Deconstructivism",[3034],[11415,11497],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11416,"meta":11417,"children":11418,"responsiveStyles":11495},"builder-7a91e0c4d3d444e5ab21841d45169998",{"previousId":996},[11419,11427,11450,11458,11471,11479,11487],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11420,"meta":11421,"component":11422,"responsiveStyles":11425},"builder-f139fdd1d96f4f3fb618dba6bb82b0ce",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":11423},{"text":11424,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>A STRUCTURAL CENTERPIECE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Completed in 2004 as part of Millennium Park, the Pritzker Pavilion features an awe-inspiring centerpiece: a soaring brushed stainless-steel bandshell that curves and undulates like a wave frozen in time. With a main stage that can accommodate a full orchestra and chorus of 150 members, the structure elegantly embraces the performers while framing the seating area.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE GREAT LAWN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The great lawn just beyond the ticketed seating area provides a vast and inviting expanse of green space for audiences to relax, gather, and enjoy performances. Located beneath the lawn is an underground 3 story parking garage, making it the one of the largest green roofs in the United States. A sand-based drainage system below the lawn allows it to dry quickly, even after a rainstorm, allowing people to use the space in a timely manner and provide stability for those using wheelchairs and strollers.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE TRELLIS\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The stunning trellis extending over the great lawn is both architecturally beautiful and acoustically functional. Within the trellis are precision placed speakers which produce an even quality of sound throughout the venue. This offers attendees exceptional sound quality without visual structural obstructions, while clearly defining the concert space. This carefully designed area and state-of-the-art LARES sound system ensure that even those furthest from the stage will feel connected to the performers and their music.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>With 4,000 fixed seats and room for more than 7,000 attendees in the great lawn, the Pritzker Pavilion has become a cultural hub, hosting various performances from symphony orchestras and jazz ensembles to world-renowned musicians and local artists. Its open-air design, stunning view of the skyline, and sound comparable to that inside a concert hall has made this a beloved gathering place for locals and tourists alike.\u003C/p>",{"large":11426},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11428,"meta":11429,"component":11430,"responsiveStyles":11448},"builder-020044e94c6f479b9ea0b8f3795d9250",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":11431},{"factList":11432},[11433,11436,11439,11442,11445],{"body":11434,"title":772,"icon":11435},"\u003Cp>To circumvent historic limitations on the height of buildings in Grant Park, the city classifies the Pritzker Pavilion as a “work of art” rather than a building.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11437,"title":772,"icon":11438},"\u003Cp>Pritzker Pavilion was recognized by the Paralyzed Veterans of America as the recipient of the 2005 Barrier-Free America Award, described as \"one of the most accessible parks – not just in the United States but possibly the world.\"\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11440,"title":772,"icon":11441},"\u003Cp>Early plans to incorporate a surrounding waterfall were abandoned due to budget constraints.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11443,"title":772,"icon":11444},"\u003Cp>Frank Gehry also designed the snake-like pedestrian bridge over Columbus Drive to connect Millennium Park to Maggie Daley Park.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11446,"title":772,"icon":11447},"\u003Cp>Pritzker Pavilion is a home for the Grant Park Music Festival, which began in 1935 in the original Petrillo Music Shell, also located in Grant 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Exchange Building",{"componentsUsed":11508,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":11509,"symbolsUsed":11510},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/railway-exchange-building?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=5c663449e28ce37beb5d1e74a766b694bae44aecdd18232509f407638c620c52&builder.overrides.5c663449e28ce37beb5d1e74a766b694bae44aecdd18232509f407638c620c52=5c663449e28ce37beb5d1e74a766b694bae44aecdd18232509f407638c620c52&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},[11512],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11513},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/railway-exchange-building",{"architect":11515,"buildingName":11506,"description":11516,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":11517,"googleMapLink":11518,"imageList":11519,"neighborhood":712,"officialName":11532,"originalCompletionDate":11533,"query":11534,"seo":11536,"state":11538,"streetAddress":11541,"style":11542,"title":11506,"url":11513,"useType":11543,"blocks":11544},[6839],"\u003Cp>The Railway Exchange Building is a standout on the Michigan Avenue streetwall, with its gleaming white facade commanding attention.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:22.477Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/SmJgVx4ERZaMvCSb9",[11520,11523,11526,11529],{"alt":11521,"source":668,"src":11522},"Railway Exchange Building interior","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F1e61c1063f2a420e88b3d1afb78cbc20",{"alt":11524,"src":11525},"Railway Exchange Building exterior","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd58c66abd6da44588a49cc044fea18f1",{"alt":11527,"src":11528},"Railway Exchange Building stairway","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F36529c2d1d6b49e0bdb1e5831051f204",{"alt":11530,"src":11531},"Railway Exchange Building atrium","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F191c4baf16da4f4582fda9dc1b6ebcf8","224 South Michigan (Railway Exchange Building)","1904",[11535],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11513},{"seo":11537},{"title":11506},{"deviceSize":577,"location":11539},{"path":668,"query":11540},{},"224 S. Michigan Ave.",[396,3263],[701],[11545,11630],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11546,"meta":11547,"children":11548,"responsiveStyles":11628},"builder-839d276ac7274ea4ba6ee6415c8d5104",{"previousId":996},[11549,11557,11574,11583,11591,11604,11612,11620],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11550,"meta":11551,"component":11552,"responsiveStyles":11555},"builder-f8dab5ae4a92411d9deb62aca04dda9a",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":11553},{"text":11554,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>The building is directly tied to critical aspects of Chicago’s history and status as a preeminent center of architectural innovation.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>RAILWAYS CONVERGE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago has long been an important railroad center, beginning with the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad in 1848. By 1900, there were six passenger terminals downtown, and 15,000 people worked for the railroads. As a result of this large employee population, administrators needed affordable office space.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Santa Fe Railroad approached the renowned architecture firm of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">D.H. Burnham\u003C/a> to solve this problem. The proposed new Railway Exchange Building would be shared by the Santa Fe and several other railroads.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A CLASSIC CHICAGO OFFICE BUILDING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Burnham’s designs for the World’s Columbian Exposition, just 11 years earlier, popularized the Greek and Roman-inspired Classical architectural styles in Chicago. The glazed white \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> of the Railway Exchange echoes the famed White City. Like \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/19th-century-commercial/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">many tall office buildings of the time\u003C/a>, it’s vertically organized with a heavy base, a repeating shaft and an ornate capital—like a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/column/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">column\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Burnham, along with chief designer Frederick Dinkelberg, went to great lengths to bring light and air inside. The entire building wraps around a central light well, like a square doughnut, with a glass atrium capping the grand two-story lobby. The steel \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skeleton-frame-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">skeleton frame\u003C/a> allows for larger windows, and the projecting bays increase the amount of light streaming inside, bringing great visual interest to the building’s \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A HOME FOR GOOD DESIGN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Burnham immediately moved his firm into the building upon completion. His offices offered commanding views of Michigan Avenue and Lake Michigan. The railroad corporations who once occupied the building moved out over time, and today a number of well-known architecture firms call the building home.\u003C/p>",{"large":11556},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11558,"meta":11559,"component":11560,"responsiveStyles":11572},"builder-91c01582cf4b4aa889c7a19fc361a771",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":11561},{"factList":11562},[11563,11566,11569],{"body":11564,"title":772,"icon":11565},"\u003Cp>In the 1980s, the Railway Exchange Building's light well was enclosed at the top, and the interior windows and walls were opened up.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11567,"title":772,"icon":11568},"\u003Cp>The circular porthole windows on the top floor of the Railway Exchange Building are six feet in diameter.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11570,"title":772,"icon":11571},"\u003Cp>Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett created the 1909 Plan of Chicago in a small penthouse added to the roof of the Railway Exchange Building.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":11573},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11575,"component":11576,"responsiveStyles":11581},"builder-53dbea88da34415191bc15866876a568",{"name":3796,"options":11577},{"headline":11578,"videoEmbed":11579,"videoCaption":11580},"Watch: Railway Exchange Building","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/_LHdhBOoQ40?si=KyPnNmu09Kenalvx\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","The Railway Exchange Building is a standout on the Michigan Avenue streetwall, with its gleaming white facade commanding attention. The building is directly tied to critical aspects of Chicago’s history and status as a preeminent center of architectural innovation. ",{"large":11582},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11584,"component":11585,"responsiveStyles":11589},"builder-46a4c0471168408eab2d91cf1828eff1",{"name":846,"options":11586},{"symbol":11587},{"data":11588,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":11590},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":11592,"meta":11593,"component":11594,"responsiveStyles":11602},"builder-dc62dbf774c949d3a2bd27a656614524",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":11595},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":11596,"headline":1083,"button":11601,"copy":623},[11597,11599],{"encyclopediaArticle":11598},{"@type":19,"id":1368,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":11600},{"@type":19,"id":1371,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":11603},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11605,"component":11606,"responsiveStyles":11610},"builder-6cb91141cc554fe987f9c1f8a938d185",{"name":846,"options":11607},{"symbol":11608},{"data":11609,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":11611},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11613,"component":11614,"responsiveStyles":11618},"builder-bba3789334944e7bb3c6fea0fc3c98a6",{"name":846,"options":11615},{"symbol":11616},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":11617},{},{"large":11619},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11621,"component":11622,"responsiveStyles":11626},"builder-fa5c67d6653741cbb4b7a5b4a6fda053",{"name":846,"options":11623},{"symbol":11624},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":11625},{},{"large":11627},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":11629},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":11631,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":11632,"responsiveStyles":11633},"builder-pixel-fv1q7syuob",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":11634},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1739389936971,1716434022952,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/railway-exchange-building","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F242ca3cd7cdf4bdbaee0b82bd307af38",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":11641,"previewUrl":11642,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":11643,"firstPublished":11644,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":11645,"createdDate":11646,"createdBy":1291,"meta":11647,"variations":11651,"name":11652,"@originModelId":948,"id":11653,"query":11654,"data":11657,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/reliance-building","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F517481147fd3441481284ab94264cfcf",1716433352684,1723136896706,1716431990003,{"componentsUsed":11648,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasErrors":51,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":11649,"symbolsUsed":11650},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/reliance-building?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=e8dd017a0c4cbfa24883b841123e80b2853d13fe7c83ab9d5bed1cef02815f5b&builder.overrides.e8dd017a0c4cbfa24883b841123e80b2853d13fe7c83ab9d5bed1cef02815f5b=e8dd017a0c4cbfa24883b841123e80b2853d13fe7c83ab9d5bed1cef02815f5b&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"Reliance Building","e8dd017a0c4cbfa24883b841123e80b2853d13fe7c83ab9d5bed1cef02815f5b",[11655],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11656},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/reliance-building",{"architect":11658,"buildingName":11652,"description":11659,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":11660,"googleMapLink":11661,"imageList":11662,"neighborhood":712,"officialName":11667,"originalCompletionDate":9293,"query":11668,"seo":11670,"state":11673,"streetAddress":11676,"style":11677,"title":11652,"url":11656,"useType":11678,"blocks":11679},[10089],"\u003Cp>A “self-cleaning” skyscraper?\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:11.710Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/JKHbi1XHroMCoRx76",[11663,11665],{"alt":11652,"source":668,"src":11664},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F93466d0e0af443aab6b6a28fa32eadbd",{"alt":11652,"src":11666},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F2d5c5c5ef8b4440c842a081eed747c9a","Staypineapple Hotel (Reliance Building)",[11669],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":11656},{"seo":11671},{"title":11672},"Reliance Building ",{"deviceSize":577,"location":11674},{"path":668,"query":11675},{},"32 N. State St.",[3263],[3290],[11680,11776],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11681,"meta":11682,"children":11683,"responsiveStyles":11774},"builder-fca5fb92d947402db47d810b3650646d",{"previousId":996},[11684,11692,11715,11729,11737,11750,11758,11766],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11685,"meta":11686,"component":11687,"responsiveStyles":11690},"builder-21735bc1a28142538503cfc2de33e25b",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":11688},{"text":11689,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>In a time when thick coal smoke blanketed the city and skyscrapers were often maligned for casting long shadows on the streets, the architects of the Reliance Building sought to create a building that could be \"self-cleaning.\" The glazed \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">terra cotta\u003C/a> cladding provided what was thought to be the perfect solution. It was believed to never need cleaning because its smooth surface would allow any dirt to wash away in the rain. Though that belief ultimately turned out to be unfounded, it inspired the Reliance Building’s most distinct feature, its shining \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a> of glass and white terra cotta.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A JACKED-UP BEGINNING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>This building’s story has something of a strange beginning. In the late 1880s, real estate investor and elevator entrepreneur William Hale commissioned \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/burnham-and-root/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root\u003C/a> to design a 14-story building at the corner of Washington and State. There was one small problem: A building already stood on the spot and tenants on its upper floors wouldn’t give up their leases. To work around this situation, the contractor jacked up the second, third and fourth floors of the existing building and demolished the raised basement and first floor. Construction began on the new building's foundation while its tenants remained above.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Following Root's untimely death in 1891, Daniel Burnham hired designer Charles Atwood. Once the leases on the upper floors ran out, the building was completed using Atwood’s new design. The new 14-story structure opened in 1895 with planned spaces for doctors and dentists to see patients downtown. Large glass windows allowed for ample amounts of daylight to stream into the office spaces. 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Photo by Daniel Kelleghan.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd316604320c7432aa0f15173e6b0df20",{"caption":11790,"src":11793},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F17109fce101b4a37812704100e61d384",{"caption":11795,"src":11796},"Photographer: Craig Shimala","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fe476ab60b33349b5a6dc6b57283648f0",{"caption":11790,"src":11798},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F8403b350923b45cea92d6d6e6157f7f5","East Garfield Park",1920,"3410 W. 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Their approach combines employer partnerships and measurable outcomes; graduates report high placement and retention rates in union and subcontractor positions.\u003C/p>",{"large":11820},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11822,"component":11823,"responsiveStyles":11834},"builder-083f92c59e5044969a8d27b62c24c830",{"name":767,"options":11824,"isRSC":561},{"factList":11825},[11826,11828,11830,11832],{"body":11827},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Years before it became a training hub, this building once bottled soda for the Havana Beverage Company, whose vintage glass bottles are now prized collectibles among antique enthusiasts\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"body":11829},"\u003Cp>A mural by artist John Vergara visually anchors the facility and marks the building as a bridge between industrial history and community empowerment \u003C/p>",{"body":11831},"\u003Cp>John Vergara also designed what is 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Richard J. Daley Center","ec748621aadf29d731f78b5e3f26159bb624e4b2e3d19499b2de5d1d363b4dda",[11914],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":11915,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/richard-j-daley-center",{"googleMapLink":11917,"architect":11918,"description":11920,"title":11911,"useType":11921,"officialName":11911,"buildingName":11911,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":11922,"streetAddress":11923,"style":11924,"state":11925,"neighborhood":712,"imageList":11928,"query":11942,"url":11915,"forceUpdatedURLOn":11944,"blocks":11945},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/rK8f3C2bXmee6rMW6",[5052,11919,1986],"Loebl, Schlossman & Bennett","\u003Cp>Mid-Century Modern buildings in the International Style are sometimes referred to as “skin and bones.” And indeed, the first thing many people notice about the Richard J. Daley Center is its distinctive skin.\u003C/p>",[5801],1965,"50 W. Washington St.",[708],{"deviceSize":577,"location":11926},{"path":668,"query":11927},{},[11929,11932,11935,11937,11939],{"src":11930,"alt":11911,"caption":11931,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0144605eec44430e8a0a0dbedd9a9887","Photo by Larry Speck",{"src":11933,"alt":11911,"caption":11934},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F1fd519a454c44652a1ebb82740264449","Photo by Potro via Wikimedia Commons",{"src":11936,"alt":11911,"caption":11931},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe36a93c16efe4a82b3ea286e856ef099",{"src":11938,"alt":11911,"caption":11931},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F332d6e961a9d469498324b68726fe163",{"src":11940,"alt":11911,"caption":11941},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F686ea942767743769279bcd474a0de9c","Photo by Daniel Schwen via Wikimedia Commons",[11943],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":11915,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:03.339Z",[11946,12027],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11947,"meta":11948,"children":11949,"responsiveStyles":12025},"builder-ad9f4bf289844dd38a529cdf9513d048",{"previousId":996},[11950,11958,11978,11986,12001,12009,12017],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11951,"meta":11952,"component":11953,"responsiveStyles":11956},"builder-6629d0883352443386ae3a0553528443",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":11954},{"text":11955,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>GOOD SKIN, GREAT BONES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Completed in 1965, it was one of the first buildings to be covered in an unpainted steel called Cor-Ten. Cor-Ten develops a natural rust that becomes a permanent, protective, low-maintenance coating that never needs painting. The building’s bronze-tinted glass complements the russet steel panels.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>But the Daley Center’s bones are perhaps more impressive than its skin. Only 16 steel columns support the building. Twelve of the columns lie on the perimeter; the other four surround the elevator core. Thus, all the interior spaces are column-free. The Warren trusses supporting each floor are extra thick, to cover the massive 87-foot by 48-foot spans between the columns. The façade clearly articulates the structural components.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Despite having only 31 floors, Daley Center reaches the height of a typical 50- to 60-story building: 648 feet, or nearly 200 meters. Every floor has high ceilings, and some two-story courtrooms stretch to 26 feet high. Architect Jacques Brownson of C.F. Murphy Associates even designed the columns to get thinner as they rose, reflecting the lighter loads they carry as they reach the upper floors.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CHICAGO’S FORUM\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Daley Center is sited on the northern portion of an entire city block. Daley Plaza occupies the rest of the block, providing a public space for diverse events throughout the year, such as concerts, rallies, farmers’ markets in the summer and Christkindlmarket during the holiday season.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Blues Brothers knew that Daley Plaza is “where they got that Picasso.” The 5-story tall untitled sculpture has been an enigmatic presence on the plaza since 1967. While some may swear it resembles Pablo Picasso’s dog -- an Afghan hound – fans of Cubism can find a woman’s head when viewing the sculpture at particular angles.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Picasso pioneered nontraditional public art in downtown Chicago. It has since been joined downtown by works from Marc Chagall, Joan Miró, Alexander Calder, Claes Oldenburg, Louise Nevelson and Jean Dubuffet.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Thanks to Michael Weiland, CAC Docent, Class of 1984, for researching and writing this story.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>",{"large":11957},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11959,"meta":11960,"component":11961,"responsiveStyles":11976},"builder-8f5dc9c766d94c05aba6bf5f0d0d6a70",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":11962},{"factList":11963},[11964,11967,11970,11973],{"body":11965,"title":772,"icon":11966},"\u003Cp>Originally called the Chicago Civic Center, the complex was renamed for Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley shortly after his death in 1976.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11968,"title":772,"icon":11969},"\u003Cp>The Picasso cost more than $350,000 to construct, paid for by charitable foundations. Pablo Picasso accepted no fee.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11971,"title":772,"icon":11972},"\u003Cp>When the Blues Brothers was filmed in 1979, the scene in which the Bluesmobile drove across Daley Plaza and smashed through the building’s windows cost $3.5 million to make.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":11974,"title":772,"icon":11975},"\u003Cp>Despite being more than 60 years old, the Daley Center has achieved LEED Silver status for its operations and maintenance, having achieved significant reductions in water, electricity and gas consumption.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":11977},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":11979,"component":11980,"responsiveStyles":11984},"builder-2cb98e082414450d9b5d0115948559fe",{"name":846,"options":11981},{"symbol":11982},{"data":11983,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":11985},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":11987,"meta":11988,"component":11989,"responsiveStyles":11999},"builder-8402a9f4fcd74a87b26de9f8adec2f3e",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":11990},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":11991,"headline":1224,"button":11998,"copy":623},[11992,11994,11996],{"encyclopediaArticle":11993},{"@type":19,"id":2070,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":11995},{"@type":19,"id":834,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":11997},{"@type":19,"id":1925,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":12000},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12002,"component":12003,"responsiveStyles":12007},"builder-09457b2060b04e19ab463b2835fc34ad",{"name":846,"options":12004},{"symbol":12005},{"data":12006,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12008},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12010,"component":12011,"responsiveStyles":12015},"builder-f99625d646954a73a82a9768adf6bd62",{"name":846,"options":12012},{"symbol":12013},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":12014},{},{"large":12016},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12018,"component":12019,"responsiveStyles":12023},"builder-f1c61257fad5460899d04481b855eb37",{"name":846,"options":12020},{"symbol":12021},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":12022},{},{"large":12024},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":12026},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":12028,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":12029,"responsiveStyles":12030},"builder-pixel-n7s1xs9jzna",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":12031},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"createdDate":12033,"id":12034,"name":12035,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":12036,"query":12041,"data":12044,"variations":12199,"lastUpdated":12200,"firstPublished":12201,"previewUrl":12202,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":12203,"createdBy":680,"lastUpdatedBy":681,"folders":12204,"rev":950},1716550812510,"cdadf0977f7e4e64a35f6955ef24e1f2","Robie House",{"componentsUsed":12037,"kind":552,"symbolsUsed":12038,"lastPreviewUrl":12039,"hasLinks":51,"breakpoints":12040},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"f9ce3069e3324e7a8d06fdd1f9e6ef45":14},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/robie-house?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CeditProjects%2CmodifyMcpServers%2CmodifyProjectSettings%2CconnectCodeRepository%2CcreateProjects%2CindexDesignSystems&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=cdadf0977f7e4e64a35f6955ef24e1f2&builder.overrides.cdadf0977f7e4e64a35f6955ef24e1f2=cdadf0977f7e4e64a35f6955ef24e1f2&builder.options.locale=Default",{"small":564,"medium":565},[12042],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":12043},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/robie-house",{"seo":12045,"imageList":12047,"streetAddress":12056,"originalCompletionDate":12057,"description":12058,"state":12059,"forceUpdatedURLOn":12062,"style":12063,"useType":12064,"officialName":12065,"architect":12066,"query":12067,"buildingName":12035,"environment":27,"googleMapLink":12069,"neighborhood":6845,"url":12043,"title":12035,"blocks":12070},{"seo":12046},{"title":12035},[12048,12050,12052,12054],{"src":12049,"source":668,"alt":12035},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F3cf1c2cc90f44dd580d83c13b53c9766",{"alt":12035,"src":12051},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff7f829f81ff549cb8f15345b423e681a",{"caption":1447,"alt":12035,"src":12053},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0fc78a73529942a99964b60a3e8969ae",{"alt":12035,"src":12055},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe47017335a5347d89cd2f597c23b738d","5757 S. Woodlawn Ave.","1909","\u003Cp>Amid a collection of Victorian homes in Hyde Park, Frank Lloyd Wright’s masterpiece, Robie House, stands out from the crowd.\u003C/p>",{"location":12060,"deviceSize":577},{"path":668,"query":12061},{},"2024-08-08T22:12:49.479Z",[5513],[1310],"Frederick C. Robie House",[3482],[12068],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":12043},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/2TpyRxRqze7nEvgT7",[12071,12194],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12072,"meta":12073,"children":12075,"responsiveStyles":12192},"builder-5e84f73dc129421d9f9436783e44b203",{"previousId":12074},"builder-f19a083ea05e4b628bdbd4e980022864",[12076,12085,12094,12103,12124,12136,12144,12160,12168,12176,12184],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12077,"meta":12078,"component":12080,"responsiveStyles":12083},"builder-b130bdf03abd47749e1d74999c041ff1",{"previousId":12079},"builder-7e8c6141e7bb4733ab35d9a3368a2ba2",{"name":741,"options":12081,"isRSC":561},{"text":12082,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>Trading height and lavish ornamentation for clean horizontal lines, it tightly hugs the ground. It is the epitome of Wright’s Prairie School, and a house that seems to grow out of its Midwestern landscape.\u003C/p>",{"large":12084},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12086,"meta":12087,"component":12089,"responsiveStyles":12092},"builder-2a3e6e3b56af4038b1c2302258d59145",{"previousId":12088},"builder-77fc1f3b97fe45e4887a8c9dafde3a9d",{"name":741,"options":12090,"isRSC":561},{"text":12091,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>REMIXING RESIDENTIAL SPACE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">The layout of Robie House is a big departure from more traditional homes of the era, beginning with the front door—if you can find it! The main entrance is tucked away on the short side of the building and hidden under an overhanging second story. Without a grand front door, even finding your way inside the building is an act of discovery—just as \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/frank-lloyd-wright/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Frank Lloyd Wright\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\"> intended.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">The main living area is a long and free-flowing space, supported by \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/reinforced-concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 20px;\">reinforced concrete\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\"> \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/girder/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 20px;\">girders\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">. The living and dining rooms are separated by a massive fireplace and central stairs that connect all three floors of the house. Servants’ quarters and a garage are located at the back end of the house, behind the dining room. Bedrooms can be found on a very private third level.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"large":12093},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12095,"meta":12096,"component":12098,"responsiveStyles":12101},"builder-6120d80c64fe42738e4541a3486f8e17",{"previousId":12097},"builder-b270d30b2b9648448a53038268d763a7",{"name":741,"options":12099,"isRSC":561},{"padding":1180,"text":12100},"\u003Ch4>HUGGING THE PRAIRIE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">While the floor plan is unique, it’s the strongly horizontal styling, both inside and out, that makes the house iconic. The basic design motif is one of long, thin rectangles stacked on top of each other.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">The roof \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/cantilever/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 20px;\">cantilevers\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\"> out over the first floor to create heavy horizontal overhangs. Art glass windows are arranged in long, narrow bands. The unusually long, thin Roman bricks and \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 20px;\">limestone\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\"> trim reinforce the motif. Even the reddish color of the mortar, used on the vertical joints, helps the mortar blend in with the brick and moves your eye horizontally.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Inside, beams span across the ceilings in rhythmic parallels. Vertical supports nearly disappear amid the walls and windows, receiving no emphasis. Long open rooms create a sense of standing on the sweeping prairie under a big sky.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"large":12102},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12104,"meta":12105,"component":12107,"responsiveStyles":12122},"builder-03ac2b587b6240bdb5db69201d8bc33a",{"previousId":12106},"builder-54440a99bfb146edbfeb1d1cdb61cc65",{"name":767,"options":12108,"isRSC":561},{"factList":12109},[12110,12113,12116,12119],{"body":12111,"title":772,"icon":12112},"\u003Cp>Frank Lloyd Wright became personally involved in the fight to save Robie House in 1957. The Chicago Theological Seminary planned to tear it down, prompting Wright to warn of “the danger of entrusting anything spiritual to the clergy.”\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12114,"title":772,"icon":12115},"\u003Cp>When first built, Robie House had a clear view of the Midway Plaisance, an open space reminiscent of the prairie that inspired the house's design.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12117,"title":772,"icon":12118},"\u003Cp>Wright’s studio didn’t just design the house, they also created custom furniture and carpets.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12120,"title":772,"icon":12121},"\u003Cp>The Robie family only lived in the house for 14 months before unrelated financial problems forced them to sell it.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":12123},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12125,"meta":12126,"component":12128,"responsiveStyles":12134},"builder-258afbf4d5444063a51725723e0211e4",{"previousId":12127},"builder-74e0724566904803bedebba337c3849f",{"name":789,"options":12129,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":12130},[12131],{"quote":12132,"attribution":6902,"title":3517,"image":12133},"The Robie House is one of the country's residential gems, nestled at the intersection of the University of Chicago campus and a quiet neighborhood street on the far south side of Chicago. The building exhibits Frank Lloyd Wright’s genius at the peak of his career: stretching cantilevered eaves, hidden entryways, stained glass, inviting hearths. It’s important to Chicago—and the history of architecture—because it captures the needs and desires of an American family at a distinct moment in time, the birth of the 20th century.",{"alt":6902,"src":6904},{"large":12135},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12137,"component":12138,"responsiveStyles":12142},"builder-6b306d9171414da4a260333e9eb48840",{"name":846,"options":12139,"isRSC":14},{"symbol":12140},{"data":12141,"model":850,"entry":3542,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12143},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":12145,"meta":12146,"component":12148,"responsiveStyles":12158},"builder-b7d8ee05b0394754878d32169122b05d",{"previousId":12147},"builder-32c00379ee97402fadd014a685da2680",{"name":821,"options":12149,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":12150,"headline":1224,"button":12157,"copy":623},[12151,12153,12155],{"encyclopediaArticle":12152},{"@type":19,"id":5589,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":12154},{"@type":19,"id":2944,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":12156},{"@type":19,"id":9231,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":12159},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12161,"component":12162,"responsiveStyles":12166},"builder-46742433a37c486e9543dc14ad79f764",{"name":846,"options":12163,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":12164},{"data":12165,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12167},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12169,"component":12170,"responsiveStyles":12174},"builder-6daef4ddabd2445d9a7e061faef4bc46",{"name":846,"options":12171,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":12172},{"data":12173,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12175},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12177,"component":12178,"responsiveStyles":12182},"builder-28a315d21fcb450593bb5a998c5a2987",{"name":846,"options":12179,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":12180},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":12181},{},{"large":12183},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12185,"component":12186,"responsiveStyles":12190},"builder-f403c0a1dd3349bf8ab95d2da3425c18",{"name":846,"options":12187,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":12188},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":12189},{},{"large":12191},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":12193},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":12195,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":12196,"responsiveStyles":12197},"builder-pixel-ief4yt8zkhq",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":12198},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1756313486688,1716550865207,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/robie-house","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc721d4a154f144339a9342f08dee8d7b",[],{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":12206,"previewUrl":12207,"data":12208,"modelId":935,"query":12332,"published":559,"screenshot":12334,"firstPublished":12335,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":12336,"createdDate":12337,"createdBy":1291,"meta":12338,"variations":12342,"name":12211,"@originModelId":948,"id":12343,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/soldier-field",{"architect":12209,"buildingName":12211,"description":4073,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":12212,"googleMapLink":12213,"imageList":12214,"neighborhood":4957,"officialName":668,"originalCompletionDate":12230,"query":12231,"state":12234,"streetAddress":12237,"style":12238,"title":12211,"url":12233,"useType":12240,"visibleCompletionDate":12242,"blocks":12243},[4944,10443,12210],"Wood + Zapata","Soldier Field","2024-08-08T22:13:11.308Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/9gyBxLAzmNechcWL9",[12215,12219,12222,12226],{"alt":12216,"caption":12217,"source":668,"src":12218},"Soldier Field Looking South","Soldier Field looking south. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons user Sea Cow","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4be22a072622429bb83b05c6b29599f2",{"alt":12211,"caption":12220,"src":12221},"Soldier Field circa 1930. Photo courtesy of the Ryerson and Burnham Art and Architecture Archive.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Feeb255059eef4974803736434ba5ae0a",{"alt":12223,"caption":12224,"src":12225},"Soldier Field, 1988","Soldier Field, 1988. Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F898b2c32a12f42d6ac752f13294a4e20",{"alt":12227,"caption":12228,"src":12229},"Soldier Field, looking north, 1929","Soldier Field, looking north, 1929. Photo courtesy of the Ryerson and Burnham Art and Architecture Archive.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F1722d97e4b784d6495fbf2a3bc32519e",1922,[12232],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":12233},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/soldier-field",{"deviceSize":577,"location":12235},{"path":668,"query":12236},{},"1410 Special Olympics Drive",[12239],"Neo-Classical",[12241],"Arena","1922 - 1924",[12244,12327],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12245,"meta":12246,"children":12247,"responsiveStyles":12325},"builder-a43d4f14ebf946e795c7ca5312d9892a",{"previousId":996},[12248,12256,12279,12293,12301,12309,12317],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12249,"meta":12250,"component":12251,"responsiveStyles":12254},"builder-aab28002f5a34202842166448d354d83",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":12252},{"text":12253,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Throughout its history, Soldier Field has seen several renovations and updates, each contributing to its evolution while striving to preserve its historical significance. Home to the Chicago Bears since the 1970’s, the future use of the stadium is now in question as the football team makes plans to relocate.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>homage to the ancient Roman Colosseum\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Opened on October 9, 1924, Soldier Field was designed by the architecture firm of Holabird & Roche. Neo-classical in style, the design pays homage to the ancient Roman Colosseum, creating a venue that exudes strength, resilience, and a sense of grandeur. The original configuration was in the shape of a U, with the opening of the structure facing the Field Museum. This allowed for easy access to the field as well as a direct view of the Field Museum for spectators.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Not originally intended to be a football stadium, the idea was to create a space that could host a variety of events, including athletic competitions, military drills, exhibitions, and community gatherings, while also serving as a place of remembrance. The design was inspired by classical architecture, featuring a colonnade facade with Doric columns that encircled the stadium. The seating bowl of the stadium was initially built using a wooden grandstand, which could accommodate around 45,000 spectators.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Throughout the mid-20th century, Soldier Field underwent renovations including the construction of a grandstand in the open end of the U, the replacement of plank seating with individual seats, a new press box, and the addition of more than 100 skyboxes. This increased spectator capacity to more than 66,000.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>modernization and preservation \u003C/h4>\u003Cp>However, the most controversial chapter in Soldier Field's architectural journey occurred in the early 2000s when the stadium underwent a major renovation. The Chicago Park District, who owns the property, faced substantial criticism when it announced plans to alter the stadium with a design by Benjamin T. Wood and Carlos Zapata of Wood + Zapata in Boston. The stadium grounds were reconfigured by local architecture firm Lohan Associates, led by architect Dirk Lohan, grandson of Mies van der Rohe.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The renovation aimed to modernize Soldier Field while preserving its historic façade. Completed in 2003, the updated Soldier Field retained its classic colonnade while incorporating a bold and contemporary design. The addition of a glass and steel structure, known as the \"Grand Concourse,\" brought jolt of modernity to the stadium while the two elliptical seating structures on either side of the original colonnades are striking additions to the structure.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>While the innovative design allowed for enhanced amenities, increased seating capacity, and improved accessibility for fans, many preservationists, architecture critics and residents were not thrilled about the renovation. The modern additions were seen as incongruous with the stadium’s neoclassical origins. Debates about the design of the stadium continue today.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>WHAT'S NEXT?\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Despite the controversy, Soldier Field continues to attract hundreds of thousands of spectators for NFL games, athletic events, concerts and more. As the Chicago Bears look to reimagine the stadium once again, the future of the iconic field by the lake is yet to be determined.\u003C/p>",{"large":12255},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12257,"meta":12258,"component":12259,"responsiveStyles":12277},"builder-71d4d7e319744cab8093d7383675b26f",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":12260},{"factList":12261},[12262,12265,12268,12271,12274],{"body":12263,"title":772,"icon":12264},"\u003Cp>Before making Soldier Field their home, the Chicago Bears previously played at Wrigley Field. They were forced to move to a larger venue due to NFL policies requiring that stadium capacities seat more than 50,000 spectators.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12266,"title":772,"icon":12267},"\u003Cp>The first event at Soldier Field was an athletic meet for Chicago police officers on October 9, 1924.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12269,"title":772,"icon":12270},"\u003Cp>In 1968 Soldier Field hosted the first Special Olympics.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12272,"title":772,"icon":12273},"\u003Cp>The playing surface was AstroTurf from 1971 through 1987, replaced with natural grass in 1988.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12275,"title":772,"icon":12276},"\u003Cp>The original name was Municipal Grant Park Stadium and was changed to Soldier Field on November 11, 1925, as a memorial to U.S. soldiers who had died in combat.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":12278},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":12280,"meta":12281,"component":12282,"responsiveStyles":12291},"builder-b38be645ff9547a29405c8c49e4cfbc1",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":12283},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":12284,"headline":1224,"button":12289,"copy":623},[12285,12287],{"encyclopediaArticle":12286},{"@type":19,"id":7897,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":12288},{"@type":19,"id":2791,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":12290},"/online/resources/architecture-encyclopedia",{"large":12292},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12294,"component":12295,"responsiveStyles":12299},"builder-3a43d25197d7400e90aa9766946a7f26",{"name":846,"options":12296},{"symbol":12297},{"data":12298,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12300},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12302,"component":12303,"responsiveStyles":12307},"builder-31278c96fc33428da99d008b355a4136",{"name":846,"options":12304},{"symbol":12305},{"data":12306,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12308},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12310,"component":12311,"responsiveStyles":12315},"builder-771a1fe4df5d4b3a8541c9ceb3789f1c",{"name":846,"options":12312},{"symbol":12313},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":12314},{},{"large":12316},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12318,"component":12319,"responsiveStyles":12323},"builder-0faa163513c14659b0a72ae2c887b392",{"name":846,"options":12320},{"symbol":12321},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":12322},{},{"large":12324},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":12326},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":12328,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":12329,"responsiveStyles":12330},"builder-pixel-b708kfrflwe",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":12331},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[12333],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":12233},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fdc302d6dc31b40e7a94c81bf3acff19d",1716421871506,1723222735720,1716421282156,{"componentsUsed":12339,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasErrors":51,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":12340,"symbolsUsed":12341},{"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/soldier-field?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=6f3ae25d98cd6d2c4066e94b4450a8a926e2c7a59182e1b9ec2d329ac2c03bbd&builder.overrides.6f3ae25d98cd6d2c4066e94b4450a8a926e2c7a59182e1b9ec2d329ac2c03bbd=6f3ae25d98cd6d2c4066e94b4450a8a926e2c7a59182e1b9ec2d329ac2c03bbd&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"6f3ae25d98cd6d2c4066e94b4450a8a926e2c7a59182e1b9ec2d329ac2c03bbd",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":12345,"previewUrl":12346,"data":12347,"modelId":935,"query":12485,"published":559,"screenshot":12487,"firstPublished":12488,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":12489,"createdDate":12490,"createdBy":1291,"meta":12491,"variations":12495,"name":12356,"@originModelId":948,"id":12496,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/spertus-institute",{"googleMapLink":12348,"forceUpdatedURLOn":12349,"architect":12350,"query":12352,"description":12355,"title":12356,"useType":12357,"officialName":12358,"url":12354,"buildingName":12356,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":12359,"streetAddress":12360,"style":12361,"state":12362,"neighborhood":712,"seo":12365,"imageList":12367,"blocks":12376},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/z2D6yDQB3wEiWeSM7","2024-08-08T22:13:30.145Z",[12351],"Krueck & Sexton Architects",[12353],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":12354,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/spertus-institute","\u003Cp>The Michigan Avenue streetwall along Grant Park is an iconic slice of Chicago. In its nearly unbroken string of historic buildings, one stands out: the multifaceted, glassy Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership.\u003C/p>","Spertus Institute",[1608],"Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership","2007","610 S. Michigan Ave.",[984],{"deviceSize":577,"location":12363},{"path":668,"query":12364},{},{"seo":12366},{"title":12356},[12368,12370,12372,12374],{"src":12369,"alt":12356,"caption":716,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F29e94330b13e43e6a7a0b03ca790ddfb",{"src":12371,"alt":12356,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fff351fc4133c4979a00428ee5cb48b14",{"src":12373,"alt":12356,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F34edad24f52d4555a75e80fa946ac48c",{"src":12375,"alt":12356,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F621c31eb80c448daa7bb718a2dce24b7",[12377,12480],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12378,"meta":12379,"children":12380,"responsiveStyles":12478},"builder-61aac2e4f7144d42ae63c6f8f8ee1cc5",{"previousId":996},[12381,12389,12396,12403,12414,12437,12446,12454,12462,12470],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12382,"meta":12383,"component":12384,"responsiveStyles":12387},"builder-9cea154df68443e1bfc2a14e470da04a",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":12385},{"text":12386,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>The Michigan Avenue streetwall along Grant Park is an iconic slice of Chicago. In its nearly unbroken string of historic buildings, one stands out: the multifaceted, glassy Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A HOME FOR JEWISH EDUCATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Spertus traces its roots to the 1920s, when it was organized to provide Jewish education and training for community leaders. Its mission has grown over the years to include a library and collection of historic objects. The challenge of finding space for these diverse and growing programs prompted Spertus to commission this purpose-built home.\u003C/p>",{"large":12388},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12390,"component":12391,"responsiveStyles":12394},"builder-59b7873fbdb54a0cb6ca575cfc046bce",{"name":741,"options":12392},{"padding":674,"text":12393},"\u003Ch4>OPENING UP COMPLEXITY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago-based Krueck + Sexton Architects created a completely unique building for Spertus, even though they only had one narrow side on which to make an architectural statement. The monochromatically splashy \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">facade\u003C/a>, with its hundreds of different glass shapes, was only possible using the latest in computer-aided design technology. Its openness ushers light deep into the building, symbolizing both a commitment to transparency and the beacon of learning in Spertus’ logo.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Ten stories of interior spaces interlock with a complexity befitting the facade. Classrooms, offices, a library and event spaces are organized around sunny multi-story atriums. A surprisingly large state-of-the-art auditorium is tucked into the back of the building. The structure is canted outward as it rises, and a 10th-floor meeting room and terrace offer views up and down Michigan Avenue.\u003C/p>",{"large":12395},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12397,"component":12398,"responsiveStyles":12401},"builder-88294af123d944d8882ae6a32fb79d49",{"name":741,"options":12399},{"padding":1180,"text":12400},"\u003Ch4>SUSTAINABILITY ROOTED IN TRADITION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Sustainability was a core component of the building’s design, driven by the Jewish tenets of \u003Cem>bal taschit\u003C/em> (do not destroy or waste) and \u003Cem>tikkun olam\u003C/em> (repair of the world). The glass facade is insulated and coated with a reflective frit pattern to minimize heat gain. A green roof provides stormwater retention and heat mitigation. Building systems are all configured for maximum efficiency, and use 100% renewable energy. Spertus’ sustainability efforts resulted in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/leed-leadership-in-energy-and-environmental-design/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">LEED Silver certification\u003C/a> for the building.\u003C/p>",{"large":12402},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12404,"meta":12405,"component":12406,"responsiveStyles":12412},"builder-4aa4ce27d3f740f3a1725d91512cc892",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":12407},{"headline":791,"testimonials":12408},[12409],{"quote":12410,"attribution":6010,"title":5399,"image":12411},"Looking at the Spertus Institute’s ten-story, multi-faceted facade, you can't help but think of light—physical light and the light of learning. The unique design of the windowed front allows incredible views from the inside and lets natural light penetrate the otherwise windowless interior. It’s in keeping with the landmarked Michigan Avenue Street Wall in both size and concept but adds a new and fascinating vibe. You might say that the building gives physical life to the Genesis admonition \"Let there be light!\"",{"alt":6010,"src":6013},{"large":12413},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12415,"meta":12416,"component":12417,"responsiveStyles":12435},"builder-65fd9e47c5fb49e68845c3519984c034",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":12418},{"factList":12419},[12420,12423,12426,12429,12432],{"body":12421,"title":772,"icon":12422},"\u003Cp>The facade consists of 726 individual pieces of glass in 556 unique shapes.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12424,"title":772,"icon":12425},"\u003Cp>Efficient systems reduce building energy consumption by 29%, eliminating 550 tons of CO2 emissions annually.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12427,"title":772,"icon":12428},"\u003Cp>The facade consists entirely of insulated glass panes with one-inch silicone joints.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12430,"title":772,"icon":12431},"\u003Cp>The typical size of the glass panes is similar to the size of the windows of the neighboring buildings.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12433,"title":772,"icon":12434},"\u003Cp>he only touches of color in the building’s design are brightly-upholstered seats in the auditorium.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":12436},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":12438,"meta":12439,"component":12440,"responsiveStyles":12444},"builder-f64400bbf03742fc8532d70480844d18",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":12441},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":12442,"headline":1224,"button":12443,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":12445},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12447,"component":12448,"responsiveStyles":12452},"builder-c64ce4c51d9c44b3902b7ab105be8657",{"name":846,"options":12449},{"symbol":12450},{"data":12451,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12453},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12455,"component":12456,"responsiveStyles":12460},"builder-eb019327e3d54dd08a75d3101cf468ce",{"name":846,"options":12457},{"symbol":12458},{"data":12459,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12461},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12463,"component":12464,"responsiveStyles":12468},"builder-ef763dec88e14079ae9310526ebfcd8a",{"name":846,"options":12465},{"symbol":12466},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":12467},{},{"large":12469},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12471,"component":12472,"responsiveStyles":12476},"builder-b87c6579622d41cd9b0b8d0239cf1297",{"name":846,"options":12473},{"symbol":12474},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":12475},{},{"large":12477},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":12479},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":12481,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":12482,"responsiveStyles":12483},"builder-pixel-bzktda2zvij",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":12484},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[12486],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":12354,"operator":571},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fbec62d64b9a64815a7c81eb4231a2663",1716421233201,1723222916072,1716420489713,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":12492,"componentsUsed":12493,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":12494},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/spertus-institute?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=b4e26cbef4a612485784610bcadec015ef1968ee0ae849706a29c3d0714585a9&builder.overrides.b4e26cbef4a612485784610bcadec015ef1968ee0ae849706a29c3d0714585a9=b4e26cbef4a612485784610bcadec015ef1968ee0ae849706a29c3d0714585a9&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"b4e26cbef4a612485784610bcadec015ef1968ee0ae849706a29c3d0714585a9",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":12498,"previewUrl":12499,"data":12500,"modelId":935,"query":12639,"published":559,"screenshot":12641,"firstPublished":12642,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":12643,"createdDate":12644,"createdBy":1291,"meta":12645,"variations":12649,"name":12509,"@originModelId":948,"id":12650,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/st-mary-of-the-angels",{"googleMapLink":12501,"forceUpdatedURLOn":12502,"architect":12503,"query":12505,"description":12508,"officialName":12509,"useType":12510,"title":12509,"url":12507,"buildingName":12509,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":9752,"streetAddress":12511,"style":12512,"neighborhood":12514,"state":12515,"imageList":12518,"blocks":12529},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/NR6Z1dK3F4a96KNX9","2024-08-08T22:13:15.099Z",[12504],"Worthmann & Steinbach",[12506],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":12507,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/st-mary-of-the-angels","\u003Cp>Anyone who has driven the Kennedy Expressway has seen it: the massive white dome, festooned with angels, atop an enormous red brick church.\u003C/p>","St. Mary of the Angels",[3136],"1850 N. Hermitage Ave.",[12513],"Renaissance Revival","Bucktown",{"deviceSize":577,"location":12516},{"path":668,"query":12517},{},[12519,12521,12523,12525,12527],{"src":12520,"alt":12509,"caption":716,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd858f56437e6450f956d85cc92258a9b",{"src":12522,"alt":12509,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff4a5f3469a994ac8a26c7db2833f0ad7",{"src":12524,"alt":12509,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F6b6fd5e722404859bd5263fb02745ec3",{"src":12526,"alt":12509,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F8a26e03c29c646d2864c94fba3a2be94",{"src":12528,"alt":12509,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4e593bff816c475f8bde90f0bd5e572c",[12530,12634],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12531,"meta":12532,"children":12533,"responsiveStyles":12632},"builder-7c7f220c79214513bdc18b8bba4fa0b3",{"previousId":996},[12534,12542,12550,12557,12574,12587,12600,12608,12616,12624],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12535,"meta":12536,"component":12537,"responsiveStyles":12540},"builder-aa48e093ab8b406ab83eaaca9de3a6f2",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":12538},{"text":12539,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>St. Mary of the Angels stands out as the grandest of the “Polish cathedrals” on the northwest side—and its history tracks pivotal moments in the life of Chicago’s Polish community.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A BURGEONING IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>St. Stanislaus Kostka was established in 1867 as the first Polish Catholic parish in Chicago. As the “mother church” for the rapidly-growing Polish immigrant community, it at one point served some 60,000 parishioners. Such constant overcrowding led to the formation of dozens of new parishes nearby. So it was when St. Mary of the Angels was founded in 1899.\u003C/p>",{"large":12541},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12543,"meta":12544,"component":12545,"responsiveStyles":12548},"builder-8522d3326e3247318c012df0a53051b6",{"previousId":1477},{"name":741,"options":12546},{"text":12547,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>CHURCH-BUILDING AS IDENTITY-BUILDING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The nascent congregation purchased two city blocks, subdividing one for construction funds. The current school building was quickly built with temporary worship space. Then attention turned to putting up a permanent building. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the time-honored Polish tradition of hiring the best architects without regard to national origin, a firm with German-Austrian roots was chosen to design the church in 1911. Worthmann & Steinbach produced a plan that referenced one of Poland’s best-known monasteries, replete with Baroque ornament and other features borrowed from recognizable Polish landmarks. In an archdiocese dominated by the Irish, it was to be a bold statement on behalf of the growing Polish community.\u003C/p>",{"large":12549},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12551,"component":12552,"responsiveStyles":12555},"builder-ee907689f9454fae9bbdff33da68aa85",{"name":741,"options":12553},{"padding":1180,"text":12554},"\u003Ch4>A ROMAN “POLISH CATHEDRAL”\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Unfortunately, World War I broke out before construction began. Resources were not available to begin construction until the war ended in 1918. By then, much had changed. Emphasis was placed on the Americanization of immigrants from the various warring European nations. Chicago’s new Archbishop, Cardinal George Mundelein, was against the creation of ethnically-based “national parishes,” and sought instead to build one united Catholic church. And the Polish immigrants, once emissaries of a culture threatened with extinction, could now claim a brand new home country of their very own. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The church, as completed in \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/?decade=1920%20-%201929#buildings\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">1920\u003C/a>, lost many of the Baroque and distinctively Polish touches once envisioned. Its simpler design instead resembles St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, a masterpiece of Italian Renaissance architecture. The immense \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/nave/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">nave\u003C/a> is lavishly decorated, with accents of blue, rose and gold.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>DIFFICULT DECADES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Membership peaked at 20,000 in the 1920s, and declined as the Polish immigrants assimilated and moved towards the suburbs. The construction of the Kennedy Expressway in the late 1950s displaced many more. The decline continued for several decades until, beset by hazardous maintenance problems, the church was closed and slated for demolition in 1988.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>A vigorous campaign to save the building staved off destruction for several years, and convinced the Archdiocese to find another solution. In 1991, control of the church was turned over to the Society of the Holy Cross, a priestly order closely linked with Opus Dei. In the years since, fueled in part by accelerating revitalization of the surrounding area, nearly continuous work has been done to rehabilitate the building. Today, it serves a growing community, and is open to all who wish to enter every day.\u003C/p>",{"large":12556},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12558,"meta":12559,"component":12560,"responsiveStyles":12572},"builder-8114232c45984a5ba7730693b7a605f0",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":12561},{"factList":12562},[12563,12566,12569],{"body":12564,"title":772,"icon":12565},"\u003Cp>At its height, St. Mary of the Angels counted 20,000 parishioners.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12567,"title":772,"icon":12568},"\u003Cp>There are 26 angels positioned around the dome of the church.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12570,"title":772,"icon":12571},"\u003Cp>The height from the floor of the nave to the ceiling of the dome is 125 feet.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":12573},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12575,"meta":12576,"component":12577,"responsiveStyles":12585},"builder-7378aee715fa4396be4bdfad0e6bca1a",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":12578},{"headline":791,"testimonials":12579},[12580],{"quote":12581,"attribution":668,"title":12582,"image":12583},"Walking into St. Mary of the Angels is a powerful experience. Your eye is immediately drawn to the light spilling from the giant central dome and a nave filled with colorful murals, golden yellow columns, blue ceilings and rose-colored trim. I can only imagine what it must have felt like for the tens of thousands of Chicago’s Polish immigrants who called this congregation home in the early 20th century. The detailed ornamentation must have stirred up memories of the Renaissance architecture they left behind in the homeland.","CAC Docent 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Regis","\u003Cp>Not only did the St. Regis oust the Aon Building as the 3rd tallest building in Chicago when it was completed in 2020, but it was a striking addition, holding its own in the city’s iconic skyline. \u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:12:31.505Z",[12660,12663],{"alt":12661,"caption":12661,"source":668,"src":12662},"The St. Regis Chicago","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F28cd4aefbba24369996a1d99c4c0c49b",{"alt":12661,"caption":12661,"src":12664},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fa4fa1db2a7a24b2cbe5607e1d30d5493",2020,[12667],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":12668},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/st-regis",{"seo":12670},{"description":12671},"Located in the Lakeshore East neighborhood and designed by acclaimed architect Jeanne Gang of Studio Gang Architects, the St. Regis is composed of three towers—called “stems” by the architect—at increasing heights resembling cell phone signal bars. ",{"deviceSize":577,"location":12673},{"path":668,"query":12674},{},"401 E Wacker Dr",[984],[1608],[12679,12759],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":12680,"meta":12681,"children":12682,"responsiveStyles":12757},"builder-1f6cf9a6c4604aeeabe218c07d1b43c9",{"previousId":2878},[12683,12692,12712,12725,12733,12741,12749],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12684,"meta":12685,"component":12687,"responsiveStyles":12690},"builder-86d888afafbc44ce93a1c6979659bb65",{"previousId":12686},"builder-6b5bb6639f7844b6a4b2817aefa67b0a",{"name":741,"options":12688},{"padding":1005,"text":12689,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>Located in the Lakeshore East neighborhood and designed by acclaimed architect Jeanne Gang of Studio Gang Architects, the St. Regis is composed of three towers—called “stems” by the architect—at increasing heights resembling cell phone signal bars. Reaching a height of 1198 feet (365 meters), the towers undulate, giving the impression of a curving façade. The building, however, has no curves. Instead, the Gang utilized a geometric figure called a frustrum along with varying shades of blue glass which together give the curved illusion.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The St. Regis was initially designed with mass tuned dampers to mitigate Chicago’s strong winds. Mass tuned dampers are large pools of water near the top of a building—when the wind pushes the building in one direction, the water in the pool sloshes in the other direction, stabilizing the building. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>However, during construction, engineers realized that mass tuned dampers wouldn’t be enough. They adjusted plans to include blow-through floors near the top of the tallest stem. Blow-through floors allow the wind to pass through and around the building without putting additional pressure on the structure.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The St. Regis is a mixed-use building having both a hotel and condominiums. The building also houses several restaurants, outdoor pool, spa, fitness center and other amenities.  \u003C/p>",{"large":12691},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12693,"meta":12694,"component":12695,"responsiveStyles":12710},"builder-5425b5475e7b4ac980aa3aa41f223c09",{"previousId":2891},{"name":767,"options":12696},{"factList":12697},[12698,12701,12704,12707],{"body":12699,"title":772,"icon":12700},"\u003Cp>A frustum is a geometric shape that results when a cone or pyramid is sliced parallel to its base, creating a section with two parallel faces. Basically, cut the pointy part off the top of a pyramid. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12702,"title":772,"icon":12703},"\u003Cp>More than 75% of St. Regis construction waste was diverted back into the manufacturing process. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12705,"title":772,"icon":12706},"\u003Cp>St. Regis's perimeter columns step inward and outward instead of going directly upwards.  \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12708,"title":772,"icon":12709},"\u003Cp>6 different shades of blue glass are used in the façade of the St. Regis building. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":12711},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":12713,"meta":12714,"component":12715,"responsiveStyles":12723},"builder-bfc0980d7baf4e6f97095e5e8b99aaf4",{"previousId":2930},{"name":821,"options":12716},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":12717,"headline":1224,"button":12722,"copy":623},[12718,12720],{"encyclopediaArticle":12719},{"@type":19,"id":2629,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":12721},{"@type":19,"id":9406,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":12724},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12726,"component":12727,"responsiveStyles":12731},"builder-17427b37b9b94b94b6a2e5ed97d87c32",{"name":846,"options":12728},{"symbol":12729},{"data":12730,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12732},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12734,"component":12735,"responsiveStyles":12739},"builder-cc9d9ecb691a47eaa07d65a054f680e6",{"name":846,"options":12736},{"symbol":12737},{"data":12738,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":12740},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12742,"component":12743,"responsiveStyles":12747},"builder-199f1560b526487b80b6aee38b8db92a",{"name":846,"options":12744},{"symbol":12745},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":12746},{},{"large":12748},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12750,"component":12751,"responsiveStyles":12755},"builder-43ef71274e6b4e13824fe6cb238a332a",{"name":846,"options":12752},{"symbol":12753},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":12754},{},{"large":12756},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":12758},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":12760,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":12761,"responsiveStyles":12762},"builder-pixel-9919g7yim7j",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":12763},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},[12765],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":12668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F51ff24f2e6f34e768cd5c7e872e05abc",1720733030172,1724696123403,1720732732793,{"componentsUsed":12771,"hasAutosaves":14,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":12772,"originalContentId":2844,"symbolsUsed":12773,"winningTest":561},{"Encyclopedia 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his career, but one of his best-known works is a temple of commerce.\u003C/p>",[701],1899,"1 S. State St.",{"deviceSize":577,"location":12802},{"path":668,"query":12803},{},{},[12806,12808,12810,12812],{"src":12807,"alt":12788},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F53abae8ecd7c42949034833a136b126c",{"src":12809,"alt":12788},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F719d6a6d1170401fb7fd6b2980fad632",{"src":12811,"alt":12788},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe149583dc16548bdad164ed7f2553d17",{"src":12813,"alt":12788},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa91b78023c264b048536862d19e1496d",[12815],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":12792,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:04.880Z",[12818,12961],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12819,"meta":12820,"children":12821,"responsiveStyles":12959},"builder-bdcbb0bf24b0484189ddad266c629f10",{"previousId":996},[12822,12830,12839,12846,12853,12866,12889,12900,12909,12935,12943,12951],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12823,"meta":12824,"component":12825,"responsiveStyles":12828},"builder-5531a67b9ae442b9b57b03b9ae2343ad",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":12826},{"text":12827,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>Sullivan Center, also known as the Carson Pirie Scott & Co. Building, is a majestic presence at the corner of State and Madison. It’s exemplary of Sullivan’s theories of organic architecture.\u003C/p>",{"large":12829},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12831,"meta":12832,"component":12834,"responsiveStyles":12837},"builder-b8193d23a7724fc5b72aa1f18d034a51",{"previousId":12833},"builder-a1cce81bd3aa43e3afd55e8b80134dbe",{"name":741,"options":12835},{"text":12836,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>THE WORLD’S BUSIEST CORNER\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>State Street was the commercial heart of Chicago’s Loop for many years, and the birthplace of the large American department store. Around the turn of the 20th century, more than half a dozen major retailers lined the street, competing for shoppers with lavish displays and attention-grabbing architecture. The corner of State and Madison was touted as the world’s busiest, a status enshrined by Chicago’s address system, in which numbers count up from that intersection in every cardinal direction.\u003C/p>",{"large":12838},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12840,"component":12841,"responsiveStyles":12844},"builder-aef6f70a6bdf4ac1aa3f45d5415839c9",{"name":741,"options":12842},{"padding":674,"text":12843},"\u003Ch4>PRACTICAL AND ELEGANT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Schlesinger & Mayer Department Store commissioned Louis Sullivan to design a new building at State and Madison in 1898, and it expanded over the next few years, growing dramatically along with the surrounding city. Post-and-lintel steel skeletal construction contributed to the building’s fireproofing and offered expansive, light-filled interiors. Its white terra cotta facade has a tripartite division and a collection of Chicago windows. Its grid of piers and spandrels not only expressed the underlying frame but also made seamless expansion easier.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The building’s signature features are marked by Sullivan’s organic ornament, whose design was inspired by plants native to the Midwestern prairie. The bottom floors are clad in dark green cast iron, softened by elaborate foliated patterns. The corner entrance rotunda is emphasized with additional ornament and crowned by a decorative overhanging cornice.\u003C/p>",{"large":12845},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12847,"component":12848,"responsiveStyles":12851},"builder-974d60ea26bb47b380e596ca9f210a2c",{"name":741,"options":12849},{"padding":1180,"text":12850},"\u003Ch4>CHANGING WITH THE TIMES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The era of the large department store ended decades ago, and the Magnificent Mile is now Chicago’s premier retail street. With the exit of Carson Pirie Scott in 2006, the building was rechristened Sullivan Center. Interior modifications created areas for various purposes: office space, a large space for the School of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/art-institute-of-chicago/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Art Institute of Chicago\u003C/a> and a smaller retail space now occupied by Target.\u003C/p>",{"large":12852},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12854,"meta":12855,"component":12856,"responsiveStyles":12864},"builder-145d430a143e404086de9d1c08f0b62e",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":12857},{"headline":791,"testimonials":12858},[12859],{"quote":12860,"attribution":12861,"title":12862,"image":12863},"I’m continually awed by the simplicity of the curtain wall and how it retains its fresh look. The best vantage point: kitty-corner across the State and Madison intersection. The gorgeous botanic base is a great source of inspiration, reminding us that everything is a reflection of nature. The contrast with the simplicity of the facade is wonderful. This is not a knockoff of someone else's design, but truly an original.","Ellen Busse","CAC Docent, Class of 2004",{"alt":12861},{"large":12865},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12867,"meta":12868,"component":12869,"responsiveStyles":12887},"builder-74acef43087947448fa02347550bf8e1",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":12870},{"factList":12871},[12872,12875,12878,12881,12884],{"body":12873,"title":772,"icon":12874},"\u003Cp>Carson Pirie Scott & Co. moved into the building in 1905 and remained there for more than 100 years.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12876,"title":772,"icon":12877},"\u003Cp>Sullivan Center tenants include the architecture firm Gensler.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12879,"title":772,"icon":12880},"\u003Cp>The School of the Art Institute of Chicago occupies the space at the top of the corner rotunda, dubbed the Zero/Zero Lounge because of its site at the origin of Chicago’s street grid.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12882,"title":772,"icon":12883},"\u003Cp>The original cornice, which had deteriorated and been removed years earlier, was recreated in 2006.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":12885,"title":772,"icon":12886},"\u003Cp>Above the rotunda entrance, hidden in the cast iron ornament, are the initials of LHS (architect Louis Henri Sullivan) and SM (original owner Schlesinger & Mayer).\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":12888},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":12890,"component":12891,"responsiveStyles":12898},"builder-50c0789f74a34b56b43e000f32454dac",{"name":789,"options":12892},{"headline":791,"testimonials":12893},[12894],{"quote":12895,"attribution":3516,"title":3517,"image":12896},"When looking up at the Sullivan Center’s facade, you can see strong lines, enormous windows and row after row of glass. 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427,"City Tours Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"90870b243e42490e9cc5c14ec23bb062":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14},{},"The 606","1da90683ffa0551dc7a2c7eba95e6f80fc88897c7c4d46e2f85e4a3cc910d50f",[12981],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":12982,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-606",{"googleMapLink":12984,"themeId":51,"description":12985,"officialName":12978,"useType":12986,"title":12978,"buildingName":12978,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":12987,"streetAddress":12988,"state":12989,"neighborhood":7524,"seo":12992,"imageList":12993,"query":13007,"url":12982,"forceUpdatedURLOn":13009,"blocks":13010},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/8tHXyjj3Wx3zU4vH6","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 28px;\">It’s undeniable: Chicago has some magnificent parks. Still, on average, the city features very little parkland per resident, and nearly none at all in certain neighborhoods.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",[4187],2015,"1801 N. Ridgeway Ave.",{"deviceSize":577,"location":12990},{"path":668,"query":12991},{},{},[12994,12997,12999,13002,13004],{"src":12995,"alt":12978,"caption":12996},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa8ec517459a24afeb2df9082bac06278","Photo by Molly Page",{"src":12998,"alt":12978,"caption":12996},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe9c3e1fab22047d3937d62a051da1962",{"src":13000,"alt":12978,"caption":13001},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0cb310f61c134701822aa28ea1ba1bfa","Photo by Victor Grigas",{"src":13003,"alt":12978,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F078c66262a6f441b8b2c5a69b7417acb",{"src":13005,"alt":12978,"caption":13006},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fa94ee72aee344fda92dfb4f26ae62101","Photo by Andrew Santos",[13008],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":12982,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:17.793Z",[13011,13130],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13012,"meta":13013,"children":13014,"responsiveStyles":13128},"builder-03705fafcae24a5b970010b62cce4f0d",{"previousId":996},[13015,13023,13031,13038,13055,13069,13078,13104,13112,13120],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13016,"meta":13017,"component":13018,"responsiveStyles":13021},"builder-579775ca3f814ef0b303abebe5b38f77",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":13019},{"text":13020,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>The 606 park and trail system, however, provides encouraging evidence of change on the horizon. In this case, the abandonment of a short elevated rail line on the dense northwest side presented the opportunity to develop a linear park as an ecological, transportation and recreational amenity connecting diverse neighborhoods.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>FROM EYESORE TO OPPORTUNITY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Bloomingdale Rail Line ran at grade along its namesake avenue from the 1870s until it was elevated for safety reasons in 1915. It served the industrial district along the Chicago River at Goose Island, but traffic dwindled as de-industrialization took hold. The last train ran on the line in 2001, by which time the embankment was already more of an illicit park than a freight artery.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Although the idea of a rail-trail was hardly novel, the path to converting the Bloomingdale Line was not clear at first. Neighbors, not wanting to see the line languish, organized grassroots efforts to create a trail in 2004. Their work paved the way for the Trust for Public Land to step in as lead private manager of this complex project with the City of Chicago, the Chicago Park District and the Friends of the Bloomingdale Trail.\u003C/p>",{"large":13022},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13024,"meta":13025,"component":13026,"responsiveStyles":13029},"builder-96cdb2f338844518aa7d673719c0b3ae",{"previousId":1477},{"name":741,"options":13027},{"text":13028,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>NOT YOUR TYPICAL ADAPTIVE REUSE PROJECT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">The elevated embankment, with its 37 bridges, posed a significant challenge to repair and upgrade. Engineering and design work kicked off in 2009, and construction began in 2013. As much of the existing structure as possible was re-used by the project’s civil engineers. For Milwaukee Avenue, a dramatic new bridge was constructed. Inspired to some extent by New York City’s High Line, a group of landscape architects and designers—including \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/?architect=37#buildings\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Michael Van Valkenburg Associates\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">, \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/chicagos-riverwalk/questions-for-an-architect-carol-ross-barney/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Ross Barney Architects\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">, Arup and several other firms—worked to create a cohesive look for the trail, with distinctive lighting and sustainable native plantings.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"large":13030},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13032,"component":13033,"responsiveStyles":13036},"builder-cae90c21b3e94aefb6bb87c5bca7b937",{"name":741,"options":13034},{"padding":1180,"text":13035},"\u003Ch4>CONNECTING COMMUNITIES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Today, the trail links the economically diverse communities of Bucktown, Logan Square, Humboldt Park and Wicker Park. While it offers a safe, off-street link in Chicago’s growing grid of protected bike routes, the real focus of the project was knitting together disparate neighborhoods. Twelve access points ensure strong connectivity and easy access. New parks were developed at some of those access points, expanding the scope of the project and leading to a new name: the 606.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Despite the trail’s immense success upon opening in summer 2015, work and fundraising will continue for some time to complete two additional grade-level parks.\u003C/p>",{"large":13037},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13039,"meta":13040,"component":13041,"responsiveStyles":13053},"builder-22965df4003340e58fa4e87b22d0083c",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":13042},{"factList":13043},[13044,13047,13050],{"body":13045,"title":772,"icon":13046},"\u003Cp>The Bloomingdale Trail is 2.7 miles long, from Ridgeway Avenue on the west to Ashland Avenue on the east.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13048,"title":772,"icon":13049},"\u003Cp>One bridge was refurbished offsite and then trucked into position for trail users and to improve traffic flow at street level.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13051,"title":772,"icon":13052},"\u003Cp>The park was named “The 606” in reference to the first three digits of virtually all Chicago zip codes.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":13054},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13056,"meta":13057,"component":13058,"responsiveStyles":13067},"builder-2c06db69b28944a7bee87db7fdb2e215",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":13059},{"headline":791,"testimonials":13060},[13061],{"quote":13062,"attribution":13063,"title":13064,"image":13065},"As a 36-year resident of Wicker Park, I walked the Bloomingdale Line in the 1980s, when freight trains were still running up there. Now I give CAF tours of The 606, a remade railroad viaduct that’s not just a hiking and biking trail, but a town center for four old Chicago neighborhoods. Wicker Park, Bucktown, Humboldt Park and Logan Square will never be the same, my tour-takers tell me. They love it. And I love the history and the future of The 606.","John Paige","CAC Docent, Class of 2009",{"alt":13063,"src":13066},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7479bd54d80e4d9ab622a10c47daab09",{"large":13068},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":13070,"meta":13071,"component":13072,"responsiveStyles":13076},"builder-a852346030b746a088d6d5db6db51e3b",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":13073},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":13074,"headline":1224,"button":13075,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":116},{"large":13077},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13079,"component":13080,"responsiveStyles":13102},"builder-60f7cd455a574e8bb4320415b1dfdaf1",{"name":846,"options":13081},{"symbol":13082,"inheritState":14},{"data":13083,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":13084},{},{"meta":13085,"ownerId":851,"previewUrl":858,"variations":13087,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"createdDate":854,"firstPublished":854,"@version":459,"priority":857,"testRatio":427,"metrics":13088,"createdBy":687,"lastUpdateBy":561,"lastUpdated":856,"modelId":892,"published":559,"query":13089,"name":859,"data":13090,"folders":13101},{"componentsUsed":13086,"hasLinks":51,"kind":896,"lastPreviewUrl":897},{"City Tours Carousel":427},{},{"impressions":894,"clicks":894},[],{"environment":27,"blocks":13091},[13092],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":863,"meta":13093,"component":13094,"responsiveStyles":13099},{"previousId":844},{"name":866,"options":13095},{"headline":49,"useDate":51,"subheading":1246,"copy":1247,"button":13096,"pinnedTour":13097},{"title":871,"label":872,"url":50},{"@type":19,"id":13098,"model":21},"8019eba5a4ab40b8b023cb0a31773556",{"large":13100},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},[],{"large":13103},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13105,"component":13106,"responsiveStyles":13110},"builder-cde9bf1c42f249b4bfb5b28abd94c486",{"name":846,"options":13107},{"symbol":13108},{"data":13109,"model":850,"entry":2803,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":13111},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13113,"component":13114,"responsiveStyles":13118},"builder-ee99325c5dcd41e28235ccbf55a0d144",{"name":846,"options":13115},{"symbol":13116},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":13117},{},{"large":13119},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13121,"component":13122,"responsiveStyles":13126},"builder-bbda8ee519c340a78b1d74196f5c6442",{"name":846,"options":13123},{"symbol":13124},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":13125},{},{"large":13127},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":13129},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":13131,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":13132,"responsiveStyles":13133},"builder-pixel-73wii2e97rp",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":13134},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"createdDate":13136,"id":13137,"name":13138,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":13139,"query":13144,"data":13147,"variations":13311,"lastUpdated":13312,"firstPublished":13313,"previewUrl":13314,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":13315,"createdBy":1291,"lastUpdatedBy":681,"folders":13316,"@originModelId":948,"rev":950},1716411510122,"acd1bdc8c1ea646d56a066cab6156eaf3515bdacfc7ce83a60d1729e952919ff","The Chicago L",{"lastPreviewUrl":13140,"symbolsUsed":13141,"kind":552,"componentsUsed":13142,"hasLinks":51,"breakpoints":13143},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-chicago-l?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CeditProjects%2CmodifyMcpServers%2CmodifyProjectSettings%2CconnectCodeRepository%2CcreateProjects%2CindexDesignSystems&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=acd1bdc8c1ea646d56a066cab6156eaf3515bdacfc7ce83a60d1729e952919ff&builder.overrides.acd1bdc8c1ea646d56a066cab6156eaf3515bdacfc7ce83a60d1729e952919ff=acd1bdc8c1ea646d56a066cab6156eaf3515bdacfc7ce83a60d1729e952919ff&builder.options.locale=Default",{"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"cff235bf57b54142b4663999dabba5a2":14},{"Testimonials Carousel":427,"City Tours Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427},{"small":564,"medium":565},[13145],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":13146},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-chicago-l",{"streetAddress":4672,"originalCompletionDate":8537,"description":13148,"title":13138,"seo":13149,"environment":27,"buildingName":13138,"forceUpdatedURLOn":13151,"themeId":51,"officialName":13152,"useType":13153,"neighborhood":4674,"url":13146,"state":13154,"query":13157,"googleMapLink":4662,"imageList":13159,"blocks":13175},"\u003Cp>The Chicago L began operating in 1892. This network of elevated trains and subways is how Chicagoans get around. But it’s also an iconic symbol of the city.\u003C/p>",{"seo":13150},{"title":13138},"2024-08-08T22:13:08.623Z","Chicago Transit Authority (CTA)",[4508],{"deviceSize":577,"location":13155},{"path":668,"query":13156},{},[13158],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":13146},[13160,13163,13166,13169,13172],{"alt":13138,"caption":13161,"src":13162},"A Pink Line L train crossing the Lake Street bridge.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff3bdbfb51a784575a7e687c2f06e555e",{"caption":13164,"alt":13138,"src":13165},"View of the L at Wabash Ave. and Van Buren Ave. circa 1907.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F98bdc15e178941e5a6eeb4605a3c70b2",{"alt":13138,"caption":13167,"src":13168},"View of the L on Lake St. in 1893.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ffcedbc3cd94044849f13d5ba86f197a0",{"caption":13170,"src":13171,"alt":13138},"Overhead view of the L in 1949, photo by Stanley Kubrick for LOOK Magazine, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F47731b4298394be8aab89eaa35ebf1ff",{"caption":13173,"alt":13138,"src":13174},"The brown line train. Photo by Eric Allix Rogers.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff2b19b5308c6414c8557d3e72a75bf2b",[13176,13306],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13177,"meta":13178,"children":13179,"responsiveStyles":13304},"builder-5be4adf5bfc24ac99c1a3e5e506892f1",{"previousId":996},[13180,13188,13196,13203,13223,13236,13245,13254,13280,13288,13296],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13181,"meta":13182,"component":13183,"responsiveStyles":13186},"builder-7374bf26197042d1a3224c1792b09d6a",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":13184,"isRSC":561},{"text":13185,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many American cities used elevated trains to transport their residents. In most cities, those elevated systems were eventually replaced by subways. While Chicago has two subway lines, the majority of our trains are either elevated or at grade (at ground level). Today, Chicago is the only city in the U.S. that still has elevated trains in its downtown area.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>HISTORY OF THE L\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Beginning in the 1870s, as Chicago grew at an incredibly rapid pace, private companies laid rail tracks downtown and began introducing streetcars pulled by horses. In the 1880s, these horse-drawn trolleys were replaced by cable car services. But this form of transportation couldn’t handle a high volume of passengers and it added to street congestion.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>On June 6, 1892, the first elevated—or “L”—train ran from 39th (now Pershing Road) and State streets to Congress Parkway and Wabash Avenue. By 1893, the Chicago and South Side Rapid Transit Railroad extended this line to Jackson Park, the site of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/worlds-columbian-exposition-of-1893/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893\u003C/a>. Today, this section of track is still part of the Green Line.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Multiple privately-operated train lines transported Chicagoans in the 1890s. However, these trains deposited people just outside the central business district—an area referred to as “the Loop” due to the cable cars that once created a loop around several blocks. A wealthy and controversial financier named Charles Tyson Yerkes soon changed all of this. Despite his sometimes illegal business practices, he had a lasting impact on Chicago by building elevated tracks above downtown streets to connect train lines together. Yerkes essentially created the Loop L we know today.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The first full circuit of the Loop was completed in 1897. Its steel structure was designed by bridge designer John Alexander Low Waddell. The iconic riveted steel-plate form resembles that of the Eiffel Tower (1889) and \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/news/evolving-chicago/chicagos-ferris-wheel-story/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the original Ferris Wheel\u003C/a> (1893).\u003C/p>\u003Cp>All of Chicago’s trains were either elevated or at street grade until the 1940s. With funding from the Federal Works Agency—part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal—the State Street Subway, now part of the Red Line, opened in 1943. The Dearborn Street Subway, now part of the Blue Line, opened in 1951, following a construction delay during World War II.\u003C/p>",{"large":13187},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13189,"meta":13190,"component":13191,"responsiveStyles":13194},"builder-2883715c1ff34d84a279474e08e2546a",{"previousId":1477},{"name":741,"options":13192,"isRSC":561},{"text":13193,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>CTA AND THE AUTOMOBILE ERA\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>While Chicago’s subways were under construction, another change was brewing for the L. The private companies that operated the train lines were unprofitable. This led the local government to buy the private companies and unify the trains under one entity. On October 1, 1947, the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) assumed operations of all L trains and streetcars.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>During the last half of the 20th century, the CTA worked to improve services while also facing a decline in ridership. The suburbanization of the U.S. meant that many Chicagoans moved to the suburbs. A dramatic increase in the use of automobiles and the loss of some government subsidies meant that as ridership fell, so did budgets. This caused the CTA to cut services and raise fares in order to stay afloat.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Despite these setbacks, the CTA introduced some new services. In 1984, L service to O’Hare Airport began. Then in 1993, the CTA started rail service to Midway Airport. Also in 1993, the CTA renamed the rail lines to the colors we know today. This made the system easier to navigate for visitors. At the turn of the 21st century, the CTA introduced modern fare cards.\u003C/p>",{"large":13195},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13197,"component":13198,"responsiveStyles":13201},"builder-da2c60ad85e3414d8d3b70181e97c71a",{"name":741,"options":13199,"isRSC":561},{"padding":1180,"text":13200},"\u003Ch4>THE FUTURE OF THE L\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Since 2005, the L has consistently served more and more people each year, including several all-time ridership records. The CTA has invested in new stations and projects to improve L service. The Pink Line opened between the Loop and suburban Cicero in 2006. In 2012 and 2015, the CTA opened two new stations on the Green Line to serve the West Loop neighborhood and the McCormick Place convention center, respectively. In fall 2017, a new Loop station opened at Washington and Wabash.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the coming years, the CTA plans to continue revitalizing stations and tracks. They also plan to extend the Red Line further south. These projects and the CTA’s overall operations depend on many factors, such as government subsidies and population changes. With luck, funding will continue to be available for system improvements and we’ll see more trains running each day. As any Chicagoan can tell you, the sound of an L train passing overhead (deafening as it may be) is a symbol of home and of a city that works.\u003C/p>",{"large":13202},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13204,"meta":13205,"component":13206,"responsiveStyles":13221},"builder-7f9524a711874dada0a4325e767baf6f",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":13207,"isRSC":561},{"factList":13208},[13209,13212,13215,13218],{"body":13210,"title":772,"icon":13211},"\u003Cp>The CTA is the country’s second largest public transit system after New York City’s MTA.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13213,"title":772,"icon":13214},"\u003Cp>There are eight L train lines, 145 stations and 224 miles of tracks.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13216,"title":772,"icon":13217},"\u003Cp>Nearly 800,000 L rides occur on an average weekday.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13219,"title":772,"icon":13220},"\u003Cp>The Cubs World Series parade on November 4, 2016 catapulted the L to a new record of 1,146,349 train rides in a single day.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":13222},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13224,"meta":13225,"component":13226,"responsiveStyles":13234},"builder-2e1c7b9cbaa647239feac533ff46ce01",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":13227,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":13228},[13229],{"quote":13230,"attribution":13231,"title":7029,"image":13232},"In 2017, we celebrated the 125th anniversary of the debut of the Chicago L. Perhaps providing its best comparison, writer Nelson Algren described our elevated train structure as \"the city's rusty heart.\" The L gives a pulse to Chicago defining how we all live, work and play. It links together our patchwork quilt of neighborhoods into one cohesive city. While on the platforms and trains, everyone gets a unique perspective of Chicago missed if traveling any other way.","Mike 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Chicago Pedway","\u003Cp>Beneath the Loop’s hustle, a hidden network quietly connects the city.\u003C/p>",[13343,13461],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":13344,"meta":13345,"children":13346,"responsiveStyles":13459},"builder-a86b1a9985814720b0be866b79ee84f3",{"previousId":5676},[13347,13355,13371,13388,13396,13407,13415,13423,13432,13441,13450],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13348,"meta":13349,"component":13350,"responsiveStyles":13353},"builder-3c8ec54c76f14328a1176b57ba5c9dee",{"previousId":5689},{"name":741,"options":13351},{"text":13352,"padding":8279},"\u003Cp>Chicago’s underground Pedway — often overlooked but vital — began in 1951 as a simple link between the Red and Blue Line subway stations at Washington and Jackson. Over the decades, it expanded in fits and starts, evolving into a five-mile labyrinth that connects more than 50 buildings across downtown.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Originally conceived to ease street-level congestion, reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflicts, and provide climate-controlled passageways during harsh weather, the Pedway became part of larger downtown development efforts in the 1960s and 1970s, including the ambitious but ultimately unrealized Chicago 21 Plan. Its growth was rarely coordinated; instead, new segments were often added through individual building projects, resulting in a system that mirrors the changing priorities of the city itself — part transit tool, part civic time capsule.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Today, beyond serving commuters and city workers, the Pedway includes shops, restaurants, and bursts of unexpected art. American Victorian stained glass near Macy’s, student murals lining corridors, and even a nod to Chance the Rapper all give personality to this subterranean space.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Looking ahead, city planners are aiming to improve signage, enhance accessibility, and revitalize the Pedway as a more usable, visible, and vibrant piece of Chicago’s urban infrastructure.\u003C/p>",{"large":13354},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13356,"component":13357,"responsiveStyles":13369},"builder-cfddf8de0b38400494c44d42428accd9",{"name":13358,"options":13359},"Button Block",{"align":13360,"backgroundColor":13361,"buttonList":13362,"anchorId":13368},"Left","Gray",[13363],{"button":13364},{"title":13365,"label":13366,"url":13367},"Go to a pdf of the Pedway map","View a map of the Pedway","https://cdn.builder.io/o/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fcbd9d0cb5fb2494cb91d081666a311df?alt=media&token=dc5aca4a-c14e-4489-a4a5-d724c2af80f4&apiKey=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1","Map",{"large":13370},{"display":674,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13372,"meta":13373,"component":13374,"responsiveStyles":13386},"builder-61b2b078841743eb8779d4062bc72d90",{"previousId":5705},{"name":767,"options":13375},{"factList":13376},[13377,13380,13383],{"body":13378,"title":772,"icon":13379},"\u003Cp>You can get married in the Pedway! 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LaSalle St.",[701],[13515,13646],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13516,"meta":13517,"children":13518,"responsiveStyles":13644},"builder-d9c387a05e664fc5b0db9a93ef985e20",{"previousId":996},[13519,13527,13554,13577,13589,13597,13612,13620,13628,13636],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13520,"meta":13521,"component":13522,"responsiveStyles":13525},"builder-94fb266245914c6ea019deeb9e077896",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":13523,"isRSC":561},{"text":13524,"padding":1005},"\u003Cp>Located at the corner of LaSalle and Adams, the Rookery is one of Chicago’s most elegant buildings and a star of the LaSalle Street financial corridor.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>BELOW AND BEYOND THE GLASS CEILING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Part of what makes the Rookery a gem is its interior light court. It maximizes the amount of light and air in the building—a critical problem wrestled with by 19th-century architects John Wellborn Root and Daniel Burnham. The light court illuminates the building’s square interior plan. Sheltered by a glass ceiling, the two-story lobby and public space is a sight to be seen. Piers surround the space with moldings clad in white marble with gold geometric patterning. The white marble, part of the redesign by Frank Lloyd Wright completed in 1907, hides the original copper-plated ironwork that John Root created in 1886. Wright’s updates also included new staircase railings, a steel white paint job for the atrium, decorative urns at the base of the public staircase and new light fixtures.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Above the glass ceiling rises a central atrium ringed by offices. The atrium’s white-glazed brick walls reflect light into the inner offices. Meanwhile, the open center helps circulate air by pulling cool air into the building when warm air rises and is vented out the top. 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At the time, western explorers were voyaging to the farthest corners of the globe and bringing their discoveries of other cultures and styles back home. The Rookery’s multiple influences – the Byzantine geometry, Venetian coloring, and Islamic arches all seen in this one building’s form – illustrate man’s quest for the unknown at the end of the 1800s. ",{"large":13542},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13544,"meta":13545,"component":13547,"responsiveStyles":13550},"builder-e4a588b4f5f841ccb815f25216f83c77",{"previousId":13546},"builder-595dce9439c54c9d9bbcbe21619be210",{"name":741,"options":13548,"isRSC":561},{"padding":1005,"text":13549,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>related videos:\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1CcBmgih2g\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Rookery: Root to Wright\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9Ck0neQ6Js\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Rookery: A Natural Light Challenge\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reS3jFrS1o4\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Rookery: A City's Rise from the Ashes\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":13551},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":13553},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13555,"meta":13556,"component":13557,"responsiveStyles":13575},"builder-564ef6b09fb149d3a8688c914209862b",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":13558,"isRSC":561},{"factList":13559},[13560,13563,13566,13569,13572],{"body":13561,"title":772,"icon":13562},"\u003Cp>Architects Daniel Burnham and John Root moved their offices into the 12th floor of the Rookery upon its completion.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13564,"title":772,"icon":13565},"\u003Cp>The Rookery traces its name back to the fondness that pigeons and crows (ravens and rooks) had for a municipal structure that existed on the property years before the Rookery was built.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13567,"title":772,"icon":13568},"\u003Cp>The Rookery’s interior renovation of 1907 is Frank Lloyd Wright's only surviving downtown project.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13570,"title":772,"icon":13571},"\u003Cp>The city’s first public library—a water tower that survived the Great Fire of 1871—previously stood on the site of the Rookery.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13573,"title":772,"icon":13574},"\u003Cp>The Rookery was renovated a second time in 1931 by Wright’s former assistant, William Drummond. 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The building, which has been a Chicago icon since its opening in 1888, is a masterful work of engineering.",{"alt":1205,"src":13586},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F99f5144339ab4fcebc87992912eac093",{"large":13588},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13590,"component":13591,"responsiveStyles":13595},"builder-d486e8b7ecf645009f2756d848922a17",{"name":846,"options":13592,"isRSC":14},{"symbol":13593},{"data":13594,"model":850,"entry":3542,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":13596},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":13598,"meta":13599,"component":13600,"responsiveStyles":13610},"builder-4fb208dc163c4432a6e5bf3d085c17b0",{"previousId":1070},{"name":821,"options":13601,"isRSC":561},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":13602,"headline":1224,"button":13609,"copy":623},[13603,13605,13607],{"encyclopediaArticle":13604},{"@type":19,"id":6627,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":13606},{"@type":19,"id":2944,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":13608},{"@type":19,"id":1079,"model":831},{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":13611},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13613,"component":13614,"responsiveStyles":13618},"builder-f052f2762384406fadfbb761fde6f1ba",{"name":846,"options":13615,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13616},{"data":13617,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":13619},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13621,"component":13622,"responsiveStyles":13626},"builder-0878347e19b449b7abbdb139c58dc3d4",{"name":846,"options":13623,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13624},{"data":13625,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":13627},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13629,"component":13630,"responsiveStyles":13634},"builder-5fb928fcc44d4bde8168d8befeda0ba3",{"name":846,"options":13631,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13632},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":13633},{},{"large":13635},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13637,"component":13638,"responsiveStyles":13642},"builder-f1b0efdb29214e5f950a723a51c78432",{"name":846,"options":13639,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13640},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":13641},{},{"large":13643},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":13645},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":13647,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":13648,"responsiveStyles":13649},"builder-pixel-ztq56gflyq",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":13650},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1756313513874,1716411427969,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-rookery","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F49e6c5f658ea4254a05f5424646de9e0",[],{"folders":13658,"createdDate":13659,"id":13660,"name":13661,"modelId":935,"published":559,"meta":13662,"query":13667,"data":13670,"variations":13772,"lastUpdated":13773,"firstPublished":13774,"previewUrl":13775,"testRatio":427,"screenshot":13776,"createdBy":1291,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"@originModelId":948,"rev":950},[],1715837340209,"8a69551f779b712239cb0553f639b89fbf4dc9124fd7b3b56bb56a50cd986ae0","The Salt Shed",{"breakpoints":13663,"componentsUsed":13664,"hasAutosaves":51,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":13665,"symbolsUsed":13666},{"medium":2985,"small":564},{"Fact Carousel":427},"https://architecture-org-web.cacwebadmin.workers.dev/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-salt-shed?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CeditProjects%2CmodifyMcpServers%2CmodifyWorkflowIntegrations%2CmodifyProjectSettings%2CconnectCodeRepository%2CcreateProjects%2CindexDesignSystems&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=8a69551f779b712239cb0553f639b89fbf4dc9124fd7b3b56bb56a50cd986ae0&builder.overrides.8a69551f779b712239cb0553f639b89fbf4dc9124fd7b3b56bb56a50cd986ae0=8a69551f779b712239cb0553f639b89fbf4dc9124fd7b3b56bb56a50cd986ae0&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"58f8f8b81c9d46338f3ed54071a68b24":14,"90870b243e42490e9cc5c14ec23bb062":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},[13668],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":13669},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-salt-shed",{"architect":13671,"buildingName":13661,"description":4073,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":13672,"googleMapLink":13673,"imageList":13674,"neighborhood":13683,"officialName":13684,"originalCompletionDate":13685,"query":13686,"seo":13688,"state":13690,"streetAddress":13693,"style":13694,"title":13661,"url":13669,"useType":13695,"blocks":13697},[9601],"2024-08-08T22:13:31.061Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/KprfAniDMvfrAW4R8",[13675,13678,13681],{"caption":13676,"src":13677},"The Salt Shed, Chicago. Photo by Josh Druding.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F85c1f284fd784c1ea13eef4e242abaa6",{"caption":13679,"src":13680},"The Salt Shed, Chicago. Photo by Nick Langlois.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F50a3de8769ee430b9d2ac0dbe3a35e9a",{"caption":13676,"src":13682},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F48bbda2149234502bb082160b5eade4a","Goose Island","The Salt Shed (formerly the Morton Salt Warehouse)","1920s",[13687],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":13669},{"seo":13689},{"title":13661},{"deviceSize":577,"location":13691},{"path":668,"query":13692},{},"1357 N. Elston Avenue",[11803],[13696],"Warehouse/Manufacturing",[13698,13707,13714,13727,13735,13743,13751,13759,13767],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13699,"component":13700,"responsiveStyles":13705},"builder-042fd0c61ed04584b93ebd353d3ab0b8",{"name":3796,"options":13701,"isRSC":561},{"headline":13702,"videoEmbed":13703,"videoCaption":13704},"Exploring the Salt Shed","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mwt6asoOXiY?si=1Eo18RMZTMF_Gv1L\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","We were lucky enough to get a behind-the-scenes tour before The Salt Shed opened to the public. ",{"large":13706},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13708,"component":13709,"responsiveStyles":13712},"builder-82bc2b657ff84f07a53cd512c3f2f074",{"name":741,"options":13710,"isRSC":561},{"text":13711,"padding":674},"\u003Ch4>a hub for salt \u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Now a popular concert venue, the Salt Shed was home to Morton Salt Company from the early 20th century through 2015. During this time, the building served as a hub for salt production, packaging, and distribution. One of the most iconic features of the building is the enormous “Morton Salt” rooftop sign which features the iconic “Umbrella Girl”. The landmarked sign is visible from the Kennedy expressway, making it a destination marker for those commuting into the city.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Throughout the 1900’s, barges carrying tons of salt would travel the Chicago River to the Morton factory where salt would be transferred via conveyor belt to the storage shed. With uses for the salt ranging from pharmaceutical and chemical processing to household uses, water softening and road deicing, Morton Salt became a staple in industrial Chicago, once processing more than 150,000 tons of salt annually.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>extensive renovation and restoration\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 2015, the Morton Salt Company relocated, and new owners began an extensive renovation and restoration of the site. In 2021 it reopened at The Salt Shed, an indoor/outdoor live music venue which also supports community events such as makers markets and yoga classes.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The 4000-person venue has quickly become beloved among Chicagoans for its impressive acts, community involvement, and thoughtful renovation. The site retains several original architectural features including the factory’s 4-inch-thick wood floors, iron skeleton frame, Chicago brick, metal warehouse doors, salt elevators, and more. The conveyor belt structure has been artfully repurposed as framing for the outdoor venue while the 50-foot-tall ceilings and column-free space indoors make it ideal for concerts.\u003C/p>",{"large":13713},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13715,"component":13716,"responsiveStyles":13725},"builder-5bb8f394d60d4a398fd32bc99b6bd2a8",{"name":767,"options":13717,"isRSC":561},{"factList":13718},[13719,13721,13723],{"body":13720,"title":772},"\u003Cp>In 2014, Morton Salt’s “Umbrella Girl” was voted into the Advertising Week Walk of Fame on Madison Avenue.\u003C/p>",{"body":13722,"title":772},"\u003Cp>In 1922, Joy Morton, the man behind the Morton Salt Company, dedicated his farm in Lisle, Illinois as the Morton Arboretum. Today it comprises over 1,700 acres of trees and flowers that represent plants from all over the world.\u003C/p>",{"body":13724,"title":772},"\u003Cp>16\" On Center (16OC) and Blue Star Properties, the developers behind The Salt Shed, are also responsible for the revitalization of Thalia Hall in Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood.\u003C/p>",{"large":13726},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13728,"component":13729,"responsiveStyles":13733},"builder-bf77029022754b02984d485f5bac3b65",{"name":846,"options":13730,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13731},{"model":850,"entry":11848,"ownerId":851,"data":13732},{},{"large":13734},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13736,"component":13737,"responsiveStyles":13741},"builder-4e36c1cd41074250811ae2be6f861119",{"name":846,"options":13738,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13739},{"model":850,"entry":2803,"ownerId":851,"data":13740},{},{"large":13742},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13744,"component":13745,"responsiveStyles":13749},"builder-6f9d70bfc014460a808890abfbf24513",{"name":846,"options":13746,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13747},{"data":13748,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":13750},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13752,"component":13753,"responsiveStyles":13757},"builder-78d230d06c884a53b915530443fe2f1c",{"name":846,"options":13754,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13755},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":13756},{},{"large":13758},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13760,"component":13761,"responsiveStyles":13765},"builder-761cff5ba88c4230a75751b9d53d79e1",{"name":846,"options":13762,"isRSC":561},{"symbol":13763},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":13764},{},{"large":13766},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":13768,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":13769,"responsiveStyles":13770},"builder-pixel-km0n671fl2d",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":13771},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{},1763412137638,1715839028724,"https://architecture-org-web.cacwebadmin.workers.dev/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-salt-shed","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Faca64959402e42f2995df184a91fcf69",{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":13778,"previewUrl":13779,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":13780,"firstPublished":13781,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":13782,"createdDate":13783,"createdBy":680,"meta":13784,"variations":13788,"name":13789,"id":13790,"query":13791,"data":13794,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/the-yard-at-chicago-shakespeare","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F3f13a1c271f14703b07abde03a26e742",1716550936469,1723140085305,1716550896698,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":13785,"componentsUsed":13786,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":13787},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/the-yard-at-chicago-shakespeare?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=c8b4e66b266a4868b97d6916a905e8a5&builder.overrides.c8b4e66b266a4868b97d6916a905e8a5=c8b4e66b266a4868b97d6916a905e8a5&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"The Yard at Chicago Shakespeare","c8b4e66b266a4868b97d6916a905e8a5",[13792],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":13793,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/the-yard-at-chicago-shakespeare",{"googleMapLink":13795,"architect":13796,"themeId":51,"description":13799,"useType":13800,"title":13789,"officialName":13789,"buildingName":13789,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":2399,"streetAddress":13801,"neighborhood":2405,"state":13802,"seo":13805,"imageList":13807,"query":13819,"url":13793,"forceUpdatedURLOn":13821,"blocks":13822},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/6isQLGgs6BTVMWQG9",[13797,13798],"Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill","Charcoalblue","\u003Cp>Architectural design and theatrical function come together in The Yard at Chicago Shakespeare, an innovative and flexible artistic year-round space, constructed underneath a tent on Navy Pier.\u003C/p>",[3034],"800 E. Grand Avenue",{"deviceSize":577,"location":13803},{"path":668,"query":13804},{},{"seo":13806},{"title":13789},[13808,13811,13814,13816],{"src":13809,"alt":13789,"caption":13810},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F6aac0ef5bb5342adaece249f24415fde","Photo by Vito Palmisano",{"src":13812,"alt":13789,"caption":13813},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff443cfab163a4d539e3238891776d3c8","Photo by James Steinkamp",{"src":13815,"alt":13789,"caption":13813},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F6902742c02b748609c8ac881cdd98411",{"src":13817,"alt":13789,"caption":13818},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F4ca96a29bbee4b998ce90210105265be","Rendering courtesy of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture",[13820],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":13793,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:12:49.075Z",[13823,13899],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13824,"meta":13825,"children":13827,"responsiveStyles":13897},"builder-0c00e1ec1f3c4458acf38b31f198cf1b",{"previousId":13826},"builder-97a904ea808049c7aa5769df76ce3a4f",[13828,13837,13855,13863,13873,13881,13889],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13829,"meta":13830,"component":13832,"responsiveStyles":13835},"builder-b77ab1fb163e4e4fa46b1711116f4679",{"previousId":13831},"builder-6b3490b8529d4d8caafc0fbeb31d25fc",{"name":741,"options":13833},{"text":13834,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>Chicago Shakespeare Theater (CST) opened its first facility on Navy Pier in 1999. Since then, it has grown to be one of the largest theater companies in the city, hosting approximately 600 performances each year: large-scale musicals, newly commissioned works, programs for young audiences, international imports and of course, creative imaginings of Shakespeare’s plays. Shows take place inside a seven-story building on the pier containing theater offices and two performance venues—one that holds 500 people, another for an audience of 200. But that hasn’t been enough space for the number and variety of productions CST creates and hosts annually from around the world.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>theatrical integrity\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>For more than 10 years, CST looked to expand its campus in a cost-effective manner, without compromising theatrical integrity. Several theater designs were imagined, but it took years before a decision was made to construct a year-round, fully enclosed building, called The Yard at Chicago Shakespeare. It is housed under a large white tent built in 1994 to cover Navy Pier’s outdoor Skyline Stage. Once one of the most underutilized spaces on the pier, the tent now has a renewed purpose: housing the core and shell of The Yard, which saved CST millions of dollars.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the future, the theater plans to project moving images on the white canvas at night, providing an additional dimension to the forward-thinking theater inside. The Yard is a true example of adaptive reuse, not only of the tent, but also with an existing stage box and backstage that were included in the design.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>multiple configurations\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Yard consists of nine movable seating towers, designed by London-based theatre consultancy Charcoalblue with mobility, transformation of space and flexibility in mind. The three-story structures can be placed in multiple configurations to best suit a production, including in the round, traverse (audience on two sides of the stage, facing each other) and traditional proscenium. Seating capacity can also vary, from 150 to 850 seats. The unique set-up draws some inspiration from Elizabethan-era theaters, when audiences directly engaged with actors, and also offers artists an opportunity to play with the scale and orientation of their productions.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The towers, constructed by Show Canada, weigh 35,000 pounds each, but can be moved by a crew of only three people with the use of air skids. Each tower is an ecosystem unto itself, with its own electrical, sound, lighting and video systems, as well as HVAC and fire sprinklers connected to the theater’s core. To support the new building and towers, additional pilings were anchored into Lake Michigan, below the parking garage that sits beneath The Yard.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture designed the steel and concrete two-level lobby connecting CST’s existing building to The Yard. Audiences are welcomed with stunning views of the city and the lakefront as they walk through the elegant 170-foot-long lobby with its curving curtain wall of computer-controlled SageGlass, one of the first installations of its kind in the city. When the sun moves across its surface, the electrochromic material progresses from transparent to energy-saving tinted glass, which creates a dramatic, mirror-like veil when viewed from the building’s exterior.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>unique design and inventive technology\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>As audience members move from the lobbies into the theater chamber, they pass through theatrically lit corridors that create a distinctive architectural experience each time. The Yard merges unique design and inventive technology, creating a one-of-kind theatrical space—and another world-class example in Chicago of why design matters.\u003C/p>",{"large":13836},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13838,"meta":13839,"component":13841,"responsiveStyles":13853},"builder-709276f741694da895d6bbb776efb54a",{"previousId":13840},"builder-c18ea4ce4e5945cc853922d121b3df27",{"name":767,"options":13842},{"factList":13843},[13844,13847,13850],{"body":13845,"title":772,"icon":13846},"\u003Cp>The first sketch for The Yard at Chicago Shakespeare was made on a cocktail napkin while CST Executive Director Criss Henderson and Charcoalblue’s Andy Hayles enjoyed drinks together during a trip to a conference in Texas.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13848,"title":772,"icon":13849},"\u003Cp>In deciding to house The Yard at Chicago Shakespeare within an existing tent, CST leaders considered a 2012 study by the Cultural Policy Center at the University of Chicago that concluded the cultural building boom over the past 20 years outpaced other building sectors, leaving arts organizations with the financial strain of high-cost design.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13851,"title":772,"icon":13852},"\u003Cp>The movable set of towers can be rearranged for audience capacities ranging from 150 to 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Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427,"City Tours Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"58f8f8b81c9d46338f3ed54071a68b24":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Thompson Center","d12b99f65fa6a89f41d724955da856a00679ff58801f2cc8b2fcb50ed45ababf",[13919],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":13920,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/thompson-center",{"googleMapLink":13922,"architect":13923,"description":13925,"title":13916,"officialName":13926,"useType":13927,"buildingName":13916,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":13928,"streetAddress":13929,"style":13930,"neighborhood":712,"state":13931,"seo":13934,"imageList":13936,"query":13946,"url":13920,"forceUpdatedURLOn":13948,"blocks":13949},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/NJR8Y4byTEoLvMTu5",[13924,8990],"Lester B. Knight & Associates","\u003Cp>When you first encounter the Thompson Center, you might wonder if a UFO has landed in the middle of the Loop.\u003C/p>","James R. Thompson Center (State of Illinois Building)",[5801],"1985","100 W. Randolph St.",[1439],{"deviceSize":577,"location":13932},{"path":668,"query":13933},{},{"seo":13935},{"title":13916},[13937,13939,13941,13944],{"src":13938,"alt":13916,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F55cc4400ce804052a3a6e779bd6b7122",{"src":13940,"alt":13916},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F2b96b765047042d49f4c9cb7bc4f396a",{"src":13942,"alt":13916,"caption":13943},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F265c2a2b05ed43f4acc0589b0e01b5a8","Photo by Roman Boed, licensed under CC BY 2.0.",{"src":13945,"alt":13916},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe2062e0db33a46549158d72b40144e28",[13947],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":13920,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:07.226Z",[13950,14086],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13951,"meta":13952,"children":13953,"responsiveStyles":14084},"builder-2afe49bc57304b2993a77aeabd6f2ba1",{"previousId":996},[13954,13962,13982,13990,14004,14024,14032,14041,14068,14076],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13955,"meta":13956,"component":13957,"responsiveStyles":13960},"builder-c2f5a2798691448987b86f23c3303d36",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":13958},{"text":13959,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/helmut-jahn/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Helmut Jahn\u003C/a>-designed center of state government is unabashedly \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/postmodern/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Postmodern\u003C/a>, with colorful details and a shape that references the dome of the state's capitol. In addition to making a bold first impression, its design is intended to communicate a message. The openness and transparency of the building are meant to symbolize the state’s commitment to serving the people.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CONSOLIDATING GOVERNMENT\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In the ’70s and ’80s, the North Loop Renewal Plan sought to reverse decades of decline in the area. They took the opportunity to consolidate 50 different state of Illinois agency offices into one new building. Joining three other major government buildings standing within a city block of each other, the Thompson Center was to be a “peoples’ center,” an easily accessible and inviting place to do business with the state of Illinois—as well as shop and dine.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A POSTMODERN DOME\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Tall, gridded walls face LaSalle and Lake streets, but on the other sides of the building, Jahn broke from the rigid straight lines of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/mid-century-modernism/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">modernism\u003C/a>. Hearkening back to the grand domes of earlier government structures, such as the state capitol in Springfield, the southeast profile of the Thompson Center is a slice of a hollow sphere, clad in curved blue glass and salmon-colored \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/steel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">steel\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The populist Postmodernism continues inside. An enormous skylit rotunda, 160 feet in diameter and 13 stories high, is lined with balconies of open office space. A circular cutout in the floor, 72 feet in diameter, opens onto a large food court, a Department of Motor Vehicles office and corridors leading to nearby buildings. A steady flow of people move around on escalators and exposed elevators, enlivening the space.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>KEEPING COOL\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The Thompson Center bears some resemblance to a massive greenhouse, so keeping it cool is a challenge. An innovative system of thermal storage helps. Chillers create ice slush overnight, when electricity prices are low, and store the slush in basement tanks. The slush is used to air condition the building during the day and is then re-frozen at night.\u003C/p>",{"large":13961},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13963,"meta":13964,"component":13965,"responsiveStyles":13980},"builder-a6d19bd9aba64edcbff22c6ad0d66565",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":13966},{"factList":13967},[13968,13971,13974,13977],{"body":13969,"title":772,"icon":13970},"\u003Cp>The Clark/Lake CTA station built into the Thompson Center, serving the Blue, Green, Brown, Pink, Purple and Orange Lines, is one of the three busiest in the system.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13972,"title":772,"icon":13973},"\u003Cp>The Thompson Center is connected to the Chicago Pedway system, a network of passageways and tunnels linking many buildings and transit stations in the Loop.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13975,"title":772,"icon":13976},"\u003Cp>The Thompson Center was supposed to have insulated double-pane glass, but much cheaper single-pane glass was used instead, leading to very high ongoing heating and cooling costs.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":13978,"title":772,"icon":13979},"\u003Cp>At the corner of Clark and Randolph, in front of the Thompson Center, stands Jean Dubuffet’s sculpture “Monument With Standing Beast.”\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":13981},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13983,"component":13984,"responsiveStyles":13988},"builder-5d58e7e1b72549b29e95d308de142618",{"name":3796,"options":13985},{"headline":13986,"videoEmbed":13987},"A Cornerstone of North Loop Renewal","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Pu7HWCTu_5g?si=j5gJdjS9UsZBAPah\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>",{"large":13989},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":7719,"id":13991,"meta":13992,"children":13993,"responsiveStyles":14002},"builder-cf731f2990dc4f3d99cec469218c5e27",{"previousId":7722},[13994],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":13995,"meta":13996,"component":13997,"responsiveStyles":14000},"builder-49814a0278a64ea9a9d776ea58ff6e02",{"previousId":7738},{"name":741,"options":13998},{"padding":1005,"text":13999,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Ch4>related videos:\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZy-sb-mmj0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">James R. Thompson Center: Cool As Ice\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30eslfIA_Lo\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">James R. Thompson Center: Site Challenges\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iom4XX0DA2E\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">James R. Thompson: Reflections of An Open Government\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":14001},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":14003},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14005,"meta":14006,"component":14008,"responsiveStyles":14022},"builder-c88cdcb315e149fa9f007af603a69136",{"previousId":14007},"builder-5aa45bc8b4c54f938d37c8564a842b6e",{"name":789,"options":14009},{"headline":14010,"testimonials":14011},"Docent Perspectives",[14012,14016],{"quote":14013,"attribution":10025,"title":5567,"image":14014},"Visitors agree, the Thompson Center looks like a stadium or a spaceship from the outside, but marvel at the view inside. It is a unique addition to our built environment, bringing vitality and excitement to a government building and brilliantly demonstrating transparency as requested by Gov. Thompson when the building was proposed.",{"alt":10025,"src":14015},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd065540179f64f9c91905fea0d9a21c5",{"quote":14017,"attribution":14018,"title":14019,"image":14020},"Helmut Jahn re-interprets the grandeur of government buildings with the Thompson Center. Its size complements the City Hall / County Building across the street, rather than dwarfing it as a skyscraper would. Jahn brings open space indoors into a grand atrium, a focal point akin to a capitol's rotunda. The office floors, escalators and glass elevators open into the rotunda, projecting a feeling of openness in state government.","Michael Weiland","CAC Docent, Class of 1984",{"alt":14018,"src":14021},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe86511cab9624d1da46b95c119667246",{"large":14023},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14025,"component":14026,"responsiveStyles":14030},"builder-2a00279aed364196b391abef527eefad",{"name":846,"options":14027},{"symbol":14028},{"data":14029,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":14031},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":14033,"id":14034,"component":14035,"responsiveStyles":14039},"All terms / Encyclopedia 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Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/tribune-tower?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=a1b980124b58751b1d6e4e30aa8fd6929d485332025c1c57cb917f088d56aa63&builder.overrides.a1b980124b58751b1d6e4e30aa8fd6929d485332025c1c57cb917f088d56aa63=a1b980124b58751b1d6e4e30aa8fd6929d485332025c1c57cb917f088d56aa63&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{},"Tribune Tower","a1b980124b58751b1d6e4e30aa8fd6929d485332025c1c57cb917f088d56aa63",[14106],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":14107},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/tribune-tower",{"architect":14109,"buildingName":14103,"description":14111,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":14112,"googleMapLink":14113,"imageList":14114,"neighborhood":1849,"officialName":14103,"originalCompletionDate":14125,"query":14126,"seo":14128,"state":14130,"streetAddress":14133,"style":14134,"title":14103,"url":14107,"useType":14135,"blocks":14136},[14110],"Howells & Hood","\u003Cp>Designed by Howells & Hood, the Tribune Tower was the result of an international design competition to create \"the most beautiful building in the world.\"\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:27.583Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/8NVDHbQjytt4MdbE9",[14115,14117,14119,14121,14123],{"alt":14103,"caption":1447,"source":668,"src":14116},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fc7a4914de1d844869a3a6552a242e24e",{"alt":14103,"caption":668,"src":14118},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fbb71b763a7e34fceae57448c0736089f",{"alt":14103,"src":14120},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F794c4c34e6a14e869480dcd7b6d9aa62",{"alt":14103,"caption":1447,"src":14122},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F94bd7792047a43d09fc01726933b8a98",{"alt":14103,"src":14124},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Feb102aeaf7f541a0acc3ee8f497c1986","1925",[14127],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":14107},{"seo":14129},{"title":14103},{"deviceSize":577,"location":14131},{"path":668,"query":14132},{},"435 N. Michigan Ave.",[4513],[1310],[14137,14255],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14138,"meta":14139,"children":14140,"responsiveStyles":14253},"builder-f013f4e313ed450cb9356d4966482b62",{"previousId":996},[14141,14149,14169,14182,14206,14214,14229,14237,14245],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14142,"meta":14143,"component":14144,"responsiveStyles":14147},"builder-83250115ef5744dc9d51a4e9d1d393a2",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":14145},{"text":14146,"padding":1180,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>In 1922, on the occasion of its 75th anniversary, the Chicago Tribune announced an international competition for a new downtown headquarters. The competition sought, \"...for Chicago, the most beautiful building in the world.\" A total of $100,000 in prize money was offered with a $50,000 prize for the winner.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>More than 260 entries from 23 countries, and a place in history as one of the largest, and most important architectural competitions in America—this is the legacy of the Tribune Tower.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>AMERICAN VERSUS EUROPEAN DESIGN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Although 23 countries were represented in the competition, most design entries came from the U.S. and Europe. Most American entries understood the profitability of the site and maximized the amount of rentable office space in their designs.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Some European entries, however, sacrificed business practicality for a more monumental form. Austrian architect Adolf Loos proposed a giant Doric column, which may have been a pun on the columns printed in the newspaper. Italian architect Saverio Dioguardi proposed a large classical arch resembling the Arch De Triomphe in Paris.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>However, the winning entry—designed by New York architects \u003Ca href=\"/online-resources/buildings/tribune-tower\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells\u003C/a>—filled the permitted occupiable building envelope with floor after floor of office space.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A CATHEDRAL FOR JOURNALISM\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Hood and Howells’ winning \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/gothic-revival/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Gothic Revival\u003C/a> tower used architectural ideas borrowed from the past. The lower office block is sheathed in Indiana \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/limestone/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">limestone\u003C/a> with vertical \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/pier/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">piers\u003C/a> and horizontal \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/spandrel/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">spandrels\u003C/a> characteristic of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/art-deco/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Art Deco\u003C/a>. The building's crown recalls a Medieval European tower, imitating the Butter Tower of the 13th-century Rouen Cathedral in France. Inside, visitors encounter a Hall of Inscriptions. Carved into the lobby walls are famous quotations from Benjamin Franklin, Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, praising and exalting freedom of the press.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>While some critics had hoped the winning design would point toward the future of American architecture, Hood and Howells' design appealed to the newspaper owners' sense of nostalgia, history and moral purpose.\u003C/p>",{"large":14148},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14150,"meta":14151,"component":14152,"responsiveStyles":14167},"builder-8b8fa9b35bf240b585c2d0bc1a40536c",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":14153},{"factList":14154},[14155,14158,14161,14164],{"body":14156,"title":772,"icon":14157},"\u003Cp>The creatures and figures tucked into the tracery above the Tribune Tower's entrance represent animals from Aesop's fables—including the fox and the grapes and the crow and the pitcher.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14159,"title":772,"icon":14160},"\u003Cp>On the top left and right corners of the main entrance, the architects included references to themselves in the tracery—a howling dog (Howells) and a Robin Hood figure (Hood).\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14162,"title":772,"icon":14163},"\u003Cp>Colonel McCormick, the newspaper’s owner during its headquarters' construction, had secret doors and passageways built which lead to the crown—just in case the building was ever stormed.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14165,"title":772,"icon":14166},"\u003Cp>A collection of building fragments from around the world are embedded into the building’s stone facade. The earliest fragments were brought back to Chicago by Tribune correspondents at the request of Colonel McCormick and the tradition has been carried on.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":14168},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14170,"meta":14171,"component":14172,"responsiveStyles":14180},"builder-12e22c6b80ca416693f1d169194948ef",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":14173},{"headline":791,"testimonials":14174},[14175],{"quote":14176,"attribution":14177,"title":4242,"image":14178},"The Tribune Tower’s style demonstrates the way architecture can create an image and impression of the company that occupies it. Colonel McCormick wanted the Tribune to be seen as an important and international newspaper and so he held a design competition to create nothing less than \"the most beautiful office building in the world.\" He asked his international reporters to gather fragments of some of the most historically important buildings in the world to incorporate into the building's exterior. McCormick's design continues to impress us today, even as the role of newspapers has changed.","Lorie Westerman",{"alt":14177,"src":14179},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F5ea0452abe2549bd891a65072d31bf08",{"large":14181},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":7719,"id":14183,"meta":14184,"children":14185,"responsiveStyles":14204},"builder-2ef51ce4dbe04a79bfa8547b78fe977f",{"previousId":7722},[14186,14196],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14187,"meta":14188,"component":14189,"responsiveStyles":14194},"builder-6406dfb0bb414170be077bdcfd629cd5",{"previousId":7727},{"name":3796,"options":14190},{"headline":14191,"videoEmbed":14192,"videoCaption":14193},"Tribune Tower: Built on Legacy","\u003Ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/JjHBKCn57N4?si=-rXzcX7g6B7ijkWU\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003C/iframe>","Tribune editors Robert McCormick and Joseph Patterson built a monumental building when they commissioned the Tribune Tower. The tower was consistently added on to throughout the years by the addition of stones to the base of the tower. As Katherine Solomonson, author of the Chicago Tribune Tower Competition tells us, these stones were collected by McCormick and his foreign correspondents over the years and make for an interesting addition to the building. ",{"large":14195},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605,"width":3803},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14197,"meta":14198,"component":14199,"responsiveStyles":14202},"builder-321d03e76080439ab0a7f523479f7215",{"previousId":7738},{"name":741,"options":14200},{"padding":1180,"text":14201},"\u003Ch4>related videos:\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaOCfCdrQyM\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Tribune Tower: The American Advantage\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgrKmomow6k\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Tribune Tower: European or American?\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVfaliEe6-g\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Tribune Tower: A Groundbreaking Competition\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"large":14203},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":14205},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14207,"component":14208,"responsiveStyles":14212},"builder-f1265cc0b3014c58af1b266dd815d8ed",{"name":846,"options":14209},{"symbol":14210},{"data":14211,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":14213},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14215,"component":14216,"responsiveStyles":14227},"builder-6866720738874f2d95cb68e5560ea9ea",{"name":821,"options":14217},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":14218,"headline":2792,"button":14226},[14219,14222,14224],{"encyclopediaArticle":14220},{"@type":19,"id":14221,"model":831},"0452178fbd84c54be7bafb1f6ee0d795e52f5e3188f585500ad45ad275067ae9",{"encyclopediaArticle":14223},{"@type":19,"id":3204,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":14225},{"@type":19,"id":2788,"model":831},{"label":2794,"title":2794,"url":644},{"large":14228},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14230,"component":14231,"responsiveStyles":14235},"builder-c5bb752c9e03424a83de64e0b9ecc3be",{"name":846,"options":14232},{"symbol":14233},{"data":14234,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":14236},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14238,"component":14239,"responsiveStyles":14243},"builder-5de09c7a47c64626b720528f3f853767",{"name":846,"options":14240},{"symbol":14241},{"model":850,"entry":915,"ownerId":851,"data":14242},{},{"large":14244},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14246,"component":14247,"responsiveStyles":14251},"builder-3a6ec37e665f42c884e3c75dc2d22213",{"name":846,"options":14248},{"symbol":14249},{"model":850,"entry":924,"ownerId":851,"data":14250},{},{"large":14252},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":14254},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":14256,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":14257,"responsiveStyles":14258},"builder-pixel-qh9djci4dw",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":14259},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"lastUpdatedBy":1412,"folders":14261,"previewUrl":14262,"modelId":935,"published":559,"screenshot":14263,"firstPublished":14264,"testRatio":427,"lastUpdated":14265,"createdDate":14264,"createdBy":1291,"meta":14266,"variations":14270,"name":14271,"@originModelId":948,"id":14272,"query":14273,"data":14276,"rev":950},[],"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/trump-tower","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fd6e433f807234fc9a19a622c8cdfd447",1716002534997,1723144817638,{"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":14267,"componentsUsed":14268,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":14269},"https://staging.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings/trump-tower?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2Cadmin%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers&builder.user.role.name=Admin&builder.user.role.id=admin&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=5e5d9dd239f743cf6943c1bf14c6c32e9538438519d137e9a352989832ead0fc&builder.overrides.5e5d9dd239f743cf6943c1bf14c6c32e9538438519d137e9a352989832ead0fc=5e5d9dd239f743cf6943c1bf14c6c32e9538438519d137e9a352989832ead0fc&builder.options.locale=Default",{"Fact Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427,"City Tours Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Trump Tower","5e5d9dd239f743cf6943c1bf14c6c32e9538438519d137e9a352989832ead0fc",[14274],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":14275,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/trump-tower",{"googleMapLink":14277,"architect":14278,"description":14279,"officialName":14280,"title":14271,"useType":14281,"buildingName":14271,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":10981,"streetAddress":14282,"style":14283,"state":14284,"neighborhood":1849,"seo":14287,"imageList":14289,"query":14298,"url":14275,"forceUpdatedURLOn":14300,"blocks":14301},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/AnNM1y9Uh6yJrL5w9",[1986],"\u003Cp>This 92-story mixed-use skyscraper, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, features reflective glass and several distinctive setbacks that each point towards a neighboring landmark.\u003C/p>","Trump International Hotel & Tower",[1608],"401 N. Wabash Ave.",[984],{"deviceSize":577,"location":14285},{"path":668,"query":14286},{},{"seo":14288},{"title":14271},[14290,14293,14295],{"src":14291,"caption":14292},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb46b14111a3d4b368d586bcab44a75e4","Trump International Hotel And Tower",{"src":14294,"caption":14292},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fdc0df28db6a444108903f03026443896",{"src":14296,"caption":14297},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F575d7392290745faa407806679c113dd","Trump International Hotel And Tower during Construction",[14299],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":14275,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:30.537Z",[14302,14309,14336,14347,14355,14368,14393,14401,14409],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14303,"component":14304,"responsiveStyles":14307},"builder-92525ad6d255497a87ea225c4cc55d65",{"name":741,"options":14305},{"text":14306,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>When our docents explain that the Trump International Hotel & Tower reflects its surroundings, they aren’t only referring to its shiny glass and steel exterior.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The reflection they’re referring to isn’t only a literal one. When the Chicago architecture firm \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skidmore-owings-merrill/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)\u003C/a> envisioned this contemporary tower, the building’s place and neighbors influenced its design. While it is true that the building’s materials mirror its neighbors, it can also be argued that its design communicates its relationship to them.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Trump Tower is designed with three setbacks. Each setback points toward an architecturally significant neighbor. The setbacks allow for \"communication\" with surrounding buildings. At 16 stories, the first is to the east of Trump Tower and corresponds to the height of the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/wrigley-building/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Wrigley Building\u003C/a>. At 29 stories, the second points both north toward River Plaza and west to \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/marina-city/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Marina City\u003C/a>. All the way up at 51 stories, the third setback is west of Trump Tower and relates with \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Mies\u003C/a>' last Chicago project, 330 N. Wabash Ave.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A Double Duty Design: The Trump Tower’s Structure Provides Strength And Context\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>SOM’s attention to the building’s location and architecturally significant neighbors wasn’t what earned the firm this commission. The Trump Organization originally considered three architecture firms for the project: Lohan Associates, Kohn Pedersen Fox Architects and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. But it was SOM’s experience building tall towers in the U.S. and abroad that cinched the deal. The firm was, and continues to be, an innovator in structural design throughout the world.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>To enable the Trump Tower to withstand Chicago’s punishing wind loads, SOM used a \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/concrete/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">concrete\u003C/a> structural system often referred to as \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/core-and-outrigger-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">core and outrigger construction\u003C/a>. The building has a central core of concrete with concrete arms (outriggers) that reach out across several key floors. The outriggers connect its central core with an exterior ring of structural columns. This method—also used in the Burj Khalifa that was designed by the same SOM engineers—allows for design flexibility and structural strength.\u003C/p>",{"large":14308},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14310,"meta":14311,"component":14313,"responsiveStyles":14334},"builder-395a2447882747858952271861a67989",{"previousId":14312},"builder-51e7782b792840eeb021b3594f4e93ff",{"name":767,"options":14314},{"factList":14315},[14316,14319,14322,14325,14328,14331],{"body":14317,"title":772,"icon":14318},"\u003Cp>Designed as a multiuse space, the 92-story building contains luxury condominiums, a world-class hotel and space for riverfront retail and restaurants.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14320,"title":772,"icon":14321},"\u003Cp>The building was partially open to the public while still under construction.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14323,"title":772,"icon":14324},"\u003Cp>The Trump Tower uses Chicago River water to cool the building. The cooling system recirculates water back into the river, avoiding the costly pump and tower system that would traditionally eject water vapor from the roof.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14326,"title":772,"icon":14327},"\u003Cp>Trump Tower’s irregular shapes and asymmetrical massing exemplify a free form trend in 21st-century design.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14329,"title":772,"icon":14330},"\u003Cp>The building is seated on a massive concrete base and 110-foot-deep concrete caissons.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14332,"title":772,"icon":14333},"\u003Cp>In December 2014, the unfinished penthouse broke Chicago records by selling for $17 million.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":14335},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14337,"component":14338,"responsiveStyles":14345},"builder-78cb3bb67af0429d93308caa330a491d",{"name":789,"options":14339},{"headline":1201,"testimonials":14340},[14341],{"quote":14342,"attribution":14343,"title":14344},"What I love most about the Trump Tower is how it is placed in context with its surroundings. The setbacks provide visual continuity with the buildings around it. And its rounded edges and colored glass reflect the fact that it sits on the Chicago River.","Lisa Voigt","CAC Docent, Class Of 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instantly-recognizable bungalows that surround them.\u003C/p>",[1310],1900,[],{"deviceSize":577,"location":14439},{"path":668,"query":14440},{},{"seo":14442},{"title":14426},[14444,14446,14448,14450,14452],{"src":14445,"alt":14426,"caption":716,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd148ce9527994873b7c8c788061a2ae0",{"src":14447,"alt":14426},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F987683676e5c4e0ea3118d1bf0326043",{"src":14449,"alt":14426,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7a67c4b5be754b5a97f98add8f93dbdf",{"src":14451,"alt":14426,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0cc74629a38141fda5d70c31cb08e48b",{"src":14453,"alt":14426,"caption":716},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Feb427d5ab9a946c395414ee24a269177",[14455],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":14430,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:13:18.266Z",[14458,14560],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14459,"meta":14460,"children":14461,"responsiveStyles":14558},"builder-276a81b7847d4dffa424e6f697eed920",{"previousId":996},[14462,14470,14487,14499,14526,14534,14542,14550],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14463,"meta":14464,"component":14465,"responsiveStyles":14468},"builder-8c4b5b36818f48899bd837acecc94529",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":14466},{"text":14467,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>Two- and three-flat apartment buildings make up a quarter of Chicago’s housing. The story of how that came to be is intimately tied to Chicago’s immigrant past—and to the American dream that those immigrants were chasing. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>IMMIGRANTS ON THE UPSWING\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago is famously a city of immigrants chasing brighter economic futures. But often, upon arriving here, those immigrants found themselves packed into teeming tenements in worn-out neighborhoods near industrial areas. These tight-knit communities may not have been pleasant, but they were stepping-stones (and invaluable support networks) on the way toward greater prosperity.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>While broadly similar stories played out among many immigrant ethnic groups, the Bohemians loom especially large in the evolution of Chicago’s housing stock. Their port of entry was the dense neighborhood they called Pilsen (after Plzen, in today’s Czech Republic). A young immigrant who had arrived there in the 1890s might, through luck and hard work, build enough wealth to buy a two-flat in a less dense neighborhood like North Lawndale in the 1910s or 1920s.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>PALAZZOS FOR THE PEOPLE\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Chicago’s two-flats, like Brooklyn brownstones or the row houses of Philadelphia, are often found in impressive ensembles—like North Lawndale’s K-Town. They have a distinctive Italianate style, inspired by the Palazzo Medici in Florence. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Facades\u003C/a> in brick or stone typically feature an entry porch to one side, and a projecting bay of windows on the other, all surmounted by a more or less ornate \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/cornice/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">cornice\u003C/a> in brick or stone. Postage-stamp front yards connect to narrow gangways between the closely-spaced buildings.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Buying a two-flat didn’t just mean more breathing room and more pleasant living conditions. They were always intended as wealth-building investments. Rental income could cover the mortgage and provide a degree of economic security. Bohemians lead the way in building two-flats, for themselves and speculatively for sale to others. Plans and building materials could even be purchased as kits.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>STEPPING STONES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>These financial workhorses helped build Chicago’s famed bungalow belt. Our typical Bohemian immigrant often traded up in the 1920s or 1930s to a bungalow in a place like Berwyn or Cicero—thus realizing the American dream of a detached house with a yard. This pattern repeated itself all over the city. The aspirations of Chicago’s immigrants left a tangible architectural legacy.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003C/p>",{"large":14469},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14471,"meta":14472,"component":14473,"responsiveStyles":14485},"builder-214b1d524696434abf7c7fca7d045716",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":14474},{"factList":14475},[14476,14479,14482],{"body":14477,"title":772,"icon":14478},"\u003Cp>Two-flats are the most common, but three-flats are easily found, and some developers doubled designs to build four- or six-flats.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14480,"title":772,"icon":14481},"\u003Cp>There are more than 76,000 two-unit apartment buildings in Chicago.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14483,"title":772,"icon":14484},"\u003Cp>Two-flats are no longer being constructed by developers, who consider them impractical to build.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":14486},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14488,"meta":14489,"component":14490,"responsiveStyles":14497},"builder-b1837ec9928d491d8b60a5d6b5377aea",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":14491},{"headline":791,"testimonials":14492},[14493],{"quote":14494,"attribution":4730,"title":4731,"image":14495},"These homes work in every era, for every lifestyle. On a walk through Pilsen, you’ll find wood-framed examples, a big step up from tenement life. A generation later, in Lawndale—K-Town specifically—greystones have classical details, their facades of white limestone reminding us of the World’s Columbian Exposition. On to the Bungalow Belt, with its prairie school details and porches for fresh air. Post-war times brought Chicago stacked ranch houses, colorful glass bricks, picture windows and air that was conditioned, not fresh. Circling back into Bucktown, new flats are back, some of them as single-family homes, but the massing and decorative brick facades remind us of last 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Station",{"breakpoints":14571,"componentsUsed":14572,"hasAutosaves":51,"hasLinks":51,"kind":552,"lastPreviewUrl":14573,"symbolsUsed":14574},{"medium":2985,"small":564},{"City Tours Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/union-station?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority%2CeditFolders%2CcreateProjects%2CsendPullRequests&builder.user.role.name=Designer&builder.user.role.id=creator&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=f0e0429bafce048c987d2c8eb667b3ce2718176884745f4334f6eb8a8c8fc617&builder.overrides.f0e0429bafce048c987d2c8eb667b3ce2718176884745f4334f6eb8a8c8fc617=f0e0429bafce048c987d2c8eb667b3ce2718176884745f4334f6eb8a8c8fc617&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},[14576],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":14577},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/union-station",{"architect":14579,"buildingName":14569,"description":14580,"environment":27,"forceUpdatedURLOn":14581,"googleMapLink":14582,"imageList":14583,"neighborhood":1141,"officialName":14569,"originalCompletionDate":14125,"query":14598,"seo":14600,"state":14602,"streetAddress":14605,"style":14606,"title":14569,"url":14577,"useType":14607,"blocks":14608},[9601],"\u003Cp>Chicago’s Union Station serves as an excellent example of Chicago’s historical standing as a transportation hub — a function retained to this day.\u003C/p>","2024-08-08T22:13:02.502Z","https://maps.app.goo.gl/PNA7KTZCsHcvztgn9",[14584,14588,14590,14592,14594,14596],{"alt":14585,"caption":14586,"src":14587},"Union station","© Amtrak, courtesy Goettsch Partners.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F77e5d20c42d14c0d8a3880dd80fc157c",{"alt":14569,"caption":14586,"source":668,"src":14589},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F6c2a66733b154c3f8a9a232202a15915",{"alt":14569,"caption":3004,"src":14591},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fe78c285fcdaf4751ae4f95b2a24894bf",{"alt":14569,"caption":14586,"src":14593},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fcdb3dd05b2a34f20bdbc3f7c28a415ce",{"alt":14569,"caption":3004,"src":14595},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F55bdd536d746498da002a5fe7eb21fe9",{"alt":14569,"caption":14586,"src":14597},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F7246fe516dd242e5b4cf502627310f68",[14599],{"@type":569,"operator":571,"property":570,"value":14577},{"seo":14601},{"title":14569},{"deviceSize":577,"location":14603},{"path":668,"query":14604},{},"500 W. Jackson Blvd.",[4833,396],[1608],[14609,14716],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14610,"meta":14611,"children":14612,"responsiveStyles":14714},"builder-3e6ca4a71414470384e9f3bff125941e",{"previousId":996},[14613,14621,14634,14651,14663,14671,14698,14706],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14614,"meta":14615,"component":14616,"responsiveStyles":14619},"builder-8cefea83926441f7bc5b5f81f24558da",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":14617,"isRSC":561},{"text":14618,"padding":8279},"\u003Cp>Named a Chicago landmark in 2002 and designated one of “America’s Great Places” in 2012 by the American Planning Association, Chicago’s Union Station is a staple among the city’s iconic architecture. Constructed for $75 million in the 1920s (more than $1 billion in today’s dollars), Union Station anchors the West Loop. It brings in travelers from both coasts and disperses local commuters throughout the Chicago area. \u003C/p>\u003Ch4>BURNHAM'S VISION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Union Station was originally built by a consortium of four railroads: Pennsylvania Railroad; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad; Michigan Central Railroad; and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. Architect Daniel Burnham envisioned the station as a major element in the development of the West Loop in his 1909 Plan of Chicago. He considered it prudent to consolidate train stations and free up land for development, as Chicago was in a growth phase following the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/the-great-chicago-fire-of-1871/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Great Chicago Fire of 1871\u003C/a>.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>However, Burnham did not live to see its completion. The design and construction were taken over by Graham, Burnham and Company (later known as Graham, Anderson, Probst and White) upon Burnham’s death in 1912. The doors opened in 1925, after 10 years of construction.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Union Station’s head house occupies an entire city block. It was designed in the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/beaux-arts/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Beaux-Arts\u003C/a> style favored by Burnham and clad in Bedford limestone quarried in Indiana. The main attraction in the head house is the Great Hall, with its 219-foot-long barrel-vaulted skylight that soars 115 feet above the ground. It was blacked out during World War II for security reasons and was extensively restored in 2018 at a cost of $22 million.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Other original elements of the station that still exist include long oak benches, along with light fixtures and chandeliers decorated with birds, bees, butterflies and flowers. Two statues on the Great Hall’s east wall designed by Henry Hering represent day and night, a nod to passengers traveling on trains at all hours of the day.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The head house used to have other smaller spaces that no longer exist or have a new use, including a small jail for prisoners being transported, a women’s lounge from the Victorian Era, a nursery and a first aid station. Two long-closed historic restaurants, Fred Harvey Coffee Shop and the Gold Lion, were destroyed after a fire swept through that part of the station in 1980.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>EXTENSIVE RESTORATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Since purchasing Union Station, Amtrak has overseen an extensive renovation effort that began in 2010. Facilities management firm CBRE and local architectural firm Goettsch Partners have guided the restoration.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Initial improvements focused on infrastructure essentials, such as installing a heat pump, sprinklers and electrical transformers. Traffic patterns throughout the facility were reconfigured to minimize influxes of frigid winter air that were responsible for sprinkler pipe breaks in 2015. After being without air conditioning since the 1960s, the often oppressively hot Great Hall was cooled again with a HVAC system restoration in 2011.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>One of the most visible aspects of the Great Hall restoration was the replacement of the travertine on the staircases leading down from Canal Street. Decades of footfalls had worn parts of the stairs down to half their original 3-inch thickness. The staircase was also reconfigured to minimize tripping by squaring off the rounded “bull nose” edges of each step and the banister was extended from the bottom step to the landing.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The former Women’s Lounge and the former Men’s Barber Shop have been restored to reflect their previous glamour. In addition, the bi-level Metropolitan Lounge was relocated from the concourse to the head house and fitted out with sleek modern finishes and tech-friendly laptop and mobile charging stations. Also making a welcome reappearance in the Metropolitan Lounge after an absence of four decades: showers for long-distance travelers.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>CONTINUED LEGACY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Despite great changes in transportation since its opening, Union Station remains busy — so busy, in fact, that it accommodates more passengers annually than Midway Airport. About 3 million Amtrak passengers use the station annually and over 100,000 Metra commuters pass through the station each day. \u003C/p>",{"large":14620},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14622,"meta":14623,"component":14624,"responsiveStyles":14632},"builder-cff1e5528e984cbaa5255bd5175d872e",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":14625,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":14626},[14627],{"quote":14628,"attribution":14629,"title":13064,"image":14630},"If Union Station looks like an ideal location for a movie set, that’s because it is. One of the most iconic scenes in recent cinema history, the famous baby carriage scene from the 1987 feature film The Untouchables, was shot in Union Station on the travertine staircase leading down from Canal Street to the Great Hall.","Audrey Henderson",{"alt":14629,"src":14631},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fbc485010731a4cd6a80f0dc86ae99fd4",{"large":14633},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14635,"meta":14636,"component":14637,"responsiveStyles":14649},"builder-801221e5879b4531b270af5fbba9bef8",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":14638,"isRSC":561},{"factList":14639},[14640,14643,14646],{"body":14641,"title":772,"icon":14642},"\u003Cp>Chicago’s Union Station is the third-busiest station in the country – behind Grand Central Terminal and Penn Station, both located in New York City.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14644,"title":772,"icon":14645},"\u003Cp>Union Station is the only “double stub” station in the United States. Twenty-four tracks approach the station from two different directions. However, only four of them go through the station.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14647,"title":772,"icon":14648},"\u003Cp>Union Station originally included a concourse building on the east side of Canal Street, which was demolished in 1969 and the air rights sold. The remaining concourse functions are now largely located underground. 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for its time and purpose, Unity Temple is a stunning masterpiece by Frank Lloyd Wright that was given new life with a $25 million restoration.\u003C/p>",[5513],[14743,14746,14749],{"src":14744,"source":668,"alt":14729,"caption":14745},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff0f064f73c3a403094ff95ec0dab8b00","Completed in 1909, Unity Temple was unprecedented for its time and purpose. Frank Lloyd Wright used concrete in a new way that created a form unlike any other faith-based structure in the country.",{"caption":14747,"src":14748,"alt":14729},"Despite its austere and radical façade, Unity Temple’s interior is warm and intimate, offering seating for 400 under coffered art glass skylights.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F3712218edd7c42a9aa1185afe6964abb",{"caption":14729,"alt":14750,"src":14751},"A two-year, $25 million restoration of Unity Temple was completed in 2017.","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Ff8873328da374032acad51197cccac8d","https://maps.app.goo.gl/AQvRTdT18CnDbYUaA","2024-08-08T22:13:09.361Z","875 Lake Street",[14756],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":14737},{"deviceSize":577,"location":14758},{"path":668,"query":14759},{},[3482],{"seo":14762},{"title":14729},[14764,14881],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14765,"meta":14766,"children":14767,"responsiveStyles":14879},"builder-cbc283068822412aaa59ba35cad90b38",{"previousId":996},[14768,14776,14793,14806,14814,14828,14836,14863,14871],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14769,"meta":14770,"component":14771,"responsiveStyles":14774},"builder-77b4118d86164f88a095b60516c1db97",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":14772,"isRSC":561},{"text":14773,"padding":1180},"\u003Cp>In 1905, a lightning strike started a fire which destroyed the wood-framed Oak Park Unity Church. The next morning, Oak Park resident \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/frank-lloyd-wright/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Frank Lloyd Wright\u003C/a> offered to design a new church, now known as Unity Temple. The famous architect identified with Unitarianism and believed in its rational humanism. His uncle was a distinguished Unitarian minister and his mother’s family was Welsh Unitarian. What he would design for the congregation by 1909 was unorthodox in both form and materials.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Unity Church minister asked for a modern but affordable worship space that would embody the principles of “unity, truth, beauty, simplicity, freedom and reason.” The budget was $45,000, a modest amount even in the early 20th century. Building materials had to be inexpensive and as Wright said, “concrete is cheap.” The same concrete molds were used multiple times, as Wright had designed repeating walls with similar dimensions. In that era, bare concrete walls were typically used for industrial buildings, such as factories or grain elevators. But here, Wright uses smooth concrete in new ways – creating a form unlike any other faith-based or religious structure in the country.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>STUNNING SPACES\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Despite the austere and radical façade, Wright delivered on the minister’s request by designing a beautiful, truthful, simple and rational building. When approaching Unity Temple from Lake Street, no entrance is immediately apparent, which creates a pathway of discovery for the visitor. Wright used this architectural technique often in his \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/prairie-style/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Prairie Style\u003C/a> structures from that era, including at the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/buildings-of-chicago/building/robie-house/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Robie House\u003C/a>. Visitors enter from a quiet side street, pass under wide eaves and walk up steps to the entry doors.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Brass letters above the door announce the building’s purpose: “For the worship of God and the service of man.” Guests pass through a low-ceilinged foyer before entering the sanctuary, where they are bathed in honey-colored light from coffered art glass skylights. This use of tighter, low-ceilinged “compression” moments followed immediately by large open spaces that provide a “release,” was another common spatial technique Wright used to heighten the drama for visitors discovering a space.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Although the main ceilings are high, the space is intimate, offering seating for 400 congregants on three levels. And unlike a traditional worship space where the congregation all faces the same direction, the square sanctuary at Unity Temple has three levels and allows a more democratic space where everyone has sight-lines to everyone else. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The textured, earth-colored plaster walls have a luminous sheen—a stark contrast to the unadorned concrete exterior. Unity Hall is located on the other side of the foyer. The room was designed for the congregation’s social activities and features a wide hearth. Balconies flanking the hall are used as classrooms and special purpose rooms. And again, high glass skylights fill the space with all-encompassing warm light.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Wright’s unique design broke almost every existing convention for religious architecture. Yet the temple immediately became an icon for modern architecture, and a building the congregation was immensely proud to call its own.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>DETAILED RESTORATION\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>After years of piecemeal repairs, today this national treasure stands beautifully refurbished, having just undergone a more than two-year, $25 million facelift. The congregation, individual donors and major grants from private foundations supported the detail work. As restoration architect Gunny Harboe said, “no beam or surface was left untouched.” \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Outside, new sidewalks were poured, the landscape was restored and the building’s exterior was resurfaced. Inside, all plaster finishes were redone, experiments were done on the color scheme so the original colors could be replicated, the woodwork was stripped and sent away for refinishing and air conditioning was installed for the first time. Restoring all the art glass windows was particularly challenging. California-based Judson Studios was selected to do the work. One by one, the glass, lead and zinc windows were removed from the building then crated and shipped to Los Angeles.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Today, the congregation continues to hold worship services in the space. Unity Temple also serves as a site for community events and draws in about 20,000 tourists and other visitors each year.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>There is no dispute that Unity Temple is an iconic building for the ages. It is considered one of the most innovative structures of the 20th Century and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970. Wright even called the project “my contribution to modern architecture.” Upon the temple’s completion, the congregation’s board of trustees issued a statement that said, “We believe the building will long endure as a monument to his artistic genius and that so long as it endures, it will stand forth as a masterpiece of art and architecture.” Their words were quite prophetic.\u003C/p>",{"large":14775},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14777,"meta":14778,"component":14779,"responsiveStyles":14791},"builder-0bc60149dd1a497f8a2ae3213240ca62",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":14780,"isRSC":561},{"factList":14781},[14782,14785,14788],{"body":14783,"title":772,"icon":14784},"\u003Cp>No seat in the sanctuary is more than 45 feet from the pulpit. Most are nearly in line with the speaker’s eye level. This follows the Universalists’ emphasis of focusing all attention on the speaker.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14786,"title":772,"icon":14787},"\u003Cp>The three galleries for the congregation and an alcove for the choir in the sanctuary create a Greek cross.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":14789,"title":772,"icon":14790},"\u003Cp>Unity Temple and 10 other Frank Lloyd Wright buildings are among 20 sites nominated by the U.S. to be named an UNESCO World Heritage Site.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":14792},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":14794,"meta":14795,"component":14796,"responsiveStyles":14804},"builder-7ca3af4618fa409bb9fba9cba0e20936",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":14797,"isRSC":561},{"headline":791,"testimonials":14798},[14799],{"quote":14800,"attribution":6611,"title":14801,"image":14802},"I was fortunate to view Unity Temple at different stages of its rebirth. I had anticipated a masterful finish, but the final product was truly a delight to behold. When I entered the sanctuary, I had a breathtaking reaction as I took in the freshly stained and reinstalled woodwork, the newly cleaned windows and skylights and all the colors: gorgeous, translucent greys, greens and yellows covering the entire room. Unity Temple is a timeless work of art most worthy of the restoration that was so lovingly done to it.","CAC Docent, Class Of 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It provided an escape from urban life, in an extravagant setting. Balaban and Katz was a very popular movie chain that started in Chicago in 1916. The company had more than 100 theaters in the Midwest and about 400 theaters across the U.S. Rapp and Rapp were the architects of choice for many of their theaters, including the Chicago Theatre, built in 1921.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Patrons who stepped past the Spanish Baroque Revival façade of the Uptown Theatre entered into the luxurious, six-story grand lobby and felt like they were entering a palace. In fact, Rapp and Rapp wanted the 46,000-square-foot theater to imitate the palaces of Versailles or St. Petersburg, with statues, paintings and tapestries that were reproductions of the world’s masterpieces.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>When the theater opened in 1925 movie palaces were so popular at the time it did not even affect the business at the Riviera Theater, just one block away. There was a parade and the line wrapped around the block. Once seated in one of the 4,381 seats, patrons could fully appreciate the amenities of an “atmospheric” theater: floating clouds and twinkling ceiling lights; “state of the art” air conditioning; and a perfuming system built under the seats. While watching elaborate stage acts that preceded the movies visitors were treated to music from the most expensive Wurlitzer organ ever built, or sometimes a full orchestra.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Uptown Theatre initially presented silent films and live vaudeville acts in the 1920s, then musicals and sound films in the 1930s. The TV show “Queen for a Day” was taped in front of a live audience in the theater in the 1950s-60s. With decreasing revenue in the 1960s, the Wurlitzer organ was sold to help cover increasing insurance costs, along with many of the lavish interior paintings and statues. By the 1970s the theater became a live music venue, hosting numerous rock concerts with headliners like the Grateful Dead, Genesis, Electric Light Orchestra, Rod Stewart, Elvis Costello, Prince, Bob Marley, Bruce Springsteen, The Who and Frank Zappa.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In December 1981, the theater suffered major flood damage when storm drain pipes froze and burst. This marked the end of concerts at the Uptown, and its doors have been closed ever since. It has landed on the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois’ “10 Most Endangered Places” list twice and was placed on the National Trust for Historic Preservation Endangered List in 1996.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The theater’s current owner, JAM Productions, purchased the building for $3.2 million in 2008 and estimates it would cost up to $70 million to repair the building and turn it into a multipurpose entertainment complex. The Uptown Theatre has thousands of fans who fervently hope the building can reopen in the future as part of the Uptown Entertainment District, with its ever expanding bar, restaurant and cabaret scene along Broadway.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Thanks to Linda Winke, CAF docent, class of 2000, for researching and writing this story.\u003C/em>\u003C/p>",{"large":15068},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15070,"meta":15071,"component":15072,"responsiveStyles":15087},"builder-885e966dbc71434786001b9c826af3b5",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":15073},{"factList":15074},[15075,15078,15081,15084],{"body":15076,"title":772,"icon":15077},"\u003Cp>The Uptown Theater was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and was awarded Chicago Landmark status in 1991.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15079,"title":772,"icon":15080},"\u003Cp>Several movies filmed scenes at the Uptown, including Backdraft (1991), Home Alone 2 (1992), I Love Trouble (1994), Transformers 4 (2013). Musician Regina Spektor filmed the 2017 video for “Black and White” in the Uptown’s Grand Lobby.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15082,"title":772,"icon":15083},"\u003Cp>The Uptown has a fan club! Friends of the Uptown is an advocacy group committed to calling attention to the tremendous potential of the theater. Volunteers have worked on many projects, including cleaning and restoration efforts in the Grand Lobby.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15085,"title":772,"icon":15086},"\u003Cp>The 2006 documentary “Uptown: Portrait of a Palace” explores the history of the theatre with old and recent film footage and interviews with historians, neighbors and key players in the restoration effort. It won “Best Documentary” at the 11th annual Flicker Fest.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":15088},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15090,"meta":15091,"component":15092,"responsiveStyles":15101},"builder-2e83c36dcad744f7aa545d826d02ffa3",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":15093},{"headline":791,"testimonials":15094},[15095],{"quote":15096,"attribution":15097,"title":15098,"image":15099},"I moved to Chicago in 1985 and I am sad I missed the chance to attend a concert at the Uptown before it closed in 1981. But as a CAF docent in Uptown for more than a decade, I have heard many stories from my tourees who reminisce about great experiences there and the awesome feeling of the space. I have had a few opportunities over the years to tour inside the theater, and its grandness and scale are jaw dropping. 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Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427},{"38b31f6ce3e244bd92e69083c5cb340d":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14,"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"e321e55f9c504496bb5d077d1027f2d7":14},{},"Willis Tower","4df43ecfcd444d1d8b89a257d6a50559",[15188],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":15189,"operator":571},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/willis-tower",{"googleMapLink":15191,"architect":15192,"description":15193,"officialName":15194,"title":15185,"useType":15195,"buildingName":15185,"environment":27,"originalCompletionDate":15196,"streetAddress":15197,"style":15198,"state":15199,"neighborhood":712,"seo":15202,"imageList":15204,"query":15215,"url":15189,"forceUpdatedURLOn":15217,"blocks":15218},"https://maps.app.goo.gl/sNxpXrigPAZmQEX48",[1986],"\u003Cp>For nearly 25 years after its completion, the Willis Tower, formerly known as the Sears Tower, held the title of tallest building in the world.\u003C/p>","Willis Tower (Sears Tower)",[701],"1974","233 S. Wacker Dr.",[708],{"deviceSize":577,"location":15200},{"path":668,"query":15201},{},{"seo":15203},{"title":15185},[15205,15207,15209,15211,15213],{"src":15206,"alt":15185,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fbf96600d93a344c3af8bdf42d69c58e4",{"src":15208,"alt":15185,"caption":1447,"source":668},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2Fadb6dd2f37f74d7b94ce5ae3e61a6c8c",{"src":15210,"alt":15185,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F946b18e0127d4aa6a67fce0133ad9f18",{"src":15212,"alt":15185,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F7b1797be4e9d4b6380a66a99ab1751ee",{"src":15214,"alt":15185,"caption":1447},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F14b0b573843e4119a76de2294710fb7c",[15216],{"@type":569,"property":570,"value":15189,"operator":571},"2024-08-08T22:12:59.635Z",[15219,15317],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15220,"meta":15221,"children":15223,"responsiveStyles":15315},"builder-91f2afde34c64d2c976cda030f3a45ef",{"previousId":15222},"builder-b4ac2f6663424420a0c779e1f88c714e",[15224,15233,15254,15267,15283,15291,15299,15307],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15225,"meta":15226,"component":15228,"responsiveStyles":15231},"builder-2ab52fb4186146608bfc8f9eae289355",{"previousId":15227},"builder-7fdb347ef6d547de8e66d70fe6c7250b",{"name":741,"options":15229},{"text":15230,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">Standing 110 stories tall, its black aluminum and bronze-tinted glass exterior has become emblematic of Chicago, a city crazy about its architecture. Although its record-breaking height has been surpassed several times over, its innovative structural design remains noteworthy. The Willis Tower laid the foundation for the supertall buildings being built today.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>BRUCE GRAHAM AND FAZLUR KHAN’S GAME-CHANGING DESIGN\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Architects have always been tasked with designing tall buildings to resist \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/wind-load/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">wind loads\u003C/a>. But as buildings continued to grow taller and taller, new solutions were required. When this 110-story tower was designed, architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan of \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skidmore-owings-merrill/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM)\u003C/a> utilized the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/bundled-tube-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">bundled tube system\u003C/a> to address structural problems never before seen at this scale. Their use of the innovative system ushered in a whole new era of skyscrapers.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The tower is comprised of a cluster of nine tubes connected together to act as a single unit. The tubes support one another, strengthening the structure as a whole. Meanwhile, the variations in tube height disrupt the force of the wind.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>THE BUILDING FORMERLY, AND SOMETIMES STILL, KNOWN AS SEARS TOWER\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 1969, Sears Roebuck and Company was the world's largest retailer, employing approximately 350,000 people across Chicago. In order to consolidate current staff and accommodate anticipated growth, the company hired SOM to design a three million-square-foot office tower.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The location of the tower was strategically selected for its proximity to expressways and commuter rail lines to benefit Sears employees. But in the end, the tower’s location proved to be advantageous for the city as well. The inhabitants of the bustling office building generated new energy in a formerly stagnant West Loop neighborhood.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>This history explains why many Chicagoans still nostalgically refer to the building as the Sears Tower, although it hasn’t technically been the Sears Tower for years. In 2009, the London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings leased more than 140,000 square feet of office space on three floors of the Sears Tower. Their contract included naming rights for 15 years. On July 16, 2009, the name of the building was officially changed to Willis Tower.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>FROM STREET TO SKY\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>In 2015, Blackstone, Inc. purchased the Willis Tower and immediately began the biggest restoration project in the building’s history, referred to as a “street to sky” re-envisioning. While the building was originally conceived as a single-use structure, architects Gensler, SkB Architects, and OLIN aimed to transform the space into a modern mix of uses available to office workers, residents, and tourists.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>One of the most notable transformations is the “Catalog”—named so as an homage to the classic Sears Catalog—a multi-level, 400,000-square-foot open lobby which features new dining, entertainment, and retail spaces. A new, 30,000-square-foot public park on the podium’s roof can host everything from yoga classes and concerts to weddings and special events.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The Tower’s transformation has included several nods to Chicago architecture including dark aluminum cladding which references the tower above, and terra cotta detail, a nod to the material’s abundant use throughout the city. Two large-scale art installations—In the Heart of this Infinite Particle of Galactic Dust by Jacob Hashimoto and Atmospheric Wave Wall by Olafur Eliasson—activate both the lobby and exterior of the building.\u003C/p>",{"large":15232},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15234,"meta":15235,"component":15237,"responsiveStyles":15252},"builder-4dadb6db756347948de0c187a1c42cc8",{"previousId":15236},"builder-50bf5e0a3497480b9502f3b6ba2970cb",{"name":767,"options":15238},{"factList":15239},[15240,15243,15246,15249],{"body":15241,"title":772,"icon":15242},"\u003Cp>In 1970, Sears Chairman Gordon Metcalf explained, “Being the largest retailer in the world, we thought we should have the largest headquarters in the world.”\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15244,"title":772,"icon":15245},"\u003Cp>Willis Tower soars to a height that was limited by the Federal Aviation Authority at the time of its construction.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15247,"title":772,"icon":15248},"\u003Cp>When Sears first occupied the building, their merchandising department utilized the first 50 floors. The massive floor plates enabled employee interaction with limited elevator travel.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15250,"title":772,"icon":15251},"\u003Cp>In order to build a structure with such an enormous footprint, Sears purchased and closed a section of Quincy Court that passed through part of their future site.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":15253},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15255,"meta":15256,"component":15258,"responsiveStyles":15265},"builder-92c7e827bb254ea7be449d65f57015ad",{"previousId":15257},"builder-08a45e5275cd483e83e0218edf6de5c2",{"name":789,"options":15259},{"headline":791,"testimonials":15260},[15261],{"quote":15262,"attribution":15263,"title":3353,"image":15264},"The Willis Tower still claims the distinction of having the highest occupied floor among North American buildings. Everything about the Willis Tower says 'big.' The building’s many stories, its place in Chicago business history, its design and its recent energy-saving improvements are a mini-course in 'why design matters.'","Susan 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Building",[15342,15344,15346,15348],{"src":15343},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F59c8d53595f946bd9b030dcc8e711904",{"src":15345},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fb633b30b5d844a0db116a01168977d28",{"source":668,"src":15347},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2F0ac0df5fd0574befac838efac0137571",{"src":15349},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fd8b824ec27364fe48579cc5f9fb1645d",{"deviceSize":577,"location":15351},{"path":668,"query":15352},{},{"seo":15354},{"title":15326},"400-410 N. Michigan Ave.","\u003Cp>Known for its Spanish Colonial Revival style, the Wrigley Building features a distinctive white terra cotta facade.\u003C/p>","1924","https://maps.app.goo.gl/n7WGwSzN1EWGitjt7",[15360],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":15333},[15362,15474],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15363,"meta":15364,"children":15365,"responsiveStyles":15472},"builder-afab3056ec5144219e13dce2d4b47a4d",{"previousId":996},[15366,15374,15397,15410,15422,15430,15456,15464],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15367,"meta":15368,"component":15369,"responsiveStyles":15372},"builder-eb7221cba5ab4f92b80ec16b50248570",{"previousId":1001},{"name":741,"options":15370},{"text":15371,"padding":1005,"backgroundColor":1165},"\u003Cp>The Wrigley Building is so recognizable, it hardly needs an introduction. It stands proudly where Michigan Avenue crosses the Chicago River, a luminous white beacon known the world over as a beloved symbol of Chicago’s preeminence in architecture and commerce.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>Gateway to the Magnificent Mile\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 20px;\">When Michigan Avenue was extended north of the river, it opened up a gritty landscape of small buildings and industry to a complete transformation. Chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr. touched off the boom when he decided to build a new headquarters for his company on an oddly shaped lot west of Michigan Avenue and just north of the river. It was the first, and quite possibly the finest, of the buildings that have come to define the Magnificent Mile.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Ch4>A Vision in (Six Different Shades Of) White\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Such a prominent site demanded a notable building, and architects Graham, Anderson, Probst & White delivered. Modern in its height and \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/skeleton-frame-construction/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 14px;\">steel-frame construction\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px;\">, the Wrigley Building's facade nonetheless bears the weight of history. When Wrigley was just starting his chewing gum company he debuted Juicy Fruit gum at the 1893 World’s Fair, and he never forgot the famed White City or its nighttime light displays. Those memories live on in his namesake building. Six different shades of gleaming white \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/terra-cotta/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 14px;\">terra cotta\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> become brighter as the building rises, and its \u003C/span>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/learn/resources/architecture-dictionary/entry/facade/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size: 14px;\">facade\u003C/a>\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> is illuminated at night.\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003Cp>A second tower was commissioned shortly after the completion of the first, presenting a harmonious front to Michigan Avenue. The two buildings are linked by a third-floor bridge. They’ve been immaculately maintained since completion with regular cleanings to keep them sparkling white. A thorough restoration followed the Wrigley Company’s recent sale of the building, and it received official Chicago Landmark status in 2012.\u003C/p>",{"large":15373},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15375,"meta":15376,"component":15377,"responsiveStyles":15395},"builder-68e3c27de5054824842c602465625c81",{"previousId":1028},{"name":767,"options":15378},{"factList":15379},[15380,15383,15386,15389,15392],{"body":15381,"title":772,"icon":15382},"\u003Cp>Wrigley no longer maintains offices in the building, but the name can never be changed, thanks to a stipulation made when the building was sold.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15384,"title":772,"icon":15385},"\u003Cp>The Wrigley Building has been continuously floodlit since its completion, with three exceptions: during World War II,  amid a project to replace the lights in 1971 and during the energy crisis of 1973-74.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15387,"title":772,"icon":15388},"\u003Cp>The Wrigley Building was the first air-conditioned office building in Chicago.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15390,"title":772,"icon":15391},"\u003Cp>The pedestrian plaza between the buildings was built in 1957 after nearby factories producing soap and cheese closed,  eliminating nuisances that would have driven away visitors.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15393,"title":772,"icon":15394},"\u003Cp>In order to comply with laws against branch banking in Illinois, the 14th-floor bridge between towers was constructed  to link two bank offices.\u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":15396},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15398,"meta":15399,"component":15400,"responsiveStyles":15408},"builder-5a7e8644de7840b8963401b05e0c7172",{"previousId":1046},{"name":789,"options":15401},{"headline":791,"testimonials":15402},[15403],{"quote":15404,"attribution":15405,"title":15098,"image":15406},"One of the important features of Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan for Chicago was to widen Michigan Ave. (formerly Pine St.) north of the river, and construct a new bridge to connect the roadway on both sides of the river. The Wrigley Building, whose bell tower is styled after the Giralda Tower of the Seville, Spain cathedral, consists of twin structures clad in white terra cotta and was the first skyscraper built on the new grand boulevard.","Ted Jackanicz",{"alt":668,"src":15407},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2F49af4dfb0fbc43d58bf8ce407e839d74%2Fc1ae5abdcf1849a9b1b91b3b882fc216",{"large":15409},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15411,"component":15412,"responsiveStyles":15420},"builder-fbba230328f842e8aff86f4a5d69b3cd",{"name":821,"options":15413},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":51,"manualArticlesList":15414,"headline":2792,"button":15419},[15415,15417],{"encyclopediaArticle":15416},{"@type":19,"id":8035,"model":831},{"encyclopediaArticle":15418},{"@type":19,"id":3370,"model":831},{"label":2794,"title":2794,"url":644},{"large":15421},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15423,"component":15424,"responsiveStyles":15428},"builder-40990d2b32e34853aca90197f46ea771",{"name":846,"options":15425},{"symbol":15426},{"data":15427,"model":850,"entry":907,"ownerId":851},{},{"large":15429},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15431,"component":15432,"responsiveStyles":15454},"builder-1fe9ae8b25eb4178b628d33417343db8",{"name":846,"options":15433},{"symbol":15434,"inheritState":14},{"data":15435,"model":850,"entry":849,"ownerId":851,"inline":14,"content":15436},{},{"priority":857,"meta":15437,"lastUpdated":856,"firstPublished":854,"previewUrl":858,"testRatio":427,"variations":15439,"createdDate":854,"modelId":892,"folders":15440,"published":559,"@version":459,"query":15441,"data":15442,"lastUpdatedBy":687,"ownerId":851,"createdBy":687,"metrics":15453,"lastUpdateBy":561,"name":859},{"kind":896,"componentsUsed":15438,"lastPreviewUrl":897,"hasLinks":51},{"City 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Field",{"lastPreviewUrl":15490,"kind":552,"hasLinks":51,"symbolsUsed":15491,"componentsUsed":15492},"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/wrigley-field?builder.space=e61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1&builder.user.permissions=read%2Ccreate%2Cpublish%2CeditCode%2CeditDesigns%2CeditLayouts%2CeditLayers%2CeditContentPriority&builder.user.role.name=Developer&builder.user.role.id=developer&builder.cachebust=true&builder.preview=buildings&builder.noCache=true&builder.allowTextEdit=true&__builder_editing__=true&builder.overrides.buildings=a64c2fe8f8404d38b2e5803a26dba3b5&builder.overrides.a64c2fe8f8404d38b2e5803a26dba3b5=a64c2fe8f8404d38b2e5803a26dba3b5&builder.options.locale=Default",{"271ab26f6707fb66b6e185940510b49c2ba705a9cdab745c0341202859834135":14,"ed372956eb6e42b8bbdcae73607e0be4":14},{"Fact Carousel":427,"Testimonials Carousel":427,"City Tours Carousel":427,"Encyclopedia Callout":427,"Buildings Carousel":427,"Container 50 50":427},[15494],{"@type":569,"property":570,"operator":571,"value":15495},"/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/wrigley-field",{"themeId":51,"environment":27,"buildingName":15488,"style":15497,"useType":15498,"neighborhood":6554,"streetAddress":15499,"originalCompletionDate":6698,"visibleCompletionDate":6246,"architect":15500,"officialName":15488,"title":15488,"imageList":15502,"description":15516,"blocks":15517,"url":15495,"state":15640},[396],[2398],"1060 W Addison St., Chicago, IL 6061",[15501],"Zachary Taylor Davis",[15503,15506,15510,15513],{"alt":15504,"src":15505},"Image of the exterior of Wrigley Field with a large red sign that reads \"Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs\"","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F25e74296ebbb4387ad113ce3e17c01a6",{"src":15507,"caption":15508,"alt":15509},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F09a0c4957cc748bf8d90756258922d72","Weeghman Park left field, May 1914","Black and white image of a baseball field and players standing on it with stands full of people on the left and in the background",{"src":15511,"alt":15512},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F771a6592180042d8bfecbba96d391e86","Black and white image of the exterior of Wrigley Field with a large sign that reads \"Wrigley Field Home of the Chicago Cubs\" as the focal point, and people walking towards the stadium in the foreground.",{"src":15514,"alt":15515},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F35636caec8234ab595e30df5ebb54ed9","Aerial image of Wrigley Field from the back showing the field and the stands.","\u003Cp>One of the most iconic and beloved baseball stadiums in the country, Wrigley Field is the second-oldest Major League Baseball stadium in the U.S. and has been home of the Chicago Cubs since 1916. \u003C/p>",[15518,15635],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":2721,"id":15519,"meta":15520,"children":15521,"responsiveStyles":15633},"builder-6d6e4444f27a488ca050347d1787b2d9",{"previousId":5676},[15522,15530,15544,15579,15589,15597,15606,15615,15624],{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15523,"meta":15524,"component":15525,"responsiveStyles":15528},"builder-d7127748cd1a49289b2abab5d7d584c9",{"previousId":5689},{"name":741,"options":15526},{"text":15527,"padding":674},"\u003Cp>Originally named Weeghman Park, the Wrigley Field was built in 1914 for the Chicago Whales, a baseball team which was part of the short-lived Federal League. The park’s architect, Zachary Taylor Davis, also designed Comiskey Park, which was home to the Chicago White Sox until it was demolished in 1991. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>After the Federal League folded in 1915, Charles Weeghman, the owner of the Whales, bought the Cubs and moved them to his stadium which was renamed Cubs Park in 1920. After William Wrigley Jr., chewing gum magnate, acquired a controlling interest in the team, the stadium was renamed Wrigley Field in 1926.    \u003C/p>\u003Cp>Zachary Taylor Davis was an accomplished architect known for his work on sports venues. His design for Wrigley Field, which featured a steel and concrete grandstand, was considered state-of-the-art at the time.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The park has undergone several renovations. The first occurred just days after the 1914 opening day, when the outfield walls were moved back to decrease the high number of home runs. An upper deck was added in 1927-1928 and Holabird and Root designed the bleacher section in 1937-1938. In 1934, the park’s marquee was added outside the home-plate entrance. Two iconic features were added in later renovations: the hand-operated scoreboard (which is still in use) and the ivy on the outfield brick walls, which was planted in 1937.  \u003C/p>\u003Cp>As professional baseball parks across the U.S. became larger and more modern, Wrigley Field underwent several renovations in the late 20th and early 21st century. These included the addition of lights in 1988, which allowed for night games, an expansion of the bleacher section in 2006, and the ambitious 1060 Project from 2014-2019. \u003C/p>\u003Cp>The 1060 Project could arguably be the park’s most significant renovation effort in Wrigley Field history. Named after the stadium’s address at 1060 W. Addison, the multi-year, $575 million project aimed to modernize Wrigley Field while preserving its historic charm. These improvements included the installation of video boards, structural upgrades, expanded concourses, and enhanced player facilities. The renovation effort extended outside the ballpark with the construction of the Hotel Zachary, office space, and a plaza area.  \u003C/p>",{"large":15529},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15531,"meta":15532,"component":15534,"responsiveStyles":15542},"builder-ca40ad3d660c48d28a4f012bd115b06d",{"previousId":15533},"builder-0796799c33ce4091bbc46b044e119111",{"name":620,"options":15535},{"imageAlignment":51,"headline":15536,"body":15537,"button":15538,"image":15540},"EXHIBITION ABOUT THIS BUILDING","\u003Cp>Discover more about the Wrigley Field at the \u003Ca href=\"https://www.architecture.org/visit-the-center/exhibitions/the-legacy-of-wrigley-field\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Legacy of Wrigley Field\u003C/a> exhibition in the Center.\u003C/p>",{"label":812,"title":813,"url":15539},"/visit-the-center/exhibitions/the-legacy-of-wrigley-field",{"src":15541},"https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F291ffbec97404931b57605cc9cde86ed",{"large":15543},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15545,"meta":15546,"component":15547,"responsiveStyles":15577},"builder-f97291a3dc864f33a55c8cb720751764",{"previousId":5705},{"name":767,"options":15548},{"factList":15549},[15550,15553,15556,15559,15562,15565,15568,15571,15574],{"body":15551,"title":772,"icon":15552},"\u003Cp>The ivy was planted at the suggestion of then-Cubs general manager Bill Veeck. The lush green backdrop provides a unique challenge for outfielders as the ball can get lost in the thick foliage. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15554,"title":772,"icon":15555},"\u003Cp>Wrigley Field is associated with the infamous \"Curse of the Billy Goat,\" which supposedly began in 1945 when Billy Goat Tavern owner William Sianis was asked to leave the stadium because his pet goat’s odor was bothering other fans. Sianis allegedly cursed the team, declaring that they would never win another World Series. The Cubs famously broke the curse in 2016, winning their first World Series in 108 years. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15557,"title":772,"icon":15558},"\u003Cp>The marquee on the outside of the stadium above the home plate entrance was originally green.  \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15560,"title":772,"icon":15561},"\u003Cp>The Wrigley family maintained ownership of the team and the stadium until 1981, when the Tribune Company purchased the Cubs. In 2009, the Ricketts family acquired the team. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15563,"title":772,"icon":15564},"\u003Cp>The rooftops surrounding Wrigley Field have been a unique feature since the early days of the stadium. Originally, fans would gather on rooftops for free views of the games. Over time, the rooftop businesses have become commercial enterprises, with some even entering into revenue-sharing agreements with the Cubs. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15566,"title":772,"icon":15567},"\u003Cp>Wrigley Field has appeared in films including “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off”, “A League of Their Own” and “The Blues Brothers”. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15569,"title":772,"icon":15570},"\u003Cp>From 1921 to 1970, Wrigley Field was home to the Chicago Bears, the city’s professional American football team. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15572,"title":772,"icon":15573},"\u003Cp>Wrigley Field, also known as “The Friendly Confines”, is the second-oldest Major League Baseball stadium, surpassed only by Boston’s Fenway Park.  \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"body":15575,"title":772,"icon":15576},"\u003Cp>The location of Wrigley Field, in a dense Chicago neighborhood, is unusual for a baseball stadium. The neighborhood itself has acquired the name, Wrigleyville after the legendary ballpark. \u003C/p>",{"src":774,"alt":775},{"large":15578},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15580,"meta":15581,"component":15582,"responsiveStyles":15587},"builder-e9e14260b9d848269388561cf14bd9d0",{"previousId":13399},{"name":789,"options":15583},{"headline":791,"testimonials":15584},[15585],{"quote":8612,"attribution":8613,"title":8614,"image":15586},{"alt":1055,"src":8616},{"large":15588},{"display":674,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15590,"meta":15591,"component":15592,"responsiveStyles":15595},"builder-07bc3a357dd74693a5112426ed79e9e5",{"previousId":5723},{"name":866,"options":15593},{"headline":49,"useDate":14,"subheading":5726,"copy":1247,"button":15594},{"title":872,"label":872,"url":5728},{"large":15596},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"layerName":821,"id":15598,"meta":15599,"component":15600,"responsiveStyles":15604},"builder-409a184c8927465bb6769d30c4fbd37b",{"previousId":5734},{"name":821,"options":15601},{"automaticallyFetchArticles":14,"manualArticlesList":15602,"headline":1083,"button":15603,"copy":623},[],{"label":840,"title":840,"url":644},{"large":15605},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15607,"meta":15608,"component":15609,"responsiveStyles":15613},"builder-c28e931b233642f9baa54206fd507800",{"previousId":5744},{"name":5746,"options":15610},{"automaticallyFetchBuildings":14,"headline":112,"manualBuildingsList":15611,"button":15612},[],{"label":5750,"title":5751,"url":113},{"large":15614},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15616,"meta":15617,"component":15618,"responsiveStyles":15622},"builder-b79a4051282f4dcb9bd5e85a1a88a117",{"previousId":5757},{"name":846,"options":15619},{"symbol":15620},{"entry":915,"model":850,"ownerId":851,"data":15621},{},{"large":15623},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"@type":586,"@version":457,"id":15625,"meta":15626,"component":15627,"responsiveStyles":15631},"builder-b2b9661c5a764287ac8042166d6ce417",{"previousId":5767},{"name":846,"options":15628},{"symbol":15629},{"entry":924,"model":850,"ownerId":851,"data":15630},{},{"large":15632},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"large":15634},{"display":601,"flexDirection":602,"position":603,"flexShrink":604,"boxSizing":605},{"id":15636,"@type":586,"tagName":664,"properties":15637,"responsiveStyles":15638},"builder-pixel-xc5ivr2zvb",{"src":666,"aria-hidden":667,"alt":668,"role":669,"width":604,"height":604},{"large":15639},{"height":604,"width":604,"display":672,"opacity":604,"overflow":673,"pointerEvents":674},{"deviceSize":577,"location":15641},{"path":668,"query":15642},{},{},1738273592356,1737661117530,"https://www.architecture.org/online-resources/buildings-of-chicago/wrigley-field","https://cdn.builder.io/api/v1/image/assets%2Fe61abde79d954ddab2b6092044c4b5a1%2F100980c8eb054f8f940f10b8c70be61e",{"architect":15649,"style":15650,"neighborhood":15651,"originalCompletionDate":15652,"useType":15671},[14909,2856,13797,8243,8389,9944,9134,10089,3304,5052,4337,9945,13798,10287,6839,8244,2254,9745,9946,5346,5669,14908,2395,3482,9947,7821,3121,988,9601,9950,6392,6970,3631,4944,3747,6538,14110,9746,7521,1432,2997,4071,7961,9948,1723,12351,2133,13924,11919,2540,10443,3122,7281,8699,695,8990,9457,6539,5053,7113,2255,8100,4179,4180,1433,2696,4072,1986,10712,5946,2541,8245,9949,9747,10586,7394,7522,6540,4501,12210,12504,15501,1330],[3263,3262,396,984,11412,4513,4833,11803,1606,1316,708,3032,12239,1439,5513,12513,5953,11174,15033,15339,3629,1317],[10984,4080,12514,4674,5069,13683,6245,7524,6845,6554,5358,5655,712,1849,4830,6113,5223,1333,5521,3022,4957,2405,6700,1141,7265,3123,7836],[15653,15654,15655,15656,15657,15658,15659,15660,15661,15662,15663,15664,15665,15666,15667,15668,15669,15670],"1830 - 1839","1860 - 1869","1870 - 1879","1880 - 1889","1890 - 1899","1900 - 1909","1910 - 1919","1920 - 1929","1930 - 1939","1940 - 1949","1950 - 1959","1960 - 1969","1970 - 1979","1980 - 1989","1990 - 1999","2000 - 2009","2010 - 2019","2020 - 2029",[12241,6547,701,2398,3931,2136,5801,3290,3136,4508,6976,5353,1608,4076,2718,4187,1310,5081,3034,13696]]